Green Walnut Shell Research Articles

Basics of modern modeling and expansion of the relativity theory of time in the field of classical physics

Throughout history, many scientists considered time as the result of changing the world and believed that time is not true. Among those who say that time is not true, Einstein is the only one who was able to mathematically explain the relativity of time in the field of geometry (space time) and present his equations in relativistic physics. Although Einstein, like other scientists, did not provide a clear definition of time, he presented the relativity of time well. He showed that time is not independent of space and bends along with space. Also, Einstein used the speed of light to convert mass into energy to introduce the law of mass–energy equivalence. Currently, basic laws such as conservation of mass, conservation of energy and equivalence of mass and energy have been presented. Recently, due to the importance of time in the development of science, especially in the field of water and chemistry, “timemass equivalence law” has also been presented (by the author). In this research, with the aim of expanding the relativity of time in the flows of mass and energy (not the field of motion and geometry), while presenting new definitions of “phenomenon”, “time” and “specific speed of transformation”, in addition to the theory of “mass equivalence law” “Time” was completed, the general equations of equivalence of energy time—and timemass were introduced. Then, to check the results more accurately, the general masstime equation (in this study, absorption kinetics) by performing surface absorption experiments of heavy metals (Fe + 2, Pb + 2, Zn + 2, Ni + 2, Cd + 2, Cu + 2)) was investigated by the adsorbents of green walnut shell (GWH) and its biochar (GWHB), and the results are tested in different ways.

Preparation of Eco-Friendly Composite Material for Mercury (II) Adsorption Including Non-Wood Content From Walnut Green Husk (Juglon Regia L.): Experimental and Theoretical Studies

In this study, the adsorption properties of a composite material consisting of polyacrylamide, an inert polymer, and an extract obtained from the water-soluble part of a green walnut shell were investigated for Hg(II) ions. SEM, EDX, FTIR, and PZC analyses were performed to characterize the newly synthesized material. SEM and EDX analyses confirmed that the surface of the synthesized adsorbent became softer and smoother after adsorption, indicating the presence of Hg in its elemental composition. FTIR analysis showed that mercury enters the structure through chemical interactions, and there are changes in bond vibration frequencies in the presence of Hg(II). According to the PZC point analysis, the point at which the surface charge was zero was found to be pH 4. The Langmuir model was used to calculate the adsorption capacity after investigating the effect of concentration on adsorption. The adsorption capacity was found to be 1.808 molkg−1 (362,67 mgg−1) from the Langmuir model, which is very high compared to similar adsorbents. PFO model was used to explain the adsorption kinetics and very fast adsorption kinetics were observed. The adsorption entropy increased, free enthalpy of adsorption was negative, and heat of adsorption was in the energy-consuming direction.

Adsorption of the Antibiotic Roxithromycin on Low-Cost Food Waste Materials: Batch and Column Studies

Antibiotics are widely utilized for a variety of medical conditions. Antibiotic residues in wastewater are dangerous to all living beings. Antibiotics remain in the wastewater environment when general treatment plant technologies are employed. The literature has numerous techniques for getting rid of antibiotics. Compared to other techniques for removing contaminants in the solution environment, the adsorption method is preferred due to its benefits, such as ease of use, high efficiency, and low cost. The study investigated using the green walnut shell (GWS), a natural sorbent, as an adsorbent to discharge roxithromycin (ROX) antibiotics from the solution medium. Adsorption conditions were studied in batch and continuous systems. pH, adsorbent amount, interaction time, sorbate concentration, and salt effect parameters were investigated in the batch system. The data obtained were calculated with kinetic and isotherm models. The adsorption process has been based on the so-called pseudo-second-order kinetic model. GWS was characterized using SEM and FTIR techniques. The amount of absorbent, flow rate, and breakdown in the continuous system were explored. In the batch system, the adsorption equilibrium was set up at the solution's original pH with 0.1 g of adsorbent in 40 minutes, and 79% ROX removal was achieved. The optimum flow rate and adsorbent amount in the continuous system were determined as 0.1 mL/min and 0.3 g, respectively.

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Fresh Green Walnut Shell in Microwave Environment and their Anticancer Effect on Breast Cancer Cells.

In this study, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) were synthesized using fresh green walnut shell extract in microwave environment. The morphology and structure of the CONPs were determined using ultraviolet-visible (UV/VIS), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Crystal purple staining, Annexin V-FITC detection, RT-PCR, P53, and NF-κB luciferase reporter assays were performed to evaluate the mechanism of action of CONPs in breast cancer cell lines (MCF7). The biosynthesized CONPs showed cytotoxic effects and induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells. Furthermore, CONPs induced P53 expression and suppressed NF-κB gene expression, both of which were confirmed using reporter assays. Based on the present results, it was concluded that CONPs can induce apoptosis by acting on P53 at the transcriptional level and may cause cell death by suppressing NF-κB-mediated transcription.

Facile, low-cost and rapid phytosynthesis of stable and eco-friendly gold nanoparticles using green walnut shell and study of their anticancer potential

Facile, low-cost and rapid phytosynthesis of stable and eco-friendly gold nanoparticles using green walnut shell and study of their anticancer potential

Synthesis of Nanobentonite–Poly(vinyl alcohol)–Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposite by Electrospinning for Wound Healing Applications

Polymer‐based composites are used for wound healing applications. This work aims to prepare an inorganic‐polymer nanocomposite based on bentonite, poly(vinyl alcohol), and bacterial cellulose by electrospinning for wound healing. The nanocomposite is synthesized using a solution intercalation technique, with 1–2 wt% nanobentonite concentration variation. The effects of commercial and laboratory‐synthesized nanobentonite as well as the extract of the green walnut shell (EGWS) are examined and characterized by different techniques. The addition of nanobentonite increases the average size of fibers and tensile strength up to 200 nm and more than 15 MPa, respectively, due to the presence of hydrogen bonding formed between the nanobentonite sheets and polymer matrix. By the addition of synthetic nanoclay and EGWS, moderate elongation and strength are achieved. The hydrophilicity shows a decreasing trend up to 2 wt% of commercial nanobentonite; however, the laboratory‐synthesized nanobentonite is not significantly effective. Effects of extracts on the viability of cultured human adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are quantitated, where the samples containing 1–2 wt% of commercial nanobentonite have less toxicity than others. Antibacterial activity is tested against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria according to the agar diffusion test for 72 h, in which EGWS‐based mats exhibit strong antimicrobial activity.

Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Microwave-Extracted Phenolic Compounds from Biomass Residues

The present work deals with the extraction of phenolic compounds from biomass through microwave-assisted processes. In this case, green walnut shell residues have being studied for the extraction o...

Superior Self-cleaning and Antimicrobial Properties on Cotton Fabrics Using Nano Titanium Dioxide along with Green Walnut Shell Dye

In this study, functional cotton fabrics were prepared through applying nano titanium dioxide as photocatalyst and using green walnut shell dye as both natural dye for coloration and agent capable of modifying TiO2 nanoparticles. Natural dye extract of green walnut shells was used as photo sensitizer to fabricate titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Surface modification and coloration of cotton fabrics were performed by adding modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles in exhaustion bath. Produced cotton fabrics were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results indicated that all properties such as self-cleaning, antibacterial and antifungal of treated cotton fabric were superior with modified titanium dioxide compared to treated sample with TiO2 alone. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide has no negative effect on fabric color.

Antibacterial wood-plastic composite produced from treated and natural dyed wood fibers

The main goal of the present study was the fabrication of wood/polyvinyl chloride (WPVC) composite with enhanced properties. In this regard, the wood fibers were primarily bleached with sodium chlorite and then dyeing of fibers was carried out with green walnut shells as a natural dye. Influences of natural dye on color, antibacterial, and mechanical properties of the composite were investigated. The WPVC composite showed excellent antibacterial activity measured against two common pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Also, negligible toxicity of the composite was proven with cytotoxicity test. Furthermore, the color variation of the bleached sample after light irradiation was negligible, which demonstrated the proper colorfastness of the composite.

Antimicrobial Properties of Silk Fabrics Dyed with Green Walnut Shell (Juglans regia L.)

Natural dyes are obtained from plants, insects, lichens, fungus and molluscs which have been used since ancient times. These dyes have antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic and antihelmintic properties. Walnut (Juglans regia L.), a species of Juglandaceae family, is grown in Turkey. Green walnut shell has also antimicrobial functions due to its juglone components known as one of the strongest antimicrobial chemical compound. In this study, alum-mordanted and unmordanted silk fabrics were dyed with green walnut shell. Concentration was varied at 50, 100, 150 and 200 % owf (weight of fabric), in order to assess antimicrobial properties of green walnut shell. Pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 29213) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) were used to test for fabrics’ antimicrobial activities. Reductions of bacterial growth were determined using AATCC test methods. All the fabrics which were dyed with green walnut shell indicated antimicrobial effect on both bacteria species. Antimicrobial effect was increased from 50 to 200 % owf (weight of fabric) dye concentration. These results indicated that unmordanted silk fabrics dyed with green walnut shell had antimicrobial effect as high as alum-mordanted silk fabrics dyed with green walnut shell and S.aureus were more sensitive than E.coli.

Production of Dye from Green and Brown Walnut Shells for Leather Coloration

Nowadays, it is observed that there is an increasing approach to the use of natural substances instead of synthetic ones. As the synthetic materials and products are more complex in comparison to natural substances, it will take a long time to complete their natural cycles and return to nature, thus, causing a lot of environmental pollution. Green and brown shells of walnuts that are not only valuable crops but also important components of the Mediterranean diet are by-products of the walnut production, having scarce use (especially green shell). Thus, using shells as a source of dye will increase the value of the walnut production, as well as offering utilization for a by-product, which is produced in large quantities. The purpose of this study is to produce dye from waste green and brown walnut shells, compare quality of these dyes and apply them separately in untreated leather. Before chemical processes, the walnut shells were chopped in a grinding mill. They were dried in an oven to eliminate the humidity and extracted in Soxhlet apparatus by using ethanol solution. Then, the ethanol solution was evaporated in controlled way and the produced dyes were mordanted by using potassium aluminium sulphate (PAS). The dyes were analysed by TLC and UV-Vis, whereas dyed leathers were analysed by colorfastness test. The present study showed that brown walnut shell dye having higher color values was better for yield, dye penetration and fastness properties compared to green walnut shell dye. Luminous effect was observed when these dyes were applied in leather. It is interesting, uncommon and economically valuable for leather industry. This study would be a positive step to meet the need of leather industry in Turkey and a good example for cleaner production.

Dyeing of S/J Cotton Knit Fabric with Natural Dye Extracts from Green Walnut Shells: Assessment of Mordanting Effect on Fastness Properties

In this study, aqueous extraction method is used because of its high extraction ratio, light fastness and also functional properties. In 1st phase, for dyeing S/J cotton knit fabric with green walnut power ferrous sulfate is considered as a mordant. In this study, three different mordanting methods such as pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting are conveyed the dyeing process with the state of metallic mordant and without metallic salt mordants. In 2nd phase, in dyeing for fixation ferrous sulfate was considered as mordants. Furthermore, the analysis and evaluation of each colour dyed material was done through following two terms for instance CIELAB (L*, a*, and b*) and K/S values. According to AATCC test methods, colour fastness to washing, crocking, perspiration of the dyed samples is determined whereas according to the ISO standard, the colour fastness to light was estimated and tested. When dyeing was carried out on S/J cotton knit fabric through considering optimum parameter like at 80&degC for 60 min and at pH 4 which showed optimum results. From the results we can see, very good wash fastness was obtained while there is no fading of the colour, whereas the outstanding and moderate level of colour fastness to light and crocking is achieved.

Coloristic and antimicrobial behaviour of polymeric substrates using bioactive substances

A major concern in reducing microbial contamination of healthcare and hygiene products motivated us to seek viable alternatives in order to create such barriers. The antimicrobial and anti-oxidant effects of natural extracts are well-known, their application onto polymeric supports is still challenging in terms of investigation. To our knowledge, the method of natural dyeing of different polymeric substrates using bioactive substances derived from black currant and green walnut shells, in conjunction with biomordants, and their long term effects have not been very consistently reported. The main objective of the study is based on the comparative study of different polymeric fibrous substrates dyed by means of laboratory scaled classic methodology with extracts from black currant fruits and green walnut shells, with the assistance of conventional and biomordants (copper sulphate, citric and tannic acids). The assistance of biomordant in the dyeing process seems to conduct to improved synergetic colouring and antibacterial performances. The main results demonstrated that the extract of green walnut shells reinforced by the biomordants solutions expressed the best antimicrobial behaviour. The present research is a milestone in the identification of potential technological alternatives applied in dyeing of synthetic and natural textile supports, quantified and controlled by antimicrobial response correlated with colorimetric features.

Ozone bleaching of cotton fabrics with the aid of ultrasonic humidifier

Cotton is an important industrial commodity for textile production. Its finishing is complicated and requires energy, chemicals and water. In this respect, for its sustainable production, some precautions should be taken. Today, due to consumer’s awareness of environmental issues, studies on ecologic alternative finishing processes have attracted much attention. In this study cotton, which is a natural cellulosic fiber, was bleached via the use of ozone gas and ultrasonic humidifier. Then the coloration of the fabrics was conducted by using green walnut shells (husks). In this way, it was planned to introduce alternative sustainable methods for cotton fabric finishing. It was found that ozone can be used for bleaching of cotton fabrics and even when no mordanting was applied; good colors with sufficient fastnesses were obtained from the cotton fabrics dyed with green walnut shells (husks). Moreover a way to utilize green walnut shells (husks), which are in fact cellulosic waste, was also introduced.

Green walnut shell as a new material for removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions

The removal of aqueous hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) by green walnut shell (GWS) was investigated in batch experiments. GWS is a readily available and low-cost horticulture solid waste. The efficiency of this biomass for Cr(VI) removal as impacted by various operational parameters was characterized. Tested parameters are: initial solution pH (pH0), initial GWS mass loading ([GWS] (g L− 1)), contact time (t (min)), GWS particle size (d (μm)), initial Cr(VI) concentration ([Cr(VI)]0 (mg L− 1)), and ionic strength (I(M)). Results revealed that Cr(VI) chemical reduction (to Cr(III)) followed by adsorption or surface precipitation is the removal mechanism. The optimal operational conditions for Cr(VI) removal from 50 mL of a [Cr(VI)]0 = 10 mg L−1 solution were: pH0 = 3.6, t = 5 min, [GWS] = 6 g L−1, and I = 0.1 M. The corresponding removal efficiency was 95%. The kinetic of the reaction was also studied. Results indicate that using GWS is an affordable, efficient, and applicable method for aqueous Cr(VI) removal and thus a low-cost material for water treatment.

Extraction and Characterization of Natural Dye from Green Walnut Shells and Its Use in Dyeing Polyamide: Focus on Antibacterial Properties

Extraction of dyes from walnut using Soxhlet apparatus has been studied. The color components extracted and isolated from walnut shells were characterized by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), and infrared (IR) techniques. Natural dye extract obtained from the walnut was used in dyeing polyamide fabrics with different mordants. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. As such, the relationship between antibacterial activity and dye concentration is investigated. Durability of antibacterial activity to laundering is also discussed. Results indicate that the polyamide dyed with walnut displayed excellent antibacterial activity in the presence of ferric sulfate, cupric sulfate, and potassium aluminum sulfate and exhibited good and durable fastness properties.

オニグルミ (<i>Juglans Sieboldiana</i> Maxim.) よりJugloneの分離

オニグルミ (<i>Juglans Sieboldiana</i> Maxim.) よりJugloneの分離