Green Tea Leaf Extract Research Articles

Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide from Lathe Waste Using Green Tea Leaves (<i>C</i><i>amellia</i><i> s</i><i>inensis</i>) Extract by Temperature Variations of Synthesis

Iron oxide was produced from lathe waste using green tea leaf extracts. Green tea leaves contain catechins, has been produced as a possible reducing, precipitating, stabilizing, and capping agent. Another advantage of applying green tea leaves to synthesize iron oxide is reducing toxicity. Various temperatures of synthesis utilizing the precipitation method proved successful in the formation of hematite. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the synthesis product. According to the XRD results, the magnetite transition phase was obtained after precipitation, while hematite formed after calcination. The crystallite sizes were 50.5 nm, 45.4 nm, and 39 nm, respectively. According to FTIR identification, the iron oxide was generated before and after calcination in the presence of a specific Fe-O group at the wavenumbers 553 cm-1 and 451 cm-1. The SEM results revealed that the particle size ranges from 4.61 nm – 20.74 nm, and the shape was not uniform, and aggregation.

Dual-Function Femtosecond Laser: β-TCP Structuring and AgNP Synthesis via Photoreduction with Azorean Green Tea for Enhanced Osteointegration and Antibacterial Properties.

β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is a well-established biomaterial for bone regeneration, highly regarded for its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. However, its clinical efficacy is often compromised by susceptibility to bacterial infections. In this study, we address this limitation by integrating femtosecond (fs)-laser processing with the concurrent synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated by Azorean green tea leaf extract (GTLE), which is known for its rich antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The fs laser was employed to modify the surface of β-TCP scaffolds by varying scanning velocities, fluences, and patterns. The resulting patterns, formed at lower scanning velocities, display organized nanostructures, along with enhanced roughness and wettability, as characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry, and contact angle measurements. Concurrently, the femtosecond laser facilitated the photoreduction of silver ions in the presence of GTLE, enabling the efficient synthesis of small, spherical AgNPs, as confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulting AgNP-embedded β-TCP scaffolds exhibited a significantly improved cell viability and elongation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs), alongside significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This study underscores the transformative potential of combining femtosecond laser surface modification with GTLE-mediated AgNP synthesis, presenting a novel and effective strategy for enhancing the performance of β-TCP scaffolds in bone-tissue engineering.

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract inhibits the activity of β-lactamases

The most emerging resistance mechanism against β-lactam antibiotics present in bacteria is the production of β-lactamases. The aim of this study was to explore the phytocompounds of Camellia sinensis (green tea) that can inhibit the activity of β-lactamases. Moreover, the antibacterial effect of its extract with a combination of antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains was also appraised. In silico docking was carried out against the resistance causing enzymes such as AmpC and SHV-1. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against bacterial strains, i.e., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, was performed. Then, for exploring the synergistic effects, both antibiotics and green tea extract were applied in combination. The docking studies revealed that the inhibitors like epigallocatechin gallate with AmpC, and myricetin with SHV-1 enzyme displayed high binding affinities of -8.2 kJ/mol, and -7.5 kJ/mol, respectively. The in vitro combination of C. sinensis extract with ampicillin and penicillin also potentiated the antibacterial activity of these antibiotics. Thus, the study elucidated that the phytochemicals of C. sinensis could inhibit β-lactamases produced by the pathogens. Also, it has enhanced antimicrobial effects when combined with antibiotics.

The investigation prospect application of alcohol-water extract of lingonberry as antimicrobial, anti-fungi and antioxidant pharmaceutical

Infection diseases is a worldwide important problem for medicine and pharmacy. Every year 13.7 million people die from bacterial infections in the world. Thus, the search of new compounds with antimicrobial and anti-fungi activity is topical for today. The object of the study was lingonberry leaf 60% extract. The content of phenylpropanoids derivatives was evaluated by spectrophotometric method of analysis, whereas organic acids by alkalimetric method; antioxidant power was found by potentiometric method; antibacterial and antifungal activity was assessed by the method of “wells”. According to the results of the study, it was shown that the lingonberry leaf extract is inferior to the green tea leaf extract in terms of the content of phenolic compounds, catechins, hydroxycinnamic and organic acids, but flavonoids dominate in the lingonberry extract. The study found that lingonberry leaf extract has a high level of antioxidant activity. When comparing the levels of antioxidant action of lingonberry extract with green tea extract and the «gold standard» – аepigallocatechin-3-O-gallate in one concentration of 0.03 mol/L, it was found that lingonberry extract had the best result. Escherichia coli bacteria was the most sensitive to the extract whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant. This work shows that 60% ethanolic lingonberry leaf extract has potent antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal effects. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that 60% V. vitis-idaea leaf extract is promising for the development of new antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant pharmaceutical.

Introduction pages, Notulae Scientia Biologicae 16(3), 2024

Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 3, Volume 16, 2024: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting research or reviews, we invite readers to find news about: Exogenous nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide as biotechnological tools for enhancing plant adaptation to cold; Optimization of the production of a new milk clotting enzyme by Aspergillus flavus thermophile on agro-industrial residues medium and characterization of the enzyme; Chemical composition and potential pharmacological applications of Centaurea acaulis L.; Evaluation of antimalarial compounds in Prosopis africana stem bark fractions against Plasmodium berghei; Bioactive potential of Algerian Citrullus colocynthis resin: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects; Analysis of chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extracts; In silico analysis of Cucumis pubescens Willd. fruit extract phytocompounds and its activity against anti-diabetic targets; In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of different bacterial isolates against Botrytis gray mold of tomato; Integrated characterization and in vitro biocontrol of Fusarium sp. using Trichoderma asperellum; Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under cadmium stress; Delineating drought-induced antioxidative traits as potential mechanisms for climate resilience in Argania spinosa.

Analysis of chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extracts

Infection diseases is a worldwide important problem for medicine and pharmacy. The purpose of this work was to study and compare phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant potential of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf liquid extracts. The quantification of biologically active substances (BAS) was performed using spectrophotometric, titrimetric, and HPLC analysis methods. Antioxidant activity was measured through a potentiometric method, while antimicrobial and antifungal effects were assessed using the well method and determining the minimum inhibition concentration. The total content of phenolic compounds was 0.40 and 10.10%, organic acids – 5.80 and 1.60% for pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extract. The total content of catechins in the green tea leaf extract was 10500.0 mg/100 g, where epicatechin-3-O-gallate was dominated (3730.0±2.00 mg/100 g). The total content of anthocyanins in the pomegranate fruit thick extract was 107.10 mg/100 g, where cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was dominated (41.74 ± 0.10 mg/100 g), whereas delphinidin-3-O-glucoside had a lowest content (4.99 ± 0.10 mg/100 g). Both extracts possessed a high antioxidant potential, and effective antimicrobial effects. The antioxidant, antimicrobial activity of pomegranate fruit extract was higher than green tea leaf extract. In addition, we assumed that anthocyanins had higher antioxidant, antimicrobial properties than catechins. These findings would promote application of pomegranate fruits extract as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.

Green tea beverage protects against thiabendazole-induced kidney and liver injury through antioxidant actions in rats in vivo

ABSTRACT Thiabendazole (TBZ) is an important molecule used in several different areas. Two percent of green tea leaf extracts (GTE) obtained by maceration were tested against TBZ-induced liver and kidney toxicity, by using four groups of male Wistar rats controls, control-tea (2%), TBZ-treated, and TBZ+GTE. The results revealed, after 4 weeks of treatment, an increase in nitric oxide (NO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels and a decrease in catalase activity in the tissues homogenates on TBZ-treated rats. The administration of GTE to TBZ-treated rats attenuated the increase in NO, AOPP and PC levels and improved activities of catalase and markers. Histological examination demonstrated marked tissue damage in the liver and kidney of TBZ-treated animals. Co-administration of TBZ and green tea reduced tissue damage. Acute exposure to TBZ leads to acute inflammation through oxidant – antioxidant imbalance. GTE could therefore be a useful therapeutic option for reversing TBZ-induced oxidative stress.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea aqueous leaf extract and their biological and chemotherapeutic activity

Green tea leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (GT-AgNPs) were synthesized and characterized for their biological and chemotherapeutic activity. The synthesis process involved the reduction of silver ions by green tea leaf extract (GTLE), resulting in the formation of GT-AgNPs. Characterization techniques including UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and zeta potential analysis were employed to study the physicochemical properties of GT-AgNPs. The GT-AgNPs exhibited a characteristic color change and a noticeable shift in the surface plasma resonance (SPR) absorption peak at 458 nm, confirming their successful formation of nanoparticles. XRD analysis indicated a cubic structure with a crystallite size of 9 ± 1 nm. Both SEM and TEM images revealed that the spherical shape and size of the synthesized nanoparticles. The SEM analysis confirmed that the average grain size of GT-AgNPs is 20.27 ± 1 nm, while the TEM analysis determined the average particle size of 9 ± 0.025. GT-AgNPs have a negative zeta potential of -19.7 mV indicating a hydrodynamic diameter of 140.90 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 25.8 %. XPS confirmed the oxidation state of Ag0/+1 in GT-AgNPs. The energy band gap (Eg) value of GT-AgNPs is 3.38 eV, indicating semiconducting properties, while fluorescence activity was observed at 506.17 nm. CT-DNA and BSA protein binding studies demonstrated the formation of CT-DNA-GT-AgNPs and BSA-GT-AgNPs complexes with binding constants of 1.366×1010 M−1 and 6.77×109 M−1, respectively. GT-AgNPs exhibited exceptional anti-oxidant activity by effectively scavenging stable 2, 2ʹ - diphenyl-1-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) radicals. Cytotoxicity assays using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) demonstrate moderate activity against KB3 and AGS cancer cells while showing no detectable cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells. This indicates a safe therapeutic window for human eukaryotic cells.

Green biosynthesized N-doped CuO@Zeolite nanocomposite for the efficient photodegradation of toxic organic pollutants from wastewater

Nanotechnology is one of the most advanced methods available for the degradation of toxic pollutants from the environment. Specifically, nanoparticles generated with plant extracts are more stable and biocompatible than those produced using traditional chemical and physical processes. The current study focuses on the green synthesis of N-CuO@Zeolite nanocomposite with Camellia sinensis (green tea) leaf extract. The green synthesized nanocomposite was used for the photocatalytic degradation of hazardous organic pollutants, including Auramine-O (AO) and yellow color textile industrial dye (YD). Under direct sunlight irradiation, synthesized nanomaterials exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity for AO and YD degradation. The best conditions for photocatalytic degradation were found to be pollutant concentrations of 2 mg L−1 for AO and 6 mg L−1 for YD, photocatalyst dosages of 15 mg for both AO and YD, and neutral pH for both pollutants. Within 150 minutes, the synthesized N-CuO@zeolite nanocomposite attained degradation efficiencies of 95 % for AO and 92 % for YD, compared to its parent materials N-CuO (80 % for AO and 76 % for YD) and CuO (68 % for AO and 65 % for YD). The degradation rates of both pollutants were accurately described by first-order kinetics, consistent with the Langmuir adsorption model. Additionally, the ecologically sustainable novel N-CuO@Zeolite nanocomposite illustrated superior reliability and reusability, keeping photocatalytic efficiency even after ten cycles of constant utilization, and its long-term stability was confirmed by PXRD analysis after processing. The material's excellent reusability and stability emphasize the nanocomposite's potential as a long-term solution for industrial wastewater treatment applications.

Comparison of phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of lipophilic and ethanolic green tea leaf extracts

Infection diseases are a worldwide important problem for medicine and pharmacy. Today, there is a high interest in the evolution of new antimicrobial drugs due to the increasing percentage of resistant bacteria and fungi strains. Green tea leaf contains a variety of natural compounds that are possible to apply in the creation of new antimicrobial drugs. The aim of the work was to compare phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, antifungal activities of lipophilic and ethanolic green tea leaf extracts. Materials and methods. The object of the research was the lipophilic extract obtained using chloroform, along with two ethanolic extracts of green tea leaves. One of the ethanolic extracts had been previously processed with chloroform, while the other had not. Antioxidant activity was determined by the potentiometric method, while antimicrobial and antifungal activities were assessed by the “wells” method. Results. The lipophilic extract of green tea leaves contains predominantly caffeine and organic acids, with the lowest amount of phenolic compounds. In contrast, the ethanolic extracts show the opposite pattern, with phenolic compounds predominating and caffeine present in lower quantities. The lipophilic extract exhibits greater inhibition of the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, and C. albicans compared to the 96 % ethanolic extract processed with chloroform, with inhibition rates of 19 %, 18 %, 12 %, 12 %, 16 %, and 20 % respectively. When comparing antimicrobial activity to the 96 % ethanolic extract without chloroform treatment, the results remained consistent. The antioxidant activity of the lipophilic extract was 58.7 and 60.0 times lower than that of the 96 % ethanolic extract processed with chloroform and the 96 % ethanolic extract without treatment, respectively. Conclusions. The study revealed that the lipophilic extract exhibited greater inhibition of the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi compared to the ethanolic extracts. However, it showed a lower level of antioxidant activity. It is hypothesized that caffeine, organic acids, and catechins may interact synergistically to enhance the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of green tea leaf extracts. The lipophilic extract shows promise for further development in the production of antimicrobial and antifungal drugs.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract and their structural and optical analysis

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized by biosynthesis method using Green tea leaf extract. Biosynthesis is an easy, economical, and environmentally friendly method to prepare NPs. The synthesized NPs were characterized by using an X-ray diffraction spectrum (XRD), UV-Vis spectra, Tauc plot and Dynamic light scattering spectrum analysis. The XRD results of biosynthesized Ag NPs show that the particles are crystalline and face-cantered cubical in shape, with an average size of 14 nm. UV-visible spectra studies and Tauc plot analysis confirm the excellent optical properties of the Ag NPs. Due to these outstanding qualities, we anticipated that the use of green-produced Ag NPs would result in an exponential increase in various applications. Ag NPs exhibit cytotoxicity and anticancer characteristics, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activity.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN HAIR TONIC EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN TEH HIJAU (Camellia sinensis L.) SEBAGAI PENUMBUH RAMBUT TERHADAP KELINCI JANTAN (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: hair loss is less or more hair than normal, with or without visible thinning. Green tea leaf minoxidil, whixh contains flavonoid compounds that may prevent hair loss, can be used to treat hair loss. Objective: this study aims to confirm whether green tea leaf ethanol extract can be used as a hair restorer that meets the requidments of physical stability, and to investigate the efficacy of green tea leaf extract hair restorer compared with minoxidil on hair growth purpose. Methods: This study used an experimental method that was macerated using 96% ethanol as a solvent. The formula was made into 3 concentrations, namely 2.5%; 5%; 7.5% compared with the drug minoxidil as a positive control. The three formulas were first evaluated to meet the requirements for hair tonic stability, then the hair effectiveness test was carried out with the test animal being a male rabbit. Results: the group that had the highest effectiveness on hair growth in rabbits was minoxidil which had an average value on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of 4.9 ; 6.3 ; 7.9 followed by the third formula which has a concentration of 7.5% as much as 4.5; 5.2 ; 6.5. While the negative control which was only applied with a hair tonic base only had hair growth 1,4; 1,9 ; 2,3. Conclusion: The preparation of hair tonic formula 1 to formula 3 met the requirements for physical stability, namely, pH test, viscosity test and organoleptic test. The preparation of hair tonic ethanol extract of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.) showed that the 7.5% concentration was more effective in accelerating hair growth compared to formulas 1 and 2, and also showed that the 7.5% concentration had almost the same effectiveness as minoxidil (positive control).

Enhanced sun protection factor of octocrylene with green tea and bhringraj extracts

Objectives The aim of this study of sun protection factor boosting effect sunscreen compositions with herbal extract and combination with octocrylene. Materials and Methods The standardized herbal extracts procured and studied their sun protection Factors. Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) leaf Extract, Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract are selected for the development of the herbal sunscreen composition along with octocrylene as synthetic sunscreen. The developed sunscreen composition contains defined concentration of herbal extracts and octocrylene were evaluated for their different physicochemical properties and stability. Sun protection factor boosting effect of herbal extracts is studied combination with octocrylene. Results Invitro SPF studied for herbal extract individually and combination with octocrylene. The results of Invitro SPF study revealed the presence of green tea extract and, Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract shows excellent sun protection factor (SPF) boosting value of sunscreen composition containing 5% concentration of herbal extract and octocrylene. The sunscreen formulation containing 5% herbal extracts are stable for 12 weeks in an oven (45 °C). Conclusion The findings of this in-vitro SPF study revealed a sun protection boosting capacity of green tea extract and bhringraj extract confirmed. Summary The over exposure of human skin to Ultra-Violet Radiation (UVR) can trigger photodamage, UV burn, pigmentation, erythema, and enhance the chance of dermal carcinoma. UVR causes DNA damage, which leads to dermal cancer. Daily sunscreens protect the skin from the adverse effects of sun rays, especially UVB (290-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm). The ozone layer filters UVC (200-290 nm) radiation when it enters into atmosphere of the earth. UVB causes sunburn, photo damage and cause mutagenic changes in nucleic acids. UVA increases ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) accumulation. ROS is responsible for cell repair which leads to carcinogenesis, and the cause of photodamage. Herbal extracts contain polyphenols, and flavonoids act as a natural sunscreen that will filter Ultra-Violet (UVB) light and contain antioxidant characteristics to modulate the photo-oxidative damage that results from UV-induced Reactive Oxygen Species production. The UVR protection of most herbal extracts are required to attain the higher UV protection in the sun care products. The approaches for preparing sun care products with higher Sun Protection Factor (SPF) possible through Oil in water formulation with herbal extract combinations of octocrylene. The developed sunscreen composition containing different concentration of herbal extracts were evaluated for their other physicochemical properties and stability. Invitro SPF was studied for Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) Leaf Extract and Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract individually and in combination with octocrylene. The results of the Invitro SPF study revealed the Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) Leaf Extract with octocrylene shows better Sun protection factor than Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract with octocrylene. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) enhancement value of sunscreen compositions was compared to both sunscreen macroemulsion and nanoemulsion.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DARI KOMBINASI EKSTRAK DAUN STEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana (bertoni) bertoni) DAN DAUN TEH HIJAU (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH (1,1- Difenil-2-Pikrilhidrazil)

The stevia plant is known to have various benefits in the pharmaceutical field and is used as a health medicine because of its antioxidant, antifungal and non-carcinogenic effects. Green tea is a plant that contains various antioxidant compounds that are beneficial for health. The aim of this research is to determine whether the combination of stevia leaf extract and green tea leaves is effective as an antioxidant. Ethanol extract of stevia leaves and green tea leaves is made by maceration with 96% ethanol solvent, combination extract has blackish green. The ethanol extract of stevia leaves and green tea leaves was screened for phytochemical compounds. Antioxidant effectiveness was tested using the DPPH (1,1 Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) method, with varying concentrations of 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm and 50 ppm. Then Antioxidant activity test by DPPH measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of screening for phytochemical compounds show that stevia leaf extract contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. Meanwhile, the results of screening for phytochemical compounds in green tea leaf extract contain alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. The research results showed that antioxidant levels in the combination of Stevia leaf extract and green tea leaves with concentrations of 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm with a ratio of (1:1) had an IC50 analysis result of 10 ppm of 19.90 mg/L, 20 ppm is 12.90 mg/L, 30 ppm is 9.60 mg/L. 40 ppm is 6.80 mg/L. 50 ppm is 6.60 mg/L where a concentration of 50 ppm is classified as a very strong antioxidant. The antioxidant effect of the combination of stevia leaf extract and green tea leaves is still higher than vitamin C. The combination of stevia leaves xtract and green tea leaves has antioxidant effectiveness.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant Activities and Molecular Docking Analysis of Rubus idaeus Leaf Extract

The study aimed to identify the most abundant compounds in raspberry leaf extract via HPLC analysis, conduct theoretical and practical assessments of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities both in silico, in vitro, and in vivo, and evaluate the correlation between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Polyphenols were quantified using HPLC; molecular docking was carried out using AutoDockTools 1.5.6; antioxidant activity was ascertained via the potentiometric method; and anti-inflammatory activity was examined based on the carrageenan edema method. The extract was found to be rich in epicatechin (0.417%), (+)-catechin (0.501%), and ellagitannins (0.401%). The free energy of (+)-catechin and epicatechin was -8.40 and -7.20 respectively for the active sites of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and -6.60 and -7.11 for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase). Notably, the antioxidant activity of the raspberry leaf extract was 1.43%, 1.04%, and 10.62% higher than that of green tea leaf extract for doses of 4.00, 2.00, 0.20 mg/mL, respectively. Treatment with the raspberry leaf extract at a dose of 13.0 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in edema after 1, 2, and 3 hours by 38.8%, 41.8%, and 48.8%, respectively, compared to the control group. The study demonstrated a correspondence between experimental and theoretical results in evaluating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Correlation analysis further substantiated that the anti-inflammatory action is dependent on antioxidant activity.

Эффективность применения ферментных препаратов при водной экстракции фенольных веществ из листьев зеленого чая

A study was conducted to obtain green tea extract using enzyme preparations of various substrate specificities. In the experiments, we used crushed green tea leaves of the Greenfield Flying Dragon variety with different degrees of grinding: coarse grinding, which included particles with a size of 56.4% passing through a Ø 1 mm sieve, and fine grinding, which included particles with a size of 100% passing through a Ø 1 mm sieve and 75% passing through a Ø 0.25 mm sieve. It was found that the yield of phenolic substances from coarse and fine grinding differs slightly but depends on the hydromodule. To obtain aqueous extracts of green tea with a high content of phenolic substances, it is recommended to use a hydro modulus of 1:20. To assess the effectiveness of enzyme preparations on the yield of phenolic substances, enzyme preparations of different substrate specificity were used: cellulolytic action – CelloLux-A, Viscoferm; proteolytic action – Vegazym M, Fructozym P6-L, Fructozym BE, Fructozym MA, Fructozym Press, Pectinex Ultro; proteolytic action – Protosubtilin G3x, Destizym Protocid Extra. The effectiveness of the enzyme preparation was assessed relative to the control sample (without adding the enzyme preparation) and expressed in %. As a result, it was found that of all the analyzed enzyme preparations, CelloLux-A has the greatest effect on the yield of phenolic substances and increases the yield of phenolic substances by 40–96%. To determine the optimal modes for the extraction of phenolic substances: temperature, duration, and dose of application of CelloLux-A, the method used a full factorial experiment (FFE 23) and the "steep" ascent method. As a result, a mode for obtaining green tea extract was determined that ensures the concentration of phenolic substances in the extract in the amount of 988 mg/dm3: temperature 60°C, duration – 1 hour, dose of CelloLux-A – 0.09% by weight of green tea leaves. Green tea leaf extract can be used by many sectors of the food industry as a source of biologically active substances in the production of functional foods and drinks.

Selection of processing parameters for the integrated supercritical CO2 extraction from green tea leaves and extract impregnation onto starch-chitosan based films

The study aimed toward the development of biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric films (starch-chitosan and starch-chitosan-cyclodextrin) with biologically valuable green tea leaf extract using an environmentally friendly integrated process of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI). The SFE-SSI process parameters were selected through the initial estimation of the SFE parameters effect (temperatures 35 and 70 °C and the addition of co-solvents ethanol, ethanol/water, and water). The present early-stage work showed that an increase in temperature increased extraction yield (from 0.9 to 4.2%) and caffeine content while it decreased polyphenolic and pigment content as well as antioxidant activity and extract loading onto films (from 7.1 to 0.1%). The addition of co-solvents to sc-CO2 had an adverse effect on extract yield, composition, and loading. The highest recorded total phenolic, flavonoid, chlorophyll A, and caffeine content in extracts were 136.5 mg GE/g, 22.7 mg RE/g, 8.1 mg/g, and 460.0 mg/g, respectively.

Effects of Green Tea Leaf Extract on Viability, Apoptosis, and Expression of Interleukin-6 in Keloid Fibroblasts

Green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) extract contains polyphenols, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic agents that may effectively to as keloid therapy. This study aims to examine the effect of green tea leaf extract on viability, apoptosis, and interleukin-6 expression in keloid fibroblasts. Keloid fibroblast cultures were divided into groups that were cultivated with green tea extract at dosages of 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL, negative control (10% Fetal Bovine Serum/FBS), and positive control (100 μM dexamethasone). This study used post-test-only control group design. The highest mean IL-6 expression was in the GTE 200 (275,942.7 pg/mL), while the lowest was in the GTE 800 ( -2,890.6 pg/mL). The viability and apoptosis was analized by using one-way ANOVA, continued with Least Significant Difference (LSD) with a significance of p 0.05 in the GTE 800 treatment group compared to the entire intervention group. Kruskal-Wallis followed by a Mann-Whitney was carried out for interleukin-6 (IL-6) with a significance of p 0.05 in the extract therapy group at dosages of 200, 400, 800 μg/ml and 100 μM dexamethasone. In conclusion, green tea leaf extract at 800 μg/ml could reduce viability interleukin-6 expression and increase apoptotic caspase-3 expression in keloid fibroblast cells.

Phyto-nanoemulsion Containing Tea Leaves Extract Incorporated into A Hydrogel-based Peel-off Mask Formulation: Development, Antioxidant Assay, and Ex-vivo Transport Study

Background: Tea leaves contain remarkable antioxidant compounds suitable for cosmetics formulation development targeting anti-aging purposes. However, due to its hydrophilicity, it faced the main hurdle, namely the permeation of the potential antioxidant compounds. Nanoemulsion formulation offers the permeation improvement of water-soluble compounds Therefore, this work purposed to formulate and develop the nanoemulsion formulation containing tea leaf extract incorporated into a peel-off mask formulation and an ex-vivo transport study. Methods: The nanoemulsion formulation was developed according to self-nano emulsification. The optimization process was performed using a design of experiment to define optimized formulation based on quality target product profiles. Dried green tea leaf extract (DGTE) was obtained by lyophilizing the boiled water-based extract. Antioxidant and phenolic content assays were also evaluated. The optimized formulation was incorporated into a hydrogel-based peel-off mask formulation. Permeated polyphenol through a rat skin membrane was carried out along with deposited polyphenols in the skin membrane. Results: The results indicated that DGTE had powerful antioxidants with IC50 less than 15 mg/mL. The optimized nanoemulsion comprised 21.62% virgin coconut oil, 48.38% Tween 80, and 30% PEG 400, producing a droplet size of less than 50 nm. The peel-off formulation was successfully formulated along with PVA 10-11% and HPMC 0.25-1% with a drying time of around 30 min. The nanoemulgel peel-off mask formulation played significant roles in enhancing the permeation and deposition in the percutaneous transport using rat skin membrane for roughly 200% and 50%, respectively. Conclusion: The nanoemulsion incorporated into a hydrogel-based peel-off mask enhanced the permeation of DGTE polyphenol compounds.

Impact of green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract in skim milk-goose egg yolk semen extender on the quality of Sapudi ram spermatozoa stored at 5°C

Livestock production requires Sapudi rams, a breed native to Indonesia, to meet meat demand and food security. In artificial high-quality frozen semen is needed to spread Sapudi rams. To maximize the survival of spermatozoa during cryopreservation, semen should be stored in an extender. Green tea leaf extract (GTLE) and skim milk-goat egg yolk (SM-GEY) may be a good cryoprotectants due to their antioxidant properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding GTLE to the SM-GEY extender on the quality of Sapudi ram spermatozoa stored at 5°C. The fresh semen sample was divided into four different GTLE treatment groups, which each contained a 0.1 mL semen sample and a 25-mL extender of SM-GEY. Group T0: no GTLE added to SM-GEY; Groups T1, T2, and T3: 0.1 mL semen diluted in 25 mL SM-GEY with 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mg GTLE. Extended semen was then stored at 5°C, and its quality was evaluated daily for five days. The variables observed included spermatozoa motility, viability, and membrane integrity. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's test using Statistical Program and Service Solution version 23. The result of this study was that adding 0.05 mg GTLE to 25 mL of SM-GEY extender significantly maintained the spermatozoa motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity of Sapudi ram spermatozoa for three days at 5°C (p <0.05). Therefore, it could be concluded that adding 0.05 mg of GTLE to the SM-GEY extender preserved Sapudi ram spermatozoa's motility, viability, and membrane integrity for three days at 5°C.