Green Synthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Characterization of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles with Anti-diabetic Properties. A Systematic Review.

Plants are used in medicine because they are low-cost, widely available, and have few side effects (compared to pharmacological treatment). Plants have phytocompounds with antidiabetic properties that can be delivered using nanoparticles (NPs). To describe the antidiabetic properties of green synthesized NPs (GSNPs) and their characterization methods. Three databases were searched using the terms "type 2 diabetes mellitus," "antidiabetic effects," "phytochemicals," "plants," and "nanoparticles." Studies describing the antidiabetic effects (in vitro or animal models) of NPs synthesized by plant extracts and characterizing them through UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and DLS were included. 16 studies were included. In vitro studies reported enzyme inhibition values between 11% (H. polyrhizus) and 100% (A. concinna) for alfa-amylase and between 41.1% (M. zapota) and 100% (A. concinna) for alfa-glucosidase. Animal studies with Wistar Albino rats having diabetes (induced by alloxan or streptozotocin) reported improved blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL after treatment with GSNPs. Regarding characterization, NP sizes were measured with DLS (25-181.5 nm), SEM (52.1-91 nm), and TEM (8.7-40.6 nm). The surface charge was analyzed with zeta potential (-30.7 to -2.9 mV). UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to confirm the formations of AgNPs (360-460 nm), AuNPs (524-540 nm), and ZnONPs (300-400 nm), and FTIR was used to identify plant extract functional groups. GSNP characterization (shape, size, zeta potential, and others) is essential to know the viability and stability, which are important to achieve health benefits for biomedical applications. Studies reported good enzyme inhibition percentages in in vitro studies, decreasing blood glucose levels and improving lipid profiles in animal models with diabetes. However, these studies had limitations in the methodology and potential risk of bias, so results need careful interpretation.

Green and chemical syntheses of silver nanoparticles: Comparative and comprehensive study on characterization, therapeutic potential, and cytotoxicity

The emergence of metallic nanoparticles through green synthesis has garnered significant recognition, shaping global research efforts towards eco-friendly practices, often termed as the green revolution. Specifically, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has made considerable strides in the past decade, becoming a prominent fixture in the realm of science and technology. The study explores the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cassia fistula L. flowers extract through chemical co-precipitation (CM_AgNPs) and green methods (CFF_AgNPs). Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), attenuated total reflectance fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealed irregular morphologies with agglomeration, polycrystalline nature, and intrinsic functional groups involved in capping AgNPs. Antioxidant assessment demonstrated superior antioxidative activity (84.48 %) in green-synthesized nanoparticles compared to chemically synthesized ones (75.87 %), and they exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects with IC50 values CFF_AgNPs_30.19 μg/mL and CM_AgNPs _34.14 μg/mL respectively. The lower IC50 value of CFF_AgNPs_30.19 μg/mL signifies finer and better activity due to the presence of phytochemicals present in it. Whereas for CM_AgNPs the IC50 value is a 34.14 μg/mL which is solely due to AgNPs. To ensure the promising therapeutic aspects of AgNPs with a careful assessment of their safety profile, cytotoxicity of AgNPs on HEP3B cancer cells was evaluated through MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level measurement. In the in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, HEP3B demonstrated more pronounced dose-dependent adverse effects upon exposure to CFF_AgNPs compared to CM_AgNPs. This study underscores the bioactive potential of Cassia fistula L. mediated AgNPs, suggesting promising applications in biomedicine with environmental sustainability. The findings contribute to the growing interest in green synthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles and their potential benefits in various fields.

Essential oil analysis of Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo, and its application in green synthesis of iron nanoparticles to remove Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solutions

Acroptilon repens is a widespread weed in Asia, and has a complicated taxonomy. Recent taxonomical treatment explored that Acroptilon species must be classified in the genus Rhaponticum. Therefore, the scientific name of this species has been converted into Rhaponticum repens. In the current study, essential oil composition, and its ability to green synthesis of iron nanoparticles for future use to adsorb Cr (VI) ions pollution of aquatic solution were evaluated for the first time. The GC-MS analysis revealed oxygenated monoterpenes constituted great proportion of the essential oil, with 1,8-cineole and camphor as the main essential oil components. Several appropriate methods, including UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, DLS, and VSM revealed the green synthesis of a mixture of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles by the extracted essential oil. Sizes of the produced nanoparticles were not equal and detected in the range of 3 to 50 nm, with an average size of 31.5 nm and the magnetic property of 15 emu/g. The green-synthesized nanoparticles could adsorb Cr (VI) ions pollution from aquatic solutions. However, under an optimum condition, the Cr (VI) ions adsorption capacity and removal were 167.6 mg/g and 91%, respectively. Findings revealed the major essential oil composition highly differed from those reported in the previous phytochemical studies. Although the synthesized nanoparticles were not uniform, they could remove Cr (VI) ions pollution.

Green synthetic biomaterials: Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial properties of lichen-derived nanomaterials

The green synthesis of nanoparticles using lichen extracts offers a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods. Known for their medicinal properties, lichens can effectively reduce and stabilise metallic salts, providing an eco-friendly approach to producing nanomaterials with potential antimicrobial applications. In this study, the lichen Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca was utilised in the green synthesis of nanoparticles, successfully creating lichen-derived silver-zinc oxide (Ag–ZnO), silver-strontium oxide (Ag–SrO), and silver-nickel oxide (Ag–NiO) nanoparticles. Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy revealed that the characteristic light absorption of the NCs occurred within the range of 300–400 nm for each synthesis, and dynamic light scattering measurements indicated that the hydrodynamic diameters of the nanoparticles were below 100 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the constituent elements. Imaging with field-emission scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles had spherical shapes with dimensions measuring below 50 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis of the synthesised nanocomposite materials revealed the presence of Ag–ZnO (22 nm), Ag–SrO (48 nm), and Ag–NiO (21 nm) nanoparticles. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in the nanoparticles, confirming their compositions, while thermogravimetric analysis determined the thermal decomposition temperatures of the NCs. The antibacterial efficacy of these materials was assessed, with Ag–ZnO (inhibition zone 11.0 mm) and Ag–NiO (inhibition zone 10.0 mm) showing significant effectiveness against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, Ag–SrO (inhibition zone 6.5 mm) exhibited comparatively lower antibacterial activity. Additionally, the study highlighted the antifungal properties of Ag–NiO (inhibition zone 19.0 mm) and Ag–ZnO (inhibition zone 8.5 mm) nanomaterials. This research advances the understanding of lichen-based nanotechnology and its potential for developing sustainable antimicrobial solutions.

An investigation of photocatalytic and biological properties of Croton bonplandianum-mediated Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles

The green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant parts and their essence is considered an archetypal tactic in material synthesis for environmental beneficence. Multitudinous metal nanoparticles with potential bioactivities have been prepared based on plant extract. This study's main objective is synthesizing Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag-Cu BMNPs) using leaf extract of Croton bonplandianum L (CB). Furthermore, its photocatalytic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-tuberculosis activities are systematically investigated in detail. The surface morphology of the prepared sample is shown to be highly porous, with an average grain size of ∼ 16 nm. The FTIR spectra exhibited that the phytomolecules from CB leaf extract serve as a capping and reductantfor forming Ag-Cu BMNP. Brunauer-Emmitte-Teller (BET) comprehends the CB leaf extract to be an active, cost-effective, reusable, and high surface area catalyst. The sample exhibited improved photocatalytic activity with an efficiency of 92.31 % at the moderate catalyst dose of 30 mg against methylene blue (MB) dye. Ag-Cu BMNPs exhibited a 17 mm inhibition zone at higher concentrations against both gram (+ve) and gram (−ve) bacterial strains. Also, the synthesized Ag-Cu BMNPs produced a clear inhibition zone of 16 mm and 15 mm at lower concentrations. The anti-fungal activity against A. flavus and C. albicans at higher and lower concentrations produced a clear inhibition zone of 17 mm,15 mm, and 6 mm, 9 mm, respectively. In addition, the anti-tuberculosis activity against Mycobacteria tuberculosis exhibited good results at a 0.4 µg/mL concentration for the synthesized sample. Moreover, Ag-Cu BMNPs enhanced their biological ability and did not increase their cytotoxicity, which provides a potential for the clinical applications of Ag-Cu BMNPs. In general, the suggested method for producing Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles is successful in combating microbiological diseases.

TiO2 nanoparticles as reusable catalysts for the efficient synthesis of 2, 4, 5-trisubstituted-1H-imidazoles

A simple, highly efficient and eco-friendly protocol for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted-1H-imidazoles via one-pot three component condensation of benzil, aldehydes and ammonium acetate under solvent-free conditions has been achieved utilizing TiO2. The applicability of this procedure was investigated further in relation to the synthesis of fused imidazoles that exhibit structural versatility. The remarkable features of this methodology are excellent yields in shorter reaction times, cleaner reaction profile, and environmentally benign nature, use of non-toxic, readily synthesizable, inexpensive and recyclable catalyst. The titled compounds can be confirmed advanced spectroscopic evaluation by 1HNMR, 13CNMR and LCMS. The synthesis of green nanoparticles utilizing green protocols is a very good, safe, effective, and environmentally friendly technique in Nano science research. These are employed in many scientific fields. These are used in the catalysis

Mellisa officinalis Leaf Extract Green-Synthesized AgNPs: Investigation of Its Anaesthetic and Analgesic Activities

Investigating and studying natural origin agents, such as nanocompounds obtained from plants that have less harmful effects, is the main research aim in the field of treatment of diseases. For this goal, extensive research have been performed on several medicinal herbs and their nanoparticles, and their cytotoxic and therapeutic properties have been determined. In the current experiment, the Ag nanoparticles green-synthesis were carried out by the Mellisa officinalis extract. The formulated NPs were analyzed by FESEM, TEM, and UV-Vis. In the in vivo design, after oral administration, paw edema was significantly decreased in mice. CH3COOH-induced writhing episodes were dose-dependently and significantly decreased. The results of anesthetic activity were indicated that the nanoparticles made the local anesthetic effects in guinea pig and frog models. In addition, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties were determined in several doses.

SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE: ENHANCING CI ENGINES WITH GREEN-SYNTHESIZED NANOPARTICLES AND BIODIESEL

This study investigates the potential of green-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) doped with a 20% biodiesel blend to enhance the performance and emissions characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine. The green synthesis of NPs offers an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional methods, while the addition of biodiesel provides a renewable fuel source. Experimental trials were conducted using various concentrations of NP-doped biodiesel blends in a CI engine. Performance parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) were measured. Additionally, emissions profiles, including smoke intensity, carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and unburned hydrocarbons (HC), were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of NP-doped biodiesel blends led to significant improvements in engine performance. A reduction in BSFC and an increase in BTE were observed, indicating enhanced fuel efficiency. Furthermore, the NP-doped blends contributed to a substantial decrease in smoke, NOx and other harmful emissions, suggesting a positive environmental impact. This research highlights the promising potential of green-synthesized NPs and biodiesel blends as a sustainable and efficient fuel alternative for CI engines.

Interplay between green-synthesized nanoparticles and plant performance is mediated by the microbial community in the rhizocompartments

Numerous green-synthesized nanoparticles are being evaluated for their potential application in soil, yet understanding their influence on plant performance and their rhizocompartments associated microbes is a gap that needs to be addressed. In this study, we investigated how applying iron oxide nanoparticles (control 0, low 25 and high 50 mg/kg) impacted the rhizocompartments associated microbial communities and plant secondary metabolites grown in natural soil microcosm. The transcriptional analysis showed that the majority of artemisinin and flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes were significantly upregulated in plants with the application of low concentration of green-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO.NPs) when compared with control plants, suggesting a fine collaboration between these metabolites’ pathways, as indicated by a remarkable increase in artemisinin content (2-fold), ferulic acid (7.6-fold), luteolin (4.3-fold) and syringic acid (6.2-fold). The response of rhizocompartments microbial communities and associated soil enzymes was investigated using high-throughput sequencing and profiler test kits, respectively. The soil microbial community structure was altered upon FeO.NPs exposure in both low and high treated soils as indicated by multivariate analysis. For instance, bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes and Gemmatimonadetes and fungal phyla Ascomycota demonstrated a significant rise in relative abundance in both the rhizosphere and rhizoplane in low and high treatments relative to the control. Moreover, genera level analysis revealed that Cupriavidus, Vibrionimonas, and Burkholderia displayed higher relative abundance (p < 0.05) in low FeO.NPs concentration while Giaella and Nonomuraea didn't show any noticeable response to FeO.NPs. In terms of fungal genera, Oidiodendron and Cryptococcus showed high relative abundance under low treatment. The altered microbiome profile is possibly associated with soil enzymes, for instance, urease and catalase activities were increased by 1.76 and 1.71-fold, respectively in low FeO.NPs. Thus, this study demonstrates the effects of FeO.NPs gradients on plant secondary metabolites and soil enzyme activities, while contributing new insights into their specific impacts on the microbial community composition in the rhizocompartments of plant root system.

A Review of Revolutionizing Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Pharmacy and Healthcare

A Review of Revolutionizing Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Pharmacy and Healthcare

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Biologically Synthesized and Antibiotic-Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles followed by Post-Synthesis Assessment for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Applications.

The paper presents the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) when conjugated with two antibiotics levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin as well as biologically synthesized nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera and Curcuma longa. Leaves of Moringa and powder of Curcuma were used in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for the characterization of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Comparison of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and their conjugated AgNPs was also studied for antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The synthesis of Moringa-AgNPs, turmeric-AgNPs, levofloxacin-AgNPs, and ciprofloxacin-AgNPs was confirmed by UV spectroscopy. An absorption peak value of 400-450 nm was observed, and light to dark brown color indicated the synthesis of AgNPs. Moringa-AgNPs revealed high antioxidant activity (80.3 ± 3.14) among all of the synthesized AgNPs. Lev-AgNPs displayed the highest zone of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus, while in Escherichia coli, Cip-AgNPs showed high antibacterial activity. Furthermore, AgNPs synthesized using green methods exhibit high and efficient antimicrobial activities against two food-borne pathogens. Biologically synthesized nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli (13.73 ± 0.46 with Tur-AgNPs and 13.53 ± 0.32 with Mor-AgNPs) and S. aureus (14.16 ± 0.24 with Tur-AgNPs and 13.36 ± 0.77 with Mor-AgNPs) by using a well diffusion method with significant shrinkage and damage of the bacterial cell wall, whereas antibiotic-conjugated nanoparticles showed high antibacterial activity compared to biologically synthesized nanoparticles with 14.4 ± 0.37 for Cip-AgNPs and 13.93 ± 0.2 for Lev-AgNPs for E. coli and 13.3 ± 0.43 for Cip-AgNPs and 14.33 ± 0.12 for Lev-AgNPs for S. aureus. The enhanced efficiency of conjugated silver nanoparticles is attributed to their increased surface area compared to larger particles. Conjugation of different functional groups contributes to improved reactivity, creating active sites for catalytic reactions. Additionally, the precise control over the size and shape of green-synthesized nanoparticles further augments their catalytic and antibiotic activities.

Cytotoxic Effects of Green Synthesis of Zirconium Nanoparticles of Aqueous Clover Extract on Breast Cancer

Background &amp; Aims: Breast cancer is one of the major causes of death among women. In various studies, the effects of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) on cancer cells have been measured. This investigation aimed to explore the cytotoxic effects of metal zirconium nanoparticles (ZrNPs) synthesized by aqueous extract of clover leaves (Trifolium repens L) on breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: metal ZrNPs were synthesized utilizing the aqueous extract of clover leaves. Physical and chemical evaluation of the synthesized NPs was done by UV-Vis, EDS, SEM, and DLS analyses. The cytotoxic effects of ZrNPs on MDAMB-468 and HFF cell lines were investigated by the MTT assay and compared with those of Tamoxifen, a chemotherapy medication used to treat breast cancer. Results: The aqueous extract of clover was utilized as a reducing agent in the synthesis of ZrNPs. The size of ZrNPs was 29-81 nm, in irregular polygonal form, and star-shaped, and flower-like colonies were observed homogeneously. MTT test showed that ZrNPs inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-468 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The IC50 value calculated from the dose-response curve for the MDA-MB-468 cell line was 264.3 μg/mL. Conclusion: The aqueous clover extract showed a suitable ability with green synthesis of NPs. Considering the cytotoxic effects of ZrNPs on breast cancer cell lines, it can be used as an effective therapeutic agent to be examined and evaluated clinically to deal with cancers in future studies.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Alocasia indica Assisted Zirconium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Improved Antimicrobial Application

Nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized in different methods such as physical or chemical which are costly and harmful to the environment. However, green synthesis is a cost-effective and environment-friendly NPs synthesis approach. Green-synthesized NPs are highly effective against various bacterial strains. Zirconium dioxide nanoparticles ([Formula: see text]) have been synthesized in this research using a cost-effective green synthesis approach for improved antimicrobial activity. For the synthesis of the NPs, Alocasia indica has been used as a reducing agent. The extract of Alocasia indica was prepared and reacted with the light solution of ZrOCl2 ⋅ 8H2O. The successful formation of [Formula: see text] was confirmed by the color change in the solution. Some analytical techniques, including Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and bacterial inhibition analyses have been performed to analyze the performance of the synthesized NPs. The peaks formed in the UV analysis also confirmed the formation of NPs in the solution. The presence of various functional groups in the synthesized [Formula: see text] has been confirmed by the FTIR analysis. TEM analysis revealed that the synthesized NPs were almost circular. The formation of peak confirmed the crystalline structure of the NPs. Impressively; a 99.99% bacterial inhibition rate was obtained against the gram-positive bacteria strain. The synthesized [Formula: see text] have great potential for biomedical applications such as medicine and implants for its excellent antimicrobial applications.

A Review on Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Natural Gums

The nanoparticles due to their nano-size can convey the drug at nanoscales and distribute it to the targeted site in a required design. Their specialized mechanism of uptake enables the enhanced bioavailability of a drug. The formulation of nanoparticles may be done using synthetic, semisynthetic, or natural polymers. Synthetic polymers employed for the development of nanoparticles can cause toxicity but the use of natural polymers can facilitate a non-toxic process for the synthesis. It is a recent trend to use natural materials in place of synthetic ones. Natural gums can be employed as natural reducing and capping agents for just nanotechnology production, and they may indirectly or directly impact the formulation's release and absorption rates. In other cases, they can have a medicinal synergic application to nano-formulations. The involvement of polymers to formulate the nanoparticles is contingent on their physical and chemical properties and the drug to be loaded. Natural gums act as an excellent template for drug loading and may be used as nanoparticles for controlled release properties. This review tried to give light on various natural gums that can be utilized for the synthesis of nanoparticles.

Green Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles with In-vitro Cytotoxicity Assessment Using Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Seed Oil: A Promising Approach for Antimicrobial and Anticancer Applications

Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their pharmacological implementation have gained importance in the field of nanotechnology. This study primarily aims to explore the use of Punica granatum L. seed oil as a reducing agent for the synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles, making it both economically and pharmacologically valuable. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis was carried out to study the active metabolites present in P. granatum seed oil. The green synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles was established based on the color change of the reaction mixture from dark green to light green. These particles showed a ?max at 279.88 nm for UV-visible spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) were performed to confirm the nature of these nanoparticles. The pharmacological potential of these cobalt oxide nanoparticles was tested against microbial pathogens. The results suggest that these nanoparticles exhibited significant activity against various human bacterial and fungal pathogens. Additionally, in in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, demonstrated that CoONPs selectively targeted MCF-7 cancer cells with a significant IC50 value compared to non-cancerous cells (L929). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that green synthesized CoONPs using P. granatum show significant potential against eukaryotic cancer cells and microbial pathogens. Furthermore, this study has implications for medical research centers and pharmaceutical industries in addressing modern challenges such as increasing antibiotic resistance in communities.

The Multifaceted Perspective on the Role of Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Promoting a Sustainable Green Economy

The current economic development paradigm, which is based on steadily rising resource consumption and pollution emissions, is no longer viable in a world with limited resources and ecological capacity. The “green economy” idea has presented this context with a chance to alter how society handles the interplay between the environmental and economic spheres. The related concept of “green nanotechnology” aims to use nano-innovations within the fields of materials science and engineering to generate products and processes that are economically and ecologically sustainable, enabling society to establish and preserve a green economy. Many different economic sectors are anticipated to be impacted by these applications, including those related to corrosion inhibitor nanofertilizers, nanoremediation, biodegradation, heavy metal detection, biofuel, insecticides and pesticides, and catalytic CO2 reduction. These innovations might make it possible to use non-traditional water sources safely and to create construction materials that are enabled by nanotechnology, improving living and ecological conditions. Therefore, our aim is to highlight how nanotechnology is being used in the green economy and to present promises for nano-applications in this domain. In the end, it emphasizes how critical it is to attain a truly sustainable advancement in nanotechnology.

A comparative study on biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from H. undatus fruit peel and their therapeutic applications

The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) gained significant impacts in various fields due to the use of eco-friendly approaches. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the aqueous extract of Hylocereus undatus fruit peel. The presence of AgNPs was analysed using characterization methods such as UV‒Vis, FTIR, GCMS, XRD, EDAX, and FESEM. The synthesized AgNPs showed greater antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli than against Streptococcus pneumoniae. The antifungal activity against Candida albicans was greater than that against Candida tropicalis. The IC50 value for the antibiofilm activity of the AgNPs was 2.81 µg/mL, whereas that of the H. undatus peel extract was 1.34 µg/mL. The invitro antioxidant activity of the AgNPs was evaluated using two different methods. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the AgNPs and fruit peel extract was observed with IC50 values of 3.8 and 2.03 µg/mL respectively. On the other hand, nitric oxide radical scavenging activities were recorded and the IC50 values were calculated to be 2.8 and 2.3 µg/mL. The AgNPs demonstrated thrombolytic activity in human blood with 10, 32.36, and 56.25% lysis. The cytotoxicity of the AgNPs was minimal, with an IC50 of 0.2 µg/mL and the peel extract had the greatest cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 0.3 µg/mL. The findings of this study demonstrated that the synthesized AgNPs from H. undatus peel extract could be potential candidates for treating prostate cancer.Graphical abstract

Green synthesis of Fe-nanoparticles using pruned tea leaf extract: characterization and use for degradation of dyes from aqueous phase in Fenton-like systems

ABSTRACT Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is considered a highly promising technology for materials. The use of plant-based NPs is the simplest with high reproducibility. Iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) were synthesized by pruned tea leaf extract and FeSO4 and were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, XPS, and TEM. The catalytic activity of the Fe-NPs was evaluated for dye degradation under different operating parameters. Kinetc and thermodynamic tests were also conducted to study the reaction behavior. Results showed that the Fe-NPs had an average pore size of 17.9 nm with a surface area of 2.54 m2 g−1. The Fe-NPs contained Fe–O bonds and bioactive substances. The crystalline Fe-NPs were composed of FeOOH, Fe2O3, and α-Fe forms. XPS showed the presence of Fe3+ and Fe2+ in a ratio of 1.78, with Fe2+ accounting for over 64%. TEM revealed the spherical structure with particle size around 34–52 nm. The degradation efficiency of Congo red (CR) surpassed 95% within 30 min for the Fenton-like system, while sole adsorption only achieved 50%. Increasing the solution pH had a significant negative effect. Pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that the catalytic degradation is favorable, spontaneous, and endothermic. Reusability demonstrated that over 95% retention was achieved after five cycles.

Green synthesis of bioactive nanocomposites using Diploschistes scruposus lichen and investigation of cytotoxic effects on cancer cells

Green synthesis of nanoparticles, which is a safer and more environmentally friendly approach than traditional nanoparticle production methods, emerges as a promising field of the future. The green synthesis method, utilizing lichen extracts, offers a sustainable alternative to conventional nanoparticle production methods. Lichens have the ability to reduce and stabilize metallic salts, in addition to possessing medicinal effects from the secondary compounds they contain. In this context, the properties of lichens pave the way for a promising avenue in which nanotechnology can be harnessed within the field of cancer therapy. Building upon this back-ground, Diploschistes scruposus was employed in the production of nanoparticles through the green synthesis method. The study conducted the synthesis of lichen-derived silver-zinc oxide, silver-strontium oxide, and silver-nickel oxide nanoparticles, leveraging the characteristics of the Diploschistes scruposus species. It is specifically highlighted that toxicity studies concerning strontium oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles are lacking. This aspect renders the study a valuable resource for addressing a significant knowledge gap in these fields and comprehending the potential biomedical applications of these nanoparticles. The properties of the resulting nanoparticles were determined through analysis of characteristic FE-SEM for morphological examination, and FT-IR was utilized to identify the presence of functional compo-nents. EDX methods were employed for elemental analysis, and XRD methods were used for crystal structure analysis. The hydrodynamic diameters of the nanoparticles were determined by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering). In addition to characterization, the materials were tested for cytotoxi-city in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) using MTT test. According to the MTT assay, toxicity studies were dose-dependent and the lowest IC50 value was found in the MCF-7 cell line with Ag–ZnO at 4.25 ± 0.014 μg/mL.

The impact of pumpkin seed-derived silver nanoparticles on corrosion and cytotoxicity: a molecular docking study of the simulated AgNPs

ABSTRACT Green-synthesized nanoparticles from pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed extracts are economical and eco-friendly. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their selective cytotoxicity towards HCT116 and African Green Monkey Kidney, Vero cells were investigated. Chemical fingerprinting, heat stability, and 2D-images of nanoparticle size and morphology were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) on AgNPs. UV-vis examination shows surface plasmons in the wide peak at 417 nm, indicating polydisperse nanoparticles. Small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) below 2 µm demonstrated a rod-like form and a tendency to agglomerate. SEM-EDX element analysis and fingerprinting confirmed the material as AgNPs. TEM indicated that the nanoparticles were generally spherical or ellipsoidal, equally dispersed, and averaged 26.08 nm in diameter with negligible aggregation. The AgNPs are also stable at a temperature of 220°C, indicating that the green material is quite robust at 150°C to 400°C. According to cytotoxic studies, AgNPs are toxic to cancer cells (HCT 116 cells), however they have no effect on Vero cells. AgNPs and tubulin (TUB) domain active sites have a significant affinity, according to molecular docking analysis. In an electrochemical investigation, biogenic AgNPs effectively prevented mild steel from corroding in a 1.0 M HCl solution.