Green Synthesis Of Reduced Graphene Oxide Research Articles

Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using the plant extract of Salvia spinosa and evaluation of photothermal effect on pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic cancer (PC, uncontrollable cell growth in pancreas) shows no symptoms until advancement and thus it become difficult to diagnose at early stages. The treatment strategies for PC include chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. However, the recovery rate is very low and thus an effective alternative treatment is required to fight against PC. Therefore, the present was attempted to evaluate the photothermal destruction of PC cells by biologically reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The plant extract of Salvia spinosa was found to facilitate the conversion of graphene oxide (GO) to RGO, due to presence of numerous bioactive molecules. The biomolecules act as a reducing agent and this process paves the way for green technology. The green synthesized RGO was analyzed through various characterization techniques (spectroscopic methods: ultra-violet visible (UV-Vis); fourier-transform infrared (FTIR); X-ray diffraction (XRD); Raman; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and microscopic method: scanning electron microscope, SEM). The results indicate that green synthesis of RGO is simple, economical and eco-friendlier. An evaluation of photothermal conversion efficacy revealed that green-synthesized RGO has the ability to enhance the temperature to a greater extent in comparison to GO. Furthermore, cell viability assay performed through MTT dye revealed the non-toxic nature of RGO. Nevertheless, it significantly destructed the PC cells (Panc02-H7) after exposing the RGO loaded PC cells to laser radiation. The obtained results were further corroborated through live/dead cell assay.

Bio-Mediated Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles from Chenopodium album: Their Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities.

A novel method of preparing reduced graphene oxide (RGOX) from graphene oxide (GOX) was developed employing vegetable extract, Chenopodium album, as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Chenopodium album is a green leafy vegetable with a low shelf life, fresh leaves of this vegetable are encouraged to be used due to high water content. The previously modified ‘Hummers method’ has been in practice for the preparation of GOX by using precursor graphite powder. In this study, green synthesis of RGOX was functionally verified by employing FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy, along with SEM and TEM. Our results demonstrated typical morphology of RGOX stacked in layers that appeared as silky, transparent, and rippled. The antibacterial activity was shown by analyzing minimal inhibitory concentration values, agar diffusion assay, fluorescence techniques. It showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in comparison to GOX. It has also been shown that the synthesized compound exhibited enhanced antibiofilm activity as compared to its parent compound. The efficacy of RGOX and GOX has been demonstrated on a human breast cancer cell line, which suggested RGOX as a potential anticancer agent.