Green Substrate Research Articles

Unidirectional moisture-conducting green fabrics prepared by a one-step electrospray technique.

Unidirectional moisture-conducting fabrics were prepared by electrospraying polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) onto three green fabric substrates, namely cotton, hemp, and modal. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of coating thickness, coating material, and substrate material on the moisture conductivity of the fabrics. The electrospraying technique was effective in forming uniform and strongly adhered PVDF and PVC coatings on the fabric substrates, and the coating thickness and material type had a significant effect on the fabric's moisture conductivity. The PVDF and PVC coatings significantly improved the unidirectional moisture conductivity of the fabric substrates, and although the unidirectional moisture conductivity effects differed among the substrates, all fabrics exhibited high directional water transport capacities (R values greater than 300%), high air permeabilities, and high water vapor transmission rates. Cotton and hemp substrates coated with hydrophobic layers showed more efficient unidirectional moisture transfer than modal fabrics. This study demonstrated that appropriate coating design and substrate selection can significantly improve the moisture conductivity of fabrics, providing a valuable reference for the development of high-performance functional textiles.

Lightweight and superamphiphobic silanized cellulose–silica aerogels on green flexible thermal substrates

Silica aerogel materials, a wonder material to change the world, really do have fantastic properties and their potential is huge, such as excellent and unique light, heat, fluid, and ion performance, but suffers from vulnerability to external damage, leading to cracks within the material, followed by fracture and flacking, and thus loss of thermal insulation capability. Here, we have manufactured lightweight porous silanized cellulose-silica aerogels (SCSA) by a colloidal self-assembly crosslinking process using silica aerogel powder starting material in dilute nanocellulose slurry. SCSA exhibits a wide range of advantages, including ultradurable thermomechanical stability and robust superamphiphobicity up to 160.2° WCA and 159.7° OCA, excellent humidity tolerance as low as 28.4 mW m−1 K−1 at 30 ∼ 90 % relative humidity, superelasticity up to 90 %, and near-zero plastic deformation, as well as the ultralow thermal conductivity of 19.2 mW m−1 K−1 at 25 °C, and 38.6 mW m−1 K−1 at 500 °C. SCSA has excellent superamphiphobicity, environmental friendliness, and thermal superinsulation, which can address the problem of homogeneous heating of electronic products in confined spaces and improve the performance and service life of electronic products by providing thermal protection for less heat-resistant components with poor heat resistance.

The vegetal element and its impact according to the user’s perception. Case of Guelma city

The vegetation takes a primordial place in the reflection on our urbanity for the balance of the ecosystem. Guelma, attractive Mediterranean city, by the picturesque character of its site, incites to discover it from the inside to better understand its urban landscape. In this same regard our study focuses on the north land use plan of the city. Today, the city is characterized by accelerated urbanization, which leads to the consumption of natural resources. One of the consequences of these phenomena is the deterioration of green substrates, by fragmentation of natural environments and agricultural areas. The objective is to show the role of vegetation in the satisfaction of the users of north land use plan of Guelma city, This can only be done through a survey of the various users of this city. Finally, recommendations dedicated to the proposal of the implementation of ecological planning to the management.

Preparation of 99.6 % alumina ceramic substrates with high thermal conductivity by tape casting and warm pressing process

High-purity alumina ceramic substrates have drawn immense attention because of its high strength and hardness, as well as good chemical stability. However, the high sintering temperature and low product yield are significant barriers to the preparation of high-purity alumina ceramic substrates. In this study, modified alumina nanoparticles are used to fabricate high-purity alumina ceramic substrates under pressureless sintering via a tape casting–warm pressing process. The influences of powder modification, forming processes, sintering temperature, and powder particle size on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal properties of the fabricated alumina ceramic substrates are investigated. The experimental results show that tape casting–warm pressing significantly improves the microstructure and density of the green tape and ceramic substrate. As the particle size decreases from 1 μm to 100 nm, the grain arrangement of the ceramic substrate gradually becomes more compact. The smooth ceramic substrate prepared with 100 nm modified powders achieves a relative density of 98.85 % when sintered at 1550 °C, while the average roughness is only 20.0 nm. Especially, the 99.6 % alumina ceramic substrate exhibits excellent physical and mechanical properties, with a thermal conductivity of 37.39 W/(m·K) and fracture toughness of 4.68 MPa m1/2, making it highly suitable for application in the power integrated-circuit field.

Fuel fumes and foliage: The fate of speciated gasoline VOCs during phytoremediation and their impact on the bacterial phenotype

The capacity of indoor plants including green walls to capture, deposit and remediate individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been well documented. However, in realistic settings, plant systems are exposed to a complex mixture of VOCs from highly varied various emission sources. Gasoline vapour is one of the major sources of these emissions, containing high concentrations of the carcinogens benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX). Using both solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) sampling techniques, we assessed the dynamics of individual speciated gasoline VOC phytoremediation from the air and uptake within green wall plant species and growth substrates within a small passive green wall system, along with quantifying the phenotypic changes within the plant-associated bacterial communities resulting from gasoline exposure. Over 8 h the green wall system achieved 100% removal of atmospheric benzene, 1,2,3-trimethyl, eicosane and hexadecane, benzene 1,3-diethyl-; 1,3,5 cycloheptatriene,7- ethyl and carbonic acid eicosyl vinyl ester. All plant species tested demonstrated the accumulation 45 petrochemical VOCs (pVOCs) with Spathiphyllum wallisii successfully accumulating the majority of pVOC functional groups after 24 h of gasoline exposure. Within the plants phyllospheric bacterial communities, changes in both cellular complexity and granularity appeared to increase as a result of gasoline exposure, while cell size diminished. This work provides novel findings on the VOC removal processes of botanical systems for realistic and highly toxic VOC profiles.

Secretion correlation between matrix metalloproteinases and extracellular vesicles revealed by synchronized dynamic monitoring of single cells on a microfluidic chip

Despite growing interest in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as promising therapeutic targets for cancer treatments, cellular trafficking and release of MMPs remain underexplored. To evaluate to what content the MMP secretion is associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs), in this study, we report a droplet microfluidic assay for simultaneous dynamic monitoring of the MMP and EV secretion at the single-cell level. Microdroplets containing single cells were generated in a flow-focusing microchannel and then guided to a microcolumn array for on-chip patterning, incubation and time-lapse microscopy. Utilizing a green fluorescent substrate for MMP activity and a red fluorescent protein reporter for EVs, temporal secretion dynamics of MMPs and EVs from individual cells were recorded respectively. With this dual-reporter system, a strong correlation between MMP and EV secretion was revealed. We further demonstrated that promotion or inhibition of EV release by altering intracellular calcium levels would induce a rise or fall in single-cell MMP secretion, which was masked by population-based experiments. More importantly, the activated release of this EV subpopulation (exosomes) also resulted in a higher correlation coefficient between MMP and EV secretion, and vice versa. Therefore, compared to other EV subpopulations, exosomes should be more closely connected with MMP secretion, and thus may represent a potential target for combination therapy. When in contrast with bulk experiments, single-cell analysis of the secretion correlation between MMPs and EVs not only reveals extensive cellular heterogeneity, but also exhibits a higher resolution.

A Preliminary Study of Food Waste as a Potential Sustainable Green Substrate for the Oyster Mushroom Cultivation

A Preliminary Study of Food Waste as a Potential Sustainable Green Substrate for the Oyster Mushroom Cultivation

A High-Throughput Screening Platform for Engineering Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Hydrolases.

The ability of enzymes to hydrolyze the ubiquitous polyester, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), has enabled the potential for bioindustrial recycling of this waste plastic. To date, many of these PET hydrolases have been engineered for improved catalytic activity and stability, but current screening methods have limitations in screening large libraries, including under high-temperature conditions. Here, we developed a platform that can simultaneously interrogate PET hydrolase libraries of 104-105 variants (per round) for protein solubility, thermostability, and activity via paired, plate-based split green fluorescent protein and model substrate screens. We then applied this platform to improve the performance of a benchmark PET hydrolase, leaf-branch compost cutinase, by directed evolution. Our engineered enzyme exhibited higher catalytic activity relative to the benchmark, LCC-ICCG, on amorphous PET film coupon substrates (∼9.4% crystallinity) in pH-controlled bioreactors at both 65 °C (8.5% higher conversion at 48 h and 38% higher maximum rate, at 2.9% substrate loading) and 68 °C (11.2% higher conversion at 48 h and 43% higher maximum rate, at 16.5% substrate loading), up to 48 h, highlighting the potential of this screening platform to accelerate enzyme development for PET recycling.

Development of flexible nanocellulose-based composites with enhanced hydrophobicity and improved haze for efficient light management in solar cells

The proliferation of flexible electronic products derived from petroleum substrates in the market has exacerbated environmental pollution stemming from electronic waste generation. As a result, there is an increasing demand for cellulose nanofiber substrates that are green and degradable. However, substantial challenges remain in addressing the hydrophilicity of nanocellulose substrates and optimizing their optical properties for commercial viability. In this study, we propose a multifunctional composite film material through the use of amidation modification and biomineralization technology. We successfully grafted highly carboxylated transparent oxide nanocellulose (TCNF) and octadecylamine (ODA) using carefully designed amidation conditions. Through the carboxyl group after amination, we were able to generate amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) in situ, resulting in the creation of a flexible, sustainable, and transparent TCNF/ODA/CaCO3 composite film with high hydrophobicity and haze. This was confirmed by a water contact angle value of 138.21° and a haze value of 84.8%. The composite film exhibits low surface energy and high dual-scale surface roughness, while its internal structure is relatively porous and loose, but still possesses multi-scale interface interactions. We demonstrate a strong correlation between the multifunctional properties and structural properties of the composite films in this work, thereby achieving effective light management applications in solar cells. Our findings are expected to provide new insights and ideas for the design of multifunctional green flexible solar cell device substrate materials.

Ag-Cu2O Supported Biomass-Derived rGO for Catalyzing Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling.

The search for cost-effective, efficient, and ecofriendly heterogeneous catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction is crucial due to challenges with expensive, toxic homogeneous catalysts. This study centrally aims at crafting a pioneering green catalyst by adorning reduced graphene oxide (rGO), sourced from basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum L.), with an Ag-Cu2O composite structure. Comprehensive characterization of the Ag-Cu2O/rGO nanocomposite was conducted through FTIR, SEM, hHR-TEM, EDS, XPS, XRD, TGA, and N2 adsorption/desorption analyses. Results showed that nanosized Ag-Cu2O particles were partially integrated into rGO sheets derived from basil seeds, acting as active species for oxidative addition with aryl halides in the SMR. The catalytic efficacy of this robust nanocatalyst was assessed in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions, targeting the synthesis of biaryls employing various aryl halides and aryl boronic acids. The findings underscore that the Ag-Cu2O/rGO nanocatalyst manifests rapid reaction kinetics (15 min) alongside commendable yields (99%). The Ag-Cu2O/rGO demonstrates impressive recyclability, maintaining catalytic efficiency over four cycles. Utilizing it as a green substrate for metal loading highlights its potential, offering well-defined coordination sites. This approach facilitates stable heterogeneous catalyst fabrication, crucial for significant bond formations. Notable features include broad applicability, exceptional functional tolerance, scalability, and practicality. Moreover, it holds promise for automating safe processes and enabling efficient late-stage functionalization of complex molecules with moderate to high efficiency, presenting promising prospects for various applications in chemical synthesis.

Ag nanoparticle-embedded fish scales as SERS substrates for sensitive detection of forever chemical in real samples

Biological materials with unique surface properties provide a new avenue for fabricating green and sensitive SERS-active substrates. Herein, we present a simple but efficient method to prepare surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates by depositing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on fish scale substrates using an evaporation-induced self-assembly method (EISA). Characterization of the formed flexible Ag-impregnated substrate proved outstanding SERS sensitivity, uniformity, and reproducibility properties, with a Raman enhancement factor of 1.3 × 106 and a relative standard deviation of 6.4 %. Using this powerful fish scale substrate, a toxic environmental pollutant perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) was indirectly detected in lake water, soil, and human urine samples. Due to its chemical structure, it is difficult to detect low concentrations of PFOSA in real samples. Interestingly, malachite green (MG) was smartly used as the Raman label for PFOSA detection in real samples. One of the main appeals is that the concentration of PFOSA can be correlated with a decrease in the SERS signal of MG in real samples. In conclusion, the strategy employed and reproducible SERS substrates may have diverse applications in clinical and environmental analyses.

Optimisation of biochar dose in anaerobic co-digestion of green algae and cattle manure using artificial neural networks and response surface methodology

This study aimed to optimise and model biogas yields using artificial neural networks (ANN) and response surface method (RSM) of biogas yields after adding different doses of ozonation and ultrasonic pretreated biochar (BC) doses to the co-digestion of cattle manure and green algae substrates, with and without S.Parkle culture in the environment. The results of the RSM-D optimal design indicated that, in the absence of S.Parkle culture in the environment, the optimum ultrasonic pretreated biochar (UPBC) doses were 29.23 mg (for 100 mL digestion volume) and the corresponding optimum biogas yield was 340.50 mL/g volatile solids (VS). In the case of S.Parkle culture in the environment, the optimum ozonation pretreated biochar (OPBC) dose was 55.96 mg and the corresponding optimum biogas yield was 660.40 mL/g VS. ANN and RSM model performances were analyzed using different statistical indicators and ANN result obtain showed absolute percentage error (MAPE) value of 2.1, mean average error (MAE) value of 0.347, standard error of prediction (SEP) value of 0.590, and root-mean-square error (RMSE) value of 0.55, mean squared error (MSE) value of 0.31, the sum of the squared estimate of errors (SSE) value of 4.9 and coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9999, and RSM result reveals MAPE of 0.0030, MAE value of 30.693, SEP value of 45.57, RMSE of 42.63, MSE value of 1817.6, SSE value of 29,081 and R2 of 0.9612. The model performance indicators and estimation results indicate that the ANN performs relatively better than the RSM in modelling the process. It is recommended that the optimum OPBC and UPBC doses be tested and verified on different substrates.

Comparative study of the quick action effect of multiple enzyme-based nano-emulsified oils in enhancing nitrate contamination remediation in groundwater

Emulsified vegetable oil (EVO), as a novel green slow-releasing substrate, has performed great potential in subsurface bioremediation due to its slow release and longevity. Nevertheless, the long time it takes to initiate this process still exposed some limitations. Herein, multiple enzyme-based EVOs (EN-EVOs) were developed to enhance the quick-acting effect in nitrate-contaminated bioremediation. This study demonstrated that EN-EVOs loaded with cellulose (c-EVO) and protein enzymes (p-EVO) performed best, not only did not change the advantages of traditional EVO, but also optimized the stability and particle size to the level of 0.8–0.9 and 247.95–252.25 nm, respectively. Nitrate (NO3–N) degradation further confirmed the superiority of c-EVO in rapidly initiating degradation and achieving stable denitrification. Compared with traditional EVO, the maximum start-up efficiency and the rapid achieving stable denitrification efficiency were improved by 37.6% and 1.71 times, respectively. In such situation, the corresponding NO3–N removal efficiency, kinetics rate constant (k1), and half-life period (t1/2) reached as high as 85.39%, as quick as 1.079 d−1, and as short as 0.64 d after 30-day cultivation. Meanwhile, the rapid conversion efficiency of NO2–N was observed (k2 = 0.083 d−1). High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the quick-acting process of NO3–N reduction coupled to c-EVO was mediated by microbial reducers (e.g., Ralstonia, Gulbenkiania, and Sphingobacterium) with regulations of narG, nirS and norB genes. Microorganisms with these genes could achieve quick-acting not only by enhancing microbial activity and the synthesis and metabolism of volatile fatty acids, but also by reducing the production and accumulation of loosely bound-extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS). These findings advance our understanding on fast-acting of NO3–N degradation supported by c-EVO and also offer a promising direction for groundwater remediation.

Catalytic Asymmetric Access to Structurally Diverse N-Alkoxy Amines via a Kinetic Resolution Strategy.

Chiral N-alkoxy amines are increasingly vital substrates in bioscience. However, asymmetric synthetic strategies for these compounds remain scarce. Catalytic kinetic resolution represents an attractive approach to prepare structurally diverse enantiopure N-alkoxy amines, which has remained elusive due to the notably reduced nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom together with the low bond dissociation energies of labile NO-C and N-O bonds. We here report a general kinetic resolution of N-alkoxy amines through chemo- and enantioselective oxygenation. The mild and green titanium-catalyzed approach features broad substrate scope (55 examples), noteworthy functional group compatibility, high catalyst turnover number (up to 5200), excellent selectivity factor (s > 150), and scalability.

Bioremediation of trichloroethylene-contaminated groundwater using green carbon-releasing substrate with pH control capability

In this research, a sustainable substrate, termed green and long-lasting substrate (GLS), featuring a blend of emulsified substrate (ES) and modified rice husk ash (m-RHA) was devised. The primary objective was to facilitate the bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) using innovative GLS for slow carbon release and pH control. The GLS was concocted by homogenizing a mixture of soybean oil, surfactants (Simple Green™ and soya lecithin), and m-RHA, ensuring a gradual release of carbon sources. The hydrothermal synthesis was applied for the production of m-RHA production. The analyses demonstrate that m-RHA were uniform sphere-shape granules with diameters in micro-scale ranges. Results from the microcosm study show that approximately 83% of TCE could be removed (initial TCE concentration = 7.6 mg/L) with GLS supplement after 60 days of operation. Compared to other substrates without RHA addition, higher TCE removal efficiency was obtained, and higher Dehalococcoides sp. (DHC) population and hydA gene (hydrogen-producing gene) copy number were also detected in microcosms with GLS addition. Higher hydrogen concentrations enhanced the DHC growth, which corresponded to the increased DHC populations. The addition of the GLS could provide alkalinity at the initial stage to neutralize the acidified groundwater caused by the produced organic acids after substrate biodegradation, which was advantageous to DHC growth and TCE dechlorination. The addition of m-RHA reached an increased TCE removal efficiency, which was due to the fact that the m-RHA had the zeolite-like structure with a higher surface area and lower granular diameter, and thus, it resulted in a more effective initial adsorption effect. Therefore, a significant amount of TCE could be adsorbed onto the surface of m-RHA, which caused a rapid TCE removal through adsorption. The carbon substrates released from m-RHA could then enhance the subsequent dechlorination. The developed GLS is an environmentally-friendly and green substrate.

Active Green Constructions and Their Impact on Gray Infrastructure

Addressing climate change necessitates a conscious transition toward sustainable infrastructure solutions. Our vision involved transforming an experimental area into the University Experimental Center. This experimental building serves as a model for gray infrastructure implementation, taking into account its dimensions, layout, flooring, and material composition. Our study aims to compare the retention capacities of various types of vegetated roofs, as determined by different legislations. The findings indicate that the outcomes vary based on the regulations used. This variation subsequently influences the design of associated infrastructures, such as rainwater drainage systems, and the design of stressed structures. This is due to the impact of water quantity on the thermal response of a stressed structure. The water used to irrigate the vegetation layer, along with the water retained by the upper roof, has a positive impact on both the building and its surroundings. Initially, the system comprised two functional components: vegetated roofs and a reference roof. The integrated experimental roof shell, in conjunction with the frame, forms an autonomous system. This system serves as a segment for quantifying water retention, humidity, and temperature across diverse green infrastructure substrates. We analyzed the thermal response of experimental roof constructions and monitored the influence of water and precipitation. Our results indicate that the height of the substrate affects not only the retention capacity but also the thermal response of the vegetated roof.

Machine Learning-Assisted Identification of Single-Layer Graphene via Color Variation Analysis.

Techniques such as using an optical microscope and Raman spectroscopy are common methods for detecting single-layer graphene. Instead of relying on these laborious and expensive methods, we suggest a novel approach inspired by skilled human researchers who can detect single-layer graphene by simply observing color differences between graphene flakes and the background substrate in optical microscope images. This approach implemented the human cognitive process by emulating it through our data extraction process and machine learning algorithm. We obtained approximately 300,000 pixel-level color difference data from 140 graphene flakes from 45 optical microscope images. We utilized the average and standard deviation of the color difference data for each flake for machine learning. As a result, we achieved F1-Scores of over 0.90 and 0.92 in identifying 60 and 50 flakes from green and pink substrate images, respectively. Our machine learning-assisted computing system offers a cost-effective and universal solution for detecting the number of graphene layers in diverse experimental environments, saving both time and resources. We anticipate that this approach can be extended to classify the properties of other 2D materials.

Diversity of Trichoderma species associated with green mold contaminating substrates of Lentinula edodes and their interaction.

The contamination of Trichoderma species causing green mold in substrates poses a significant obstacle to the global production of Lentinula edodes, adversely impacting both yield and quality of fruiting bodies. However, the diversity of Trichoderma species in the contaminated substrates of L. edodes (CSL) in China is not clear. The purpose of this study was to assess the biodiversity of Trichoderma species in CSL, and their interactions with L. edodes. A comprehensive two-year investigation of the biodiversity of Trichoderma species in CSL was conducted with 150 samples collected from four provinces of China. Trichoderma strains were isolated and identified based on integrated studies of phenotypic and molecular data. Resistance of L. edodes to the dominant Trichoderma species was evaluated in dual culture in vitro. A total of 90 isolates were obtained and identified as 14 different Trichoderma species, including six new species named as Trichoderma caespitosus, T. macrochlamydospora, T. notatum, T. pingquanense, T. subvermifimicola, and T. tongzhouense, among which, T. atroviride, T. macrochlamydospora and T. subvermifimicola were identified as dominant species in the CSL. Meanwhile, three known species, namely, T. auriculariae, T. paraviridescens and T. subviride were isolated from CSL for the first time in the world, and T. paratroviride was firstly reported to be associated with L. edodes in China. Notebly, the in vitro evaluation of L. edodes resistance to dominant Trichoderma species showed strains of L. edodes generally possess poor resistance to Trichoderma contamination with L. edodes strain SX8 relatively higher resistant. This study systematically investigated the diversity of Trichoderma species in the contaminated substrate of L. edodes, and a total of 31 species so far have been reported, indicating that green mold contaminated substrates of edible fungi were undoubtedly a biodiversity hotspot of Trichoderma species. Results in this study will provide deeper insight into the genus Trichoderma and lay a strong foundation for scientific management of the Trichoderma contamination in L. edodes cultivation.

Environmentally friendly synthesis of In2O3 nano octahedrons by cellulose nanofiber template-assisted route and their potential application for O3 gas sensing

Cellulose has recently been utilized as a green and eco-friendly substrate template for synthesizing semiconductor oxide materials. This paper introduces a novel and sustainable method for obtaining In2O3 nano octahedrons, using cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as sacrificial templates. To demonstrate the importance and advantages of the CNF template, a parallel synthesis was conducted under the same conditions, but with no CNF. The as-prepared In2O3 compounds were thoroughly characterized by XRD, SEM, and XPS techniques. The CNF template-assisted route resulted in an approximately 3000 % particle size reduction and a narrow distribution compared to the sample prepared with no CNF as a template. Notably, the sensing performance towards ozone (O3) gas was also substantially enhanced in the CNF template-assisted sample and a significantly higher response (Rg/Ra = 42 @ 70 ppb O3) was observed compared to the In2O3 sample with no CNF (Rg/Ra = 3.5 @ 70 ppb O3). Furthermore, sensors based on CNF-assisted In2O3 octahedra synthesis showed greater selectivity towards O3 than towards NO2, another oxidizing gas, and a relatively lower operation temperature (200 °C). The enhancement in gas sensing properties for O3 detection was attributed mainly to the higher concentration of chemically adsorbed oxygen species and surface defects, such as oxygen vacancies, which were promoted by the reduction in the particle size and the removal of CNF, respectively. The sustainable and CNF template-assisted approach represents a promising result for environmentally-friendly synthesis and advanced gas sensing applications.

Green, recyclable, mechanically robust, wet-adhesive and ionically conductive cellulose-based bioplastics enabled by supramolecular covalent hydrophobic eutectic networks

The development of novel cellulose-based bioplastics (CBPs) is highly desirable because CBPs are green, rationally use resources, and lead to a reduction in environmental pollution compared to alternative materials. However, incorporating high transparency, water resistance, mechanical robustness, wet-adhesion, ionic conductivity and recyclability into CBP remains a challenge. In this paper, novel CBPs with supramolecular covalent networks are fabricated by introducing polymerizable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) into ethylcellulose (EC) networks through in situ plasticization followed by a rapid photopolymerization process. The excellent molecular interfacial compatibility enables EC to be loaded with a high content of poly(HDES), while allowing high transparency (more than 90 %) of the prepared CBPs. Multiple intermolecular interactions provide CBPs with mechanical robustness, water resistance, and underwater adhesion, and CBPs can be readily recovered by the solvent in a closed loop. Moreover, CBPs possess inherent ionic conductivities, and using them as green substrates, personalized electroluminescent devices can be successfully constructed. The method proposed in this paper provides a new strategy for the preparation of multifunctional CBPs, which will greatly enrich their applications in self-adhesive materials, green flexible electronics and other package materials.