Green Stripes Research Articles

Color- and edge-sensitive channels in the human visual system: tuning for orientation.

After subjects scanned red stripes tilted clockwise off vertical and green stripes tilted equally but counterclockwise, vertical test stripes appeared tilted counterclockwise when red but clockwise when green. As the angle between scanned and test stripes was increased from 0 degrees to 75 degrees , the magnitude of the tilt aftereffect rapidly increased to a peak between 10 degrees and 15 degrees and then dropped close to zero at about 40 degrees , a result consistent with narrowly tuned edge-sensitive channels.

Ethyl methanesulfonate-induced chlorophyll mutations in Triticum aestivum.

Seeds of hexaploid wheat variety Chinese Spring were treated with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Two hundred and fifty-six plants were observed in the M1generation which had white, yellow or pale green longitudinal stripes in their leaves. Of four recessive, viable, simply inherited chlorophyll mutations obtained in M2, two were chlorina (pale yellow-green), one was virescent (white or nearly white as a seedling but later turning green), and one was also virescent but in some plantings had late leaves that were 'white banded'. An albino mutation was also recovered.The two chlorina mutants were located on chromosomes 7B and 7D, the homoeologues of chromosome 7A, which was already known to carry a similar mutation, chlorina-1. The mutants were located by the use of monosomics, taking advantage of the fact that when the chromosome carrying a chlorina gene was made monosomic, segregation of the gene then depended upon the male and female transmission of the monosome, with the result that all disomic offspring, and no others, were chlorina. Monosomic analysis also indicated that the viridis (white or nearly white as a seedling but later turning green) mutation is located on chromosome 3A, which was already known to carry a homoeologue of the normal allele of the gene determining a similar mutation, Neatby's virescent, on chromosome 3B.In crosses, similar mutants complemented each other only partially or not at all, showing that the mutant genes are functionally similar, although located on different chromosomes.

Identity of Two Andean Eleutherodactylus with the Description of a New Species (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae)

Field work on the high eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes resulted in the col- lection of specimens of two species of Eleutherodactylus heretofore known only by holotypes from Equator. The species are redescribed based on fresh material and are compared with other Ecua- dorian Eleutherodactylus. Eleutherodactylus devillei is a member of the surdus group, and E. glan- dulosus is a member of the curtipes group. The specimens of E. devillei are all females and in ex- planation of the unbalanced sex ratios observed in this and two other species of Andean leptodac- tylids from Ecuador the hypothesis is advanced that the unbalanced sex ratios may reflect the col- lectors' bias. Eleutherodactylus chloronotus is named on the basis of material collected in the valley of the Rio Papallacta, Napo Province, Ecuador. Breeding was observed in March but not in July. The non- polymorphic species occurs at high elevations (2500-3350 meters) and is related to E. devillei and E. surdus. Young specimens characteristically have a bright green dorsal stripe which fades with an increase in size. * * * Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus make up a conspicuous element of the Neotropical fauna. Approximately 300 species are presently recognized, and a large number of South American species probably remain to be described. The most recent synopsis of the genus, Boulenger's (1882) catalogue, included 45 species; in the ensuing 40 years about half of the now recognized species of the genus in northwestern South America were named by Boulenger from Ecuador. Few of these were illustrated and the descriptions were lists of those characters that Boulenger considered im- portant. Many of the nominal species were based on specimens with inexact locality data (e.g., Andes of Ecuador, western Ecuador, or eastern Ecuador); the only descriptive data available are those included by Boulenger in the species diagnoses. Incomplete descriptions, inaccurate locality data, lack of figures, and the diversity of the genus have contributed to the difficulty of identifying frogs of this genus, which are notorious for the subtle species differences available in preserved material. It will ultimately be necessary to redescribe most, if not all, of the species named by Boulenger, if we are to gain an understanding of the composition of the genus. This paper was prompted by the rediscovery of the first two species of the genus named by Boulenger (H. devillei and H. glandulosus) on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Napo Province, Ecuador. Neither species has been collected at elevations above 3000 meters in spite of intensive field work above Papallacta, Napo Province, Ecuador.

Is orientation-specific color adaptation in human vision due to edge detectors, afterimages, or "dipoles"?

After one looks alternately at red vertical and green horizontal stripes, vertical and horizontal white stripes appear greenish and pink, respectively. This color aftereffect might imply that contour-detecting cells participate in human vision, or might simply be due to afterimages. A procedure that precludes afterimages still yields aftereffects, but sensory units less complex than edge detectors could be responsible.

Color: a motion-contingent aftereffect.

After human observers alternately view green stripes moving up and red stripes moving down for periods of 1/2 to 4 hours, they see a pink aftereffect when white stripes move up and a green aftereffect when white stripes move down. Longer exposures produce aftereffects which are visible 20 hours after stimulation. Thus, experience which pairs simple attributes (color and motion) of visual stimulation can result in a lasting modification of perception.

Green Striped Nails: Chromonychia Due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This is the first reported case of horizontal green stripes of the fingernails produced by paronychial infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The periodicity of the linear coloration corresponded to clinical episodes of infection. Growth of the causative organism from the green portion of the nail plate was accomplished on suitable bacteriologic media.

An Effect of Heat Treatment on WO3 Single Crystal II. Green Stripes

Green stripes are induced in WO 3 single crystals under a special heat treatment in the metallic vapor of Zn at a reduced pressure. Observations have been made of their various properties, which will be summarized under the following items; (1) Zn vapor and green stripes, (2) appearance of green stripes, (3) maximum temperature of heat treatment, (4) disappearance of green stripes, (5) orientations of green stripes, and (6) domain wall and green stripes.

Inheritance of the Green Vertebral Stripe in Acris crepitans

The phenotype ratio obtained from crosses between green-striped cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) shows that the presence or absence of the green vertebral stripe is determined by a pair of alleles in which the gene for green stripe is dominant. Certain individuals of the cricket frog, Acris crepitans, have a green vertebral stripe, while others lack the green stripe color. If the vertebral stripe is not green, it is often some shade of gray similar to other light parts of the dorsum, or it may be any of several shades of red, brown or reddish-brown. The objective of the work presented herein was to learn the method of inheritance of the green vertebral stripe. All frogs that did not have a green stripe will be referred to as Evidence was presented in an earlier paper indicating that the presence or absence of the green stripe is determined by a single pair of alleles with dominance (Pyburn, 1961). Data from green x nongreen and nongreen x nongreen crosses fitted a green dominant- nongreen recessive hypothesis with the exception that one non- green x nongreen cross produced both phenotypes in about equal num- bers. Since under certain circumstances a frog with a green stripe at metamorphosis may appear gray later on, it was suggested that one of the parents in the one dissenting cross had lost the green color and was therefore recorded as nongreen. An alternative explanation is that no such loss of color had occurred, and that nongreen is dominant to the green-striped condition. If so, a cross between any two green- striped frogs could produce only green-striped offspring. If, on the other hand, green is dominant and nongreen recessive, crosses be- tween green-striped frogs would be expected to yield either all green offspring, or both phenotypes in the ratio 3 green : 1 nongreen. Until recently all green x green crosses had failed to produce metamor- phosed offspring under laboratory conditions. Young frogs have now been obtained from two green x green matings, which form the basis of this report.

Soil Compaction Associated with Alternating Green and Brown Stripes on Turf1

Soil Compaction Associated with Alternating Green and Brown Stripes on Turf¹

An Effect of Heat Treatment on WO3 Single Crystal I. Various Patterns

After having been heated in vacuum with or without metallic vapor at a reduced pressure, WO 3 single crystals show various patterns, that is, a pattern composed of green stripes, a bluish splashed pattern, a pattern of dark lines, and so on. Each of them has its own habits of orientation with respect to the crystal axes as well as of color. Which type of these patterns does come out entirely depends on the condition of heat treatment.

Thomas Milne's Land Utilization Map of the London Area in 1800

To make A land utilization map of piece of country, the modern geographer selects base-map showing field boundaries. By inspection of the ground, he inserts key letter within each field to show its use, such as A for arable land, M for meadowland, H for heathland, and so on. He then prepares coloured map, with arable land in brown, meadowland in light green, forest in dark green, heath? land in yellow, gardens in purple and agriculturally unproductive land in red. This procedure derives from the method adopted by the Land Utilization Survey of Britain to record the face of Britain in the years 1930-8. The use of letters and colours on the published land use maps of this Survey was not entirely new, how? ever, for as early as 1800 Thomas Milne had prepared for publication handcoloured, engraved map of the London area which makes use of this technique. map, on scale of 2 inches to 1 mile, is engraved on six plates, each n34 by 15 inches. It bears the title Milne's Plan of the Cities of London and Westminster, circumadjacent Towns and Parishes c 11th March An area of about 260 square miles, extending from Harrow Weald to Woodford and from Hampton-on-Thames to Sundridge Park is covered by the map. The map records the use of each field by means of an inserted letter and an overpainted colour. These make it possible to distinguish no less than twelve different types of land use; as several are sub-divided, seventeen categories in all may be distinguished. Arable land, when enclosed, is shown by the italic letter a and pale brown colour not unlike the one used by the Land Utilization Survey century and quarter later. Enclosed meadow and pasture are shown exactly as on the later Survey, by the letter m and light green colouring. Woodland is shown by the letter w, tree symbols in the form of tiny circles, and dark green colour. Enclosed market gardens receive the letter g and light blue colour; nurseries n and orange colour. Orchards and osier-beds share the letter o and blue colouring, so that the map reader needs to judge from the nearness of the field to the river which of the two is intended. Paddocks or little parks are represented by the letter p and pink colour; the position of the residence within the park is shown by black rectangle. Drained marshland pasture has the letters ma and greygreen colouring. Common fields, with their admixture of small strip-fields used for diverse purposes, present difficult problem to the cartographer. One-third of the agricultural land of the London area still remained unenclosed in 1800. Milne showed great care and skill in representing, within the limits of scale, the variety of land use in common fields. The letters caf designate common arable fields. They are coloured brown if wholly arable, and bear conventionalized brown and green stripes if there is considerable admixture of grassland strips with the arable. Common meadows bear the letters cmf and solid green colouring, or green and brown bands as might be appropriate. Common market-garden fields are shown by the letters cgf and blue colouring, or by blue and brown bands. Great care

A new variety of water-melon, "Sin-asahi".

Since 1937, breeding works on wrater-melon have been carried out at the Nara Agricultural Ex periment Station. One of the most significant results obtained was the ascertainment in the practical use of F1 hybrid vigor between commercial varieties. The Sin-asahi, as this new melon was called in 1940, is. an F1 hybrid between Asahiyamato and Miyako No. 1. Owing to the world war, however, this new variety was not put into practical cultivation. In, 1950, the authors recognized again that +, his water-melon shows such super.ior qualities of first hybyid generation as incr6ased in yield, vigor, earliness, ld resistance to diseases. The fruit is round and has refined green stripes on a light green baqkground. The flesh is bright scarlet and very sweet. The skin of fruit is comparatively hard as a cohsequence it can stand well transportation and storing.

NEW DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE OF FOREST INSECTS, VI, SEMIOTHISA, PARAPHIA, PROTOBOARMIA (LEPIDOPTERA, GEOMETRIDAE)

Egg: Ovate in shape, bluish green in colour, the surface divided by reticulations into small hexagonal areas. Laid singly on the needles of host tree.First Instar: Head width 0.23 mm. Body 2.0 mm. in length and 0.23 mm. in width Brownish green body with light brown head.Second Instar: Head width 0.5 mm. Body 4.6 mm. in length and 0.5 mm. in width. Body lined alternately with green and light green stripes. Spiracular line greenish white. Head brownish green.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF NEONYMPHA AREOLATUS, Smith–Abbot

Egg—Nearly globular; the surface smooth under a low power, but under a high one, thickly covered with shallow depressions, which are irregular in size and also in form, being pentagonal, rounded or oval; color pale green. Duration of this stage about 6 days.Young Larva.—Length .12 inch; cylindrical, nearly even, tapering a little posteriorly, the last segment bluntly forked; color delicate green; over the surface many white hairs, and among these are black clubbed hairs disposed in longitudinal rows, four on the dorsum of each segment, two in front, two in rear; feet and legs green; head large, about twice as broad as any body segment, sub-globose, a little depressed at top; on each vertex a short semi-ovoid appendage, at the top giving out two divergent black hairs; just below vertex, on the front, is a similar smaller appendage with single hair, and on the side half way down is a second; color black. Towards the end of this stage the color of body changes to decided green, and several longitudinal stripes appear; on either side of a dark green medio-dorsal stripe is a whitish one, a similar one on middle of side and another along base. Duration of this stage about 8 days, but depending on the weather.

The Aurora of February 4

A VIEW of the magnificent aurora of Feb. 4 was much interrupted here by great masses of cloud, which frequently drifted over large tracts of the illuminated sky, and towards 8 o'clock collected and descended in a general downpour of rain. Nevertheless enough of it was seen to produce a very striking impression. It began to tinge the southern sky at a considerable altitude so early in the evening that I thought it must have been the reflection of a crimson sunset; nor was I undeceived till I had been to the other side of the house, where I found the western horizon glowing with amber light, in which was no trace of the expected ruddiness. Red continued throughout to be the prevailing hue, chiefly in great diffused masses, but occasionally broken up into filaments and streamers; there was, however, no absence of sheets and columns of the more usual pale green light. The clouds, chiefly heavy cumuli, assumed a strange aspect; sometimes, when opposite to the crimson illumination, reflecting a dull and sombre red, at others, when projected in front of it and enlightened from the other side by the twilight, or the green aurora, standing out inllurid and ghastly contrast. At one period the northern part of the sky, up to a great altitude, though clear and studded with stars, appeared at first sight almost like a black cloud from its contrast to the greenish white sheet which bordered it abruptly at a considerable height on the west; this again passing into crimson masses in the south, and sending out a whitish stream to meet another from the east, and form, probably, for a few moments, a complete bright ring, somewhat south of the zenith, of which, however, only one half could be seen from the post of observation. The light was so intense that even after it had been a good deal obscured by cloud, a large print might have been read without much difficulty, A miniature spectroscope (one of Browning's) brought out some interesting features. The usual yellowish green auroral line was distinct everywhere, and could be perceived even when the instrument was directed to masses of dense cloud; and as was observed by Birmingham on a former occasion, could be made out in the reflection from any suitable terrestrial object; white paper for example exhibited it very obviously. As shown in the brighter greenish patches in the sky, it remained visible even when the slit was so much contracted that the sodium band of a common fire would have been thinned down almost to its smallest breadth before extinction. Such a diminution of light, however, was fatal to the rest of the spectrum, which was a very remarkable one. With a wider slit a crimson band, bearing a fair amount of contraction, was perceptible in the brighter patches of that hue, with a dark interval between it and the principal green band. On the opposite side of that green band, beyond a second similar dark space, was a considerable extent of greenish or bluish light, quite decided, but so feeble as to leave it undecided whether it was of uniform brightness, or (as I suspected) compounded of contiguous bands; beyond this again was another dark space, leading on to a faintly luminous band, too dim to show colour, but which must have taken its place somewhere in the blue. This band, and the darkness adjacent to it on the less refrangible side, were each about as broad as the intensely vivid yellowish green stripe. Could the light have borne sufficient reduction, we should certainly have had three narrow bright bands in the red, green, and blue, the two latter being wide apart, with either a faint separate continuous spectrum, through part of the interval, or possibly several feeble lines, which the widening of the slit fused into one lengthened area.