Shades Of Green Research Articles

An XPS study into sulphur speciation in blue and green ultramarine

A number of ultramarine paint samples were analysed by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the binding energies of the S3.− (blue) and S2.− (yellow) radical anions responsible for the pigment colour. The two sulphur radicals (chromophores) have well assigned Raman signals, however, no previous XPS study has been able to observe both radicals in natural or synthesised blue ultramarine samples and assign binding energies. This study focused on the analysis of synthetic ultramarine samples, which have a higher chromophore concentration than natural pigments, and on the comparison of blue and green shades, as green pigments have a higher quantity of the yellow chromophore. XPS spectra from six blue and three green paints were processed and found to contain sulphide, sulphite, sulphate and two unassigned signals at 162.9 and 163.8 eV. The ratio of these two signals varied between blue and green samples. Raman spectra of the samples were measured and the ratio of the blue versus yellow signals at 549 cm−1 and 580 cm−1 calculated. Comparison of the Raman and XPS data sets found good agreement between signal ratios when the 162.9 eV XPS signal was assigned to the yellow and the 163.8 eV signal was assigned to the blue chromophore.

Many Shades of Green: Assessing Awareness of Differences in Mental Health Care Needs Among Subpopulations of Military Veterans.

The current study sought to examine access to services by various veteran subgroups: racial/ethnic minorities, females, rural populations, and LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer). Generally, the Veteran Service Officers (VSOs) interviewed for this study did not feel that these subgroups were well served by the program and treatment options presently available, and that other groups such as males and urban veterans received better access to necessary psychosocial and medical care. This research extends studies that explore overall connection to services by further demonstrating barriers to receipt of services by specific subgroups of veterans, particularly those at risk for involvement in the criminal justice system.

Use of a geographic information system to produce pest monitoring maps for south Texas cotton and sorghum land managers

Geographic information system (GIS) tools were used to create pest monitoring maps based on field insect pest monitoring data taken during a two-year demonstration project in south Texas, 2015–2016. GPS-enabled handheld devices with GIS software were preloaded with a basemap and shapefiles containing insect abundance and plant injury data entry lines. Pest monitoring data were entered and stored on the handheld device while conducting otherwise normal pest monitoring activities. The shapefiles were then transferred to a standard desktop computer, where pest monitoring maps were produced using GIS mapping software. Dots using a 5-color scheme were projected and mapped corresponding to the sampling sites. The color scheme represented five different insect density categories relative to the economic threshold of the insect being monitored: green shades were chosen for two categories below the economic threshold, yellow was chosen for a category that included the economic threshold, and orange and red were chosen for two categories exceeding the economic threshold. The insects monitored were cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), and verde plant bug, Creontiades signatus Distant, (Hemiptera: Miridae), on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.). Pest monitoring maps were created and delivered to land managers within a half-day of data collection. The pest monitoring maps were used by cooperating land managers to better target and prioritize insecticide use to whole fields. Spatial variation in pest density along the field edges was observed. Considering future uses of the spatially variable data portrayed on the maps, a scenario of using insecticides in within-field precision zones matched to sampling sites resulted in a projected reduction of insecticide use (between 40 and 70% depending on the pest) compared with a scenario where insecticides were sprayed to whole fields based on field averages of pest density derived from the same data.

Evaluation of Biorational Component and Chemicals for the Management of Lemon Butterfly Larvae on Citrus

The investigation was conducted with imposed of treatments; Beauveriabassiana(1x108 CFU/ ml), Metarhiziumanisopliae(1x108 CFU/ ml), NSE (5.0%), Neem oil (2.0%), Spinosad 45 SC (0.03%), Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.005%), Acetamiprid 20 SP (0.04%), Abamectin 1.8 EC (0.003%) and Control (water spray) on Nagpur Mandarin against nursery pests. Such treatments were arranged in statistical design RBD with three replications, under green shade net nursery. In overall, cumulative effect of four applications of all the treatments, Abamectin 1.8 EC (0.003%) recording lowest (6.10 per cent) leaves infestation of leaf miner and found at par with Spinosad 45 SC (7.18 per cent) leaves infestation. The next best effective treatments, Acetamiprid 20 SP (9.34 per cent) of leaves infestation and Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (10.31 per cent) leaves infestation were at par with each other and found significantly superior to the Neem oil 2%, NSE 5 %, Beauveriabassiana1x108 CFU/ml and Metarhiziumanisopliae 1x108 CFU/ml respectively and these treatment groups were at par with each other. Maximum per cent infestation of leaf minor was noticed in control is (25.14 per cent). Key Words: Lemon Butterfly Larvae; Insecticide and Biorational Components

A Different Shade of Green: A Survey of Indonesian Higher Education Institutional Repositories

INTRODUCTION Institutional repositories (IRs) are an accepted part of the open access landscape, and they have a particular role to play in supporting scholarly communication in developing countries, such as Indonesia. METHODS Content analysis was conducted of 52 Indonesian higher education institutional repository websites between November 2014 and February 2015. Assessment included the degrees of “openness” of repositories, the types of works collected, software used, exploration tools, existence of links to institutional website, the language used for access points, and the standard of metadata. The study also gathered qualitative indicators of local practices in the management and population of repositories. RESULTS Only 26.9% of the surveyed IRs provide all or most documents in full-text; the most widely included types of work are Theses and Dissertations (84.6%) and Published Works (80.8%), but there is also a high representation of Unpublished Works and University Records. Most IRs (90.3%) provide access points in the form of standardized subject headings, and English is widely used. DISCUSSION The characteristics of the content of the IRs surveyed suggests that many Indonesian IRs were conceived as a corporate information management system rather than as a genuine attempt to support open access. CONCLUSION The findings lead the authors to speculate that institutional repositories serving Indonesian higher education institutions are in their early adoption phase; and that initial drivers for them have been corporate information management, institutional prestige, and the need to combat plagiarism.

Shades of Green - or Grey? Towards an Ecological Interpretation of Jonah 4:6-11

Most scholars who have attempted ecological interpretations of the Jonah narrative regard Jonah 4:6-11, especially the reference to the animals of Nineveh in 4:11, as an obvious starting point for a retrieval of ecological wisdom in the narrative. A notable exception is the Green Bible team, who selected, and printed in green, more than a thousand biblical passages which, in their view, support the aims and principles of creation care, including five passages from the Jonah narrative. However, not a single verse in Jonah chapter 4 is printed in green. A number of scholars indeed argue that no ecological wisdom can be retrieved from the passage under discussion, particularly 4:11, because the reference to animals is made in the context of forthcoming sacrifices from the newly pardoned, grateful Ninevites. Ehud Ben Zvi contends that a double reading of 4:11 is possible. This study argues that the work of Ben Zvi provides an angle from which more nuanced ecological readings of the Jonah narrative can be done.

Shades of Green: Health, Safety, and Environmental Protections in China's International Investment Agreements

This article examines the text of each publicly-available International Investment Agreement signed by China since joining the WTO, specifically tracking the presence and evolution of clauses which promote domestic sovereignty over issues of health, safety, and the environment. The subject investment treaties provide a unique lens by which to view China's evolving understanding and growing commitment towards these issues, and they effectively illustrate the trend of using investment treaties as a tool to advance global standards and promote reforms with effects reaching beyond the investment world. Overall, China's evolving IIA practices over the last sixteen years have furthered its WTO-era vision, forging a new generation of IIAs which have progressively focused on long-term security and sustainability as critical goals, both for foreign investment returns as well as the host State's sovereignty to regulate issues of health, safety, and the environment.

Shades of Green: Modifying Sustainability Rating Systems for Transit Center Functionality

Urban transit centers or hubs that expand walkability, increase transportation and neighborhood connectivity, and broaden infrastructure resilience are intrinsically sustainable. However, under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Neighborhood Development (LEED ND) rating system, the infrastructure requirements of this built typology can preclude it from achieving sustainability certification. LEED ND is the most established certification system for projects at the district scale that seek economic development without the depletion of natural, cultural, and social surroundings. In 2015, Los Angeles Union Station, in California, through its master plan, LAUSMP, became the first transit hub to pursue LEED ND certification. Using evidence from LAUSMP, this paper outlines the inherent advantages, existing barriers, and needed expansions to achieve compatibility between transit center design and LEED ND. This paper also suggests updated metrics for connectivity and walkability to recognize linkages that occur above and below the ground plane, inclusion of incentives for carbon emissions reduction and air quality monitoring, and expanded exemptions for transit infrastructure from density and tree-lined street calculations. The paper proposes a revised version of the LEED ND rating system to create a standardized tool with which to measure sustainability across transit hubs.

Thermal conductivity of different colored compomers.

Compomers are mostly used in primary dentition. The thermal conductivity properties of traditional or colored compomers have not been investigated in detail so far. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess and compare the thermal conductivities of traditional and colored compomers. Two sets of compomers - namely, Twinky Star (available in berry, lemon, green, silver, blue, pink, gold and orange shades) and Dyract Extra (available in B1, A3 and A2 shades) - were included in this study. All of the traditional and colored compomers were applied to standard molds and polymerized according to the manufacturers' instructions. Three samples were prepared from each compomer. Measurements were conducted using a heat conduction test setup, and the coefficient of heat conductivity was calculated for each material. The heat conductivity coefficients were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Duncan tests. Uncertainty analysis was also performed on the calculated coefficients of heat conductivity. Statistically significant differences were found (p<0.05) between the thermal conductivity properties of the traditional and colored compomers examined. Among all of the tested compomers, the silver shade compomer exhibited the highest coefficient of heat conductivity (p<0.05), while the berry shade exhibited the lowest coefficient (p<0.05). Uncertainty analyses revealed that 6 out of 11 samples showed significant differences. The silver shade compomer should be avoided in deep cavities. The material properties could be improved for colored compomers.

Fifty Shades of Green: Pathway to Healthy Urban Living.

Currently half the world population lives in cities, and this proportion is expected to increase rapidly to 70% over the next years. Over the years, we have created large, mostly grey cities with many high-rise buildings and little green space. Disease rates tend to be higher in urban areas than in rural areas. More green space in cities could reduce these rates. Here, we describe the importance of green space for health, and make recommendations for further research. Green space has been associated with many beneficial health effects, including reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and improved mental health, possibly through mediators, such as reduced air pollution, temperature and stress, and increased physical activity, social contacts, and restoration. Additional studies are needed to strengthen the evidence base and provide further guidelines to transport planners, urban planners, and landscape architects. We need more longitudinal studies and intervention studies, further understanding of the contribution of various mechanisms toward health, and more information on susceptible populations and on where, when, how much, and what type of green space is needed. Also needed are standardized methods for green space quality assessments and evaluations of effectiveness of green prescriptions in clinical practice. Many questions are ideally suited for environmental epidemiologists, who should work with other stakeholders to address the right questions and translate knowledge into action. In conclusion, a growing evidence base supports the hypothesis that greener cities are healthier cities.

Food color is in the eye of the beholder: the role of human trichromatic vision in food evaluation.

Non-human primates evaluate food quality based on brightness of red and green shades of color, with red signaling higher energy or greater protein content in fruits and leafs. Despite the strong association between food and other sensory modalities, humans, too, estimate critical food features, such as calorie content, from vision. Previous research primarily focused on the effects of color on taste/flavor identification and intensity judgments. However, whether evaluation of perceived calorie content and arousal in humans are biased by color has received comparatively less attention. In this study we showed that color content of food images predicts arousal and perceived calorie content reported when viewing food even when confounding variables were controlled for. Specifically, arousal positively co-varied with red-brightness, while green-brightness was negatively associated with arousal and perceived calorie content. This result holds for a large array of food comprising of natural food - where color likely predicts calorie content - and of transformed food where, instead, color is poorly diagnostic of energy content. Importantly, this pattern does not emerged with nonfood items. We conclude that in humans visual inspection of food is central to its evaluation and seems to partially engage the same basic system as non-human primates.

Evaluation of performance of varieties and effect of different levels of harvesting of flower shoot on bulb production of LA hybrids in northern plain conditions

A study was conducted to evaluate the performance and impact of different levels of harvesting of flower shoot on bulbs and bulblets production of LA hybrid lily cultivars Pavia, Ercolana and Brindisi in northern plain conditions. Field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Uniform and healthy bulbs were planted in the month of November at a spacing of 15 × 15 cm between rows and bulbs under 50 % green shade net conditions in both the years. There is significant difference among the cultivars for days taken for flowering. The cv. Brindisi (70.10 days) has taken minimum days to flowering followed by Ercolana and Pavia. The maximum length and diameter of flower shoot 121.06 cm and 0.85 cm, respectively, was observed in cv. Pavia. Higher number of flower buds/shoot 6.13 was also recorded in cv. Pavia. The cv. Brindisi produced longer and bigger size flowers as compared to other cultivars. The maximum yield of bulbs and bulblets were recorded in disbudding plants followed by harvesting of flower shoot at 40 cm above the ground surface in cv. Pavia. The effect of harvesting flower shoots at 40 cm above the ground surface, resulted in better performance in the remaining parameters such as weight of bulbs per plant, diameter of bulb, and weight of bulblets per plant in all three cultivars. Harvesting of flower shoots at 40 cm is the best for bulb production in LA hybrid lily cultivation under northern plains conditions.

Relationship between leaf reddening, ROS and antioxidants in Buxus microphylla during overwintering

To provide a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of winter leaf reddening in evergreen species, the relationships between winter leaf reddening, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant system of Buxus microphylla ‘Wintergreen’ were studied. The pigment changes, ROS production, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants activities of sun leaves during the reddening and regreening processes were investigated, using green shade leaves as controls. The carotenoids in the sun leaves increased linearly with reddening but decreased with the regreening. There was no significant difference in either the superoxide anions (O 2 −· ) or malondialdehyde (MDA) changes between the sun and shade leaves, and their O 2 −· contents were positively correlated with MDA. In contrast to the shade leaves, the sun leaves showed a trend in which the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) changes were closely related to the reddening process and positively correlated with carotenoids content but not with the MDA content. A similar trend was observed for catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity between the sun and shade leaves, but superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity and the ascorbate (AsA) content differed between these two ecotypes. Furthermore, the sun leaves had higher CAT activity and AsA content than the corresponding shade leaves. These results suggested that H2O2 might play an important role in the winter reddening of sun leaves by promoting the accumulation of carotenoids. In addition, SOD, POD and AsA probably play a photoprotective role in winter-red sun leaves, while the changes in O 2 −· , CAT and APX were independent of winter leaf reddening and were more likely responses to stress caused by low temperatures.

Appraisal of marigold flower based lutein as natural colourant for textile dyeing under the influence of gamma radiations

Maintaining colour strength and fastness of the fabrics dyed with natural colourants had been the major constraint of utilizing plant based dyes in modern textile practices. The present study was concerned with the extraction of lutein dye from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flowers and role of gamma radiation in improving colour strength and fastness characteristics of the extracted dye. The investigation of dyed fabric in spectraflash showed that gamma ray treatment of 30kGy was the optimum absorbed dose for surface modification to improve its dye uptake ability. Good colour strength was obtained when irradiated cotton (RC, 30kGy) was dyed with extract of radiated marigold flower powder (RP) at 70°C for 85min, keeping M:L of 1:50 using dye bath of pH 5.0. The results from mordanting experiments revealed that 7% of tannic acid as pre-mordant and 5% of Cu as post-mordant were the best treatments to improve colour strength. It was found that gamma ray induced extraction of lutein from marigold flowers had a potential to be utilized as natural dyes in textile sector to produce yellowish green shades.

De l’Université du rétablissement

Objectives Located at the heart of a mental health university institute in Montreal, Canada, the University of Recovery (UR) is a peer-run agency of service users who came together as a private non-profit organization to promote their experiential knowledge in science and public health, and to transform the academic milieu as an inclusive work environment conducive to recovery and full citizenship. UR students can thus have access to scientific conferences and classes on various topics and invite scientists or other professionals to further discuss new discoveries and techniques, and possible ways of improving healthcare from a patients' and service users' perspective. Our conversation with a scientist specialized in obsessive-compulsive disorders triggered this collective reflection on neuroimaging in terms of psychiatric diagnoses, prognoses, recovery opportunities and meta-cognition.Method At the core of the UR as a therapeutic education program is the Projet Citoyen, an adaptation and a transposition in Montreal of the Yale Citizens Project, which has been developed in New Haven, USA, over the past fifteen years. The Projet Citoyen is comprised of four main components: bi-weekly group discussions, individualized peer support, involvement and practicum in the community, and participation in public events and debates. UR students therefore evolve in the academic and scientific milieu, here regarded as a translational community and human laboratory towards social inclusion and full citizenship. UR students can be involved as auxiliaries of medical training to always promote and illustrate recovery opportunities when psychiatric 'dysfunctions' or 'disorders' are the topics of a medical class. In April 2016, UR students invited Dr Marc Lavoie to discuss is work on obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD). The content of this group discussion is herein reported.Results UR students learned, among other things, that neuroimaging can be used to identify patterns of brain reactions to various stimuli and situations, reactions that can be different from one psychiatric condition to another and to the rest of the 'normal' population. For example, bright red, green, or blue shades of color can show an over-activation of the thalamus for persons with OCD. This difference can be indicative of a so-called cognitive impairment, with some people reacting more 'emotionally' to an image than other persons for whom the reaction would imply parts of the brain which are normally rather associated to 'rational' thinking (e.g.: the cerebral cortex). Such a difference, when it appears through a neuroimaging technique like EEG or MRI, does not lead to the enunciation of a particular diagnosis for an individual, but can give some complementary indications to be used in conjunction with other observations and can inform the choice for a therapeutic approach. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, for instance, has been statistically shown to be associated with anatomic changes in the human brain. Through some quite spectacular images of parts and subparts of the brain in action, UR students were able to admire all this beautiful neurodiversity. Then we discussed the concept of neuroplasticity: we now know that many aspects of the brain remain changeable or "plastic" even into adulthood, which contrasts with the previous common consensus that the human brain develops during childhood, then remains at once unchangeable afterward and "static."Conclusion Diverse neurological conditions appear as a result of normal variations in the human genome and in affect, the concepts of neurodiversity and of neuroplasticity go much beyond the prevailing prior conceptual conditioning of neurological differences as being inherently pathological and an irreversible "error of Mother Nature." There may be behaviors that cannot be controlled through rational thought, but rather emerge based on prior conditioning from the environment and other external and/or internal stimuli, and a psychotherapy could then consist of recognizing this conditioning and learning how to think and react differently to a triggering stimulus. The University of Recovery is thus first and foremost a principle of mutuality among its members - the students in recovery - who are allied through self-help as a basis for metacognitive therapeutic education.

Characterisation of Roman and Byzantine glasses from the surroundings of Thugga (Tunisia): Raw materials and colours

Roman and Byzantine glass shards collected during excavation campaigns around the ancient city of Thugga in northern Tunisia have been characterised by means of various analytical techniques. Portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) was used to determine the glass matrix elemental composition and to identify the elements responsible for the colour. Fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) was employed to investigate the chemical nature, the oxidation state and the coordination of the chromophores. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was here exploited for characterising the outermost layers of the glasses. Elemental analyses by pXRF pointed out that Si, Fe, Al, Ca, K, Rb, Sr, Na and Mg are the main elements present in the glasses. The chromophores responsible for the different shades are Fe for the green shades, Cu and Co for the blue ones, Mn, also used as discolouring agent, for the colourless samples. In relation to the raw materials used for glass production, the comparison with control groups of samples from Northern Tunisia suggests a common provenance of sands.

Colouristic criteria of S-matrix of the precarpathians brownish-podzolic gleyed soils

The scientific literature dedicated to the analysis of peculiarities of the soils colouring and interconnection the genetic horizons colour as well as separate morphological elements with their properties have been analyzed. The identification of colour of genetic horizons in 20 profiles of brownish-podzolic gleyed soils of Ukrainian and Polish Precarpathians has been conducted. The colour of investigated genetic horizons and separate morphological elements was determined according to both national and international systems. The analysis of the appropriateness of national approaches rejecting and usage of the Munsell scale as a primary method for determining the soil samples colour has been carried out. The results of the survey of the respondents with different professional training ascertained that visual determination of colour range within morphological description of the soil is completely subjective. The correctness of procedure depends on the experience of soil scientists and colour homogeneity of the soil sample. Using of the Munsell scale reduces the errors in the determination by 70–80 %, which allows recommending the very approach as the principal one for the field descriptions. Change of the investigated soils colour depending on the level of humidity has been established. The peculiarity of soil mass colour range depending on the aggregation and fractions size has been found out. Based on the colouristic analysis it has been confirmed that chemical and mineralogical composition is the main factor of heterogeneity of the investigated soils horizons colour. It has been found out that heterogeneity of the colour range, and the appearing of bleached zones (as the result of iron removing) and fine dust on the surface of the aggregations is associated with gleying processes, impulse redox regime and metamorfization of soil mass. It has been established that interdependence between the complex of statistical and fractal parameters, which indicates the relative optical heterogeneity of architectonics of the investigated soils ultra thin cuts which are characterized by optical heterogeneity on the macro-level. The processes of morphogenesis of self-similar elements of their architectonics cause the asymmetry and fluctuations of relative data and increasing of the half-width of the autocorrelation functions of orientation tomograms. Red and green shades are shown to be the basic components of the sample colour. Red ones are determined by red colour pigments, and the combination of red and green shades provides the formation of yellow tones. The possibility of data conversion from the Munsell system into the CIE-L*a*b* system with minor deviations has been shown. 2,5Y5 / 4 in Munsell system corresponds to the following data in the CIE-L*a*b* system: L* = 41,23; a* = 5,59; b* = 20,06 (manual calculation) and L* = 41,22, a* = 4,97, b* = 19,44 (automatic transfer using the computer program Munsell Conversion 4.01).

A Model of Organizational Symbolism: Understanding the Different Shades of Green

Despite growing institutional pressures for greater transparency, accountability and sustainability in socio-environmental terms, a number of organizations respond to stakeholder demands and expectations in a symbolic way. We develop a richer conceptual understanding of how, when, and why organizations pursue this strategy. Specifically, we characterize the behavioral antecedents and the resulting heterogeneity in organizational symbolism. We use the context of “greenwashing” - an often monolithically perceived, yet fundamentally strategic and complex organizational phenomenon. Drawing on the concepts of conformity and compliance, symbolic and substantive actions, our model considers this heterogeneity (i.e., the “different shades of green”) based on the materiality of the issue and organizational costs and benefits of resource mobilization (or acquisition) to respond to the issue. More specifically, we suggest a model whereby firms decide whether and in what way to decouple their response to a specific issue based on its materiality, and a calculus of the costs and benefits associated with the use of organizational resources and capabilities versus the costs of inaction. We extend the basic model by considering the moderating role of institutional pressures and organizational characteristics. We offer several propositions for future research to unpack organizational symbolism, its various degrees and antecedents.

Fifty Shades of Green

Fifty Shades of Green

50 Shades of Green: An Examination of Sustainability Policy on Canadian Campuses

Koichiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, asserts that education is one of the most effective instruments that society can employ in the effort to adopt sustainable development. This paper is a first effort to explore the degree to which Canadian institutions of higher education, including colleges and universities, have embraced this assertion. It includes the first census of the existing environment/sustainability policies and/or plans of Canadian postsecondary institutions (n = 220), and an examination of the relationships between the existence of an environment/sustainability policy/plan and the presence of other sustainability initiatives on campus. The focus on policies and plans is timely because in public institutions like colleges and universities, actions and practices are determined by policy. The results reveal a number of patterns and insights, including, for example, the influence of provincial legislation on the uptake of policies.&#x0D;