Green Processing Technology Research Articles

Understanding the Role of Plasma Technology in Food Industry

The need for enhancing microbial food safety and quality, without compromising the nutritional, functional, and sensory characteristics of foods, has created an increasing interest in innovative technologies in food industry. Plasma is an emerging, green processing technology offering many potential applications and fulfills the need of the industry. The present review presents the latest developments and applications of plasma technology in food industry. Recent research investigations showed that plasma processing have caught the interest of various areas of industry including cereal, meat, poultry, dairy, fruits, vegetables, packaging, etc. Plasma processing helps to modify the food material for the desirable trait, and maintains the nutritional and textural properties in addition to microbial decontamination.

Effect of Single Based Binder Palm Stearin on Sintered Properties of Hydroxyapatite Scaffold

This paper reports on the compatibility of hydroxyapatite (HAP) combined with single based binder, palm stearin for ceramic injection molding in order to obtain the best properties. The feedstock was prepared at a powder loading of 62 Vol % using 5μm fine ceramic powder of hydroxyapatite and the binders consisting of 100% of palm stearin. The specimens underwent thermal de-binding and then sintered in an electrical furnace within a temperature range from 500°C to 1000°C. The resulting exhibit promising properties which the final product produced after the sintering process was successfully tested by mechanical testing. It is proven that even the specimen only consists of single based binder can form a complex shape without collapse just like the specimen obtained by the conventional binder system. Therefore, the fabrication also is more towards green processing technology and energy conservation due to the binder used was from natural local resources and used lower processing temperature at 50°C to 70°C for mixing and injection molding.

Separation of Oleoresin from Ginger Rhizome Powder Using Green Processing Technologies

AbstractGinger oleoresin is an important condiment in food and pharmaceutical industries because of its antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds. The effects of various extraction methods on yield parameters were presented in this article. The ultrasound treatment showed its potential to increase oleoresin extraction rate. The ultrasound‐assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was found to be the best method of extraction with the highest oleoresin yield of 8.15 ± 0.06% at 35°C temperature and 25 MPa pressure. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction had 6.87% oleoresin yield at 25 MPa pressure, 40°C and 15 g/min CO2 flow rate. The signal‐to‐noise ratio showed that pressure and temperature had significant effect on the oleoresin yield, but their effect on flow rate was not significant. The ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction was 1.75 times faster than simple soxhlet extraction.Practical ApplicationsSupercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an environment‐friendly technology that separates pure compound from natural resource. Limitations of the solvent extraction method and steam distillation, such as residual organic solvent in product and degradation of thermally liable compounds, respectively, are major factors toward supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method gaining much attention in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors. Ginger consists of specific oleoresin because of the presence of phenolic compounds. It has significant use in some foods and medicines as well. Hence, the optimization of the process to separate this oleoresin is an uphill task because of lack of literature. The orthogonal array design is a tool to reduce the number of experiments, and can become a useful tool in optimizing the experiment. This reduces the time of the experimentation, the cost on research, while obtaining better results. In this regard, the study was conducted to extract ginger oleoresin using supercritical carbon dioxide and orthogonal array design.

Life cycle assessment of ethanol production from tropical banagrass (Pennisetum purpureum) using green and dry processing technologies in Hawaii

This study conducted well-to-pump and well-to wheel life-cycle assessment of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during ethanol production from tropical Banagrass (Pennisetum purpureum) using green-processing (with the use of fresh feedstocks) and dry or conventional processing (with the use of dried feedstocks) in the state of Hawaii. 10 000 MJ of energy was used as a functional unit with a systematic boundary drawn based on relative mass, energy, and economic value method using a 1% cutoff value, and the results were compared to those of conventional gasoline, and ethanol from corn and other ethanol lignocellulosic feedstocks. Detailed techno-economic model was built using the SuperPro designer. Ethanol yields were estimated at 0.27 l/kg (green processing with fungal co-product), 0.27 l/kg (green processing without co-product), and 0.29 l/kg (dry-processing) of feedstock, respectively. The well-to-pump analysis indicate that ethanol production consume 8200 MJ (green processing with co-product), 7600 MJ (green-processing without co-product) and 7200 MJ (dry-processing without co-product) of fossil energy and emit approximately144 kg CO2-eq., 90.6 kg CO2-eq., and 59.1 kg CO2-eq. per 10 000 MJ of ethanol produced, respectively; well-to-wheel analysis showed that 280 g of gCO2-eq., 260 g CO2-eq., and 250 g CO2-eq. of emissions were produced per kilometer by driving Flex Fuel Vehicle. In summary, ethanol produced using the green-processing technology required greater amount of fossil energy and produced more GHG emissions compared to that of dry processing technology, due to additional energy needed for fungal growth and related processes. Process power, enzyme, and chemical production during ethanol processing were identified as emissions hot-spots for both green and dry processing.

Prediction of Thermal Gradient in Traverse Cylindrical Grind-Hardening

Grind-hardening is a green efficient processing technology that focus on surface harden. The paper simulated the traverse cylindrical grinding with establishing a finite element model, which revealed the thermal gradient while processing in history. And the research confirmed the possibility of prediction of the harden layer, and summarized the properties of traverse cylindrical grind-hardening.

Simulation about Machining Deep Hole in Sheet

It is becoming a development direction to study green forming process in mechanical. The processing technology of machining deep hole in relative thin sheet is a kind of green mechanical processing technology in this paper. The process uses the friction between driller and workpiece and plasticity of workpiece to form hole. The new technological process not only saves material, but also saves man-hours, and the workpiece has a good piece of assembly. In this paper, the forming process of deep hole on thin sheet was simulated, and some effect factors of forming hole were studied, such as the stress, temperature and shape of forming area, etc. The forming simulation is proved to be feasible by the test in this paper. The study results are useful to improve the machining parameters, and laid a foundation for further research on forming deep holes process on thin sheet metal by friction heat.

Integrated TRIZ and MEMS in Eco-Innovative Design

An eco-innovative product design method integrating the concept of green design, process technology, product structure, material selection and other effects. Eco-innovative design evaluates how a product impacts the environment during its entire life cycle. Each system will thus follow one or more patterns of evolution as given by Altshuller. This paper attempts to indicate how TRIZ tools and MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) can be used in eco-innovative design research activities. An idea generation support method by using TRIZ is proposed.

Study on Diffusive Wear and Hardness of Driller of Machining Deep Hole in Sheet

The processing technology of machining deep hole in thin sheet is a kind of process using friction between driller and workpiece and plasticity of workpiece to form hole. The process is a kind of green mechanical processing technology. Studying green processing process in mechanical is becoming a development direction. In this paper, the new technological process to form deep hole on relative thin panel by friction heat not only saves material, but also saves man-hours, and the workpiece has a good piece of assembly. Because the processing technic is belong to local thermal processing, the diffusive wear and hardness of cemented carbide driller are studied by energy dispersive spectrum analysis energy dispersive spectrum analysis in this paper. The study results are useful to improve the life of driller and look for more appropriate machining parameters, and laid a foundation for further research on forming deep holes process on thin sheet metal by friction heat.

Table olive fermentation with multifunctional Lactobacillus pentosus strains

This study assesses the technological characteristics and the dominance in brines of four selected potential probiotic Lactobacillus pentosus strains during green table olive Spanish-style fermentations. When compared with the spontaneous process, the use of these microorganisms as starter led to higher lactic acid bacteria than yeast populations, a decrease in Enterobacteriaceae levels and a faster acidification of the brines. Microbial changes were properly modelled with equations including both growth and death phases. Diverse genetic profiles among the lactic acid bacteria populations were found at the end of fermentation. Hence, inoculation using the current green olive processing technology guaranteed the development of the typical Spanish-style with, as shown by discriminant function analysis, some distinctive characteristic processes, according to strains, but did not assure per se the imposition of the selected strain in the cover brines.

Developing local processing technology for black and green tea and evaluation of conformance to ISO standard

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a project designed with the aim of developing a black and green tea processing technology for Nigerian farmers and evaluate the conformance of the quality of the processed tea to the recommended international standard. Design/methodology/approach – Locally processed and graded black teas were collected from Kakara and Bangoba for analysis. Different grades analyzed were Dust 1, Pekoe fanning (PF), broken pekoe (BP) and Fibre. Green tea was also processed from 21 tea clones selected from the Cocoa Research Institute, Kusuku Station tea plantation located at 1,840 m above mean sea level and analyzed for quality characteristics. The methods used for the quality of black and green teas analysis were in accordance with ISO standard: ISO 9768 method (revised) was used for determining % water extract, ISO 5498 for crude fibre, ISO 1575 for % total ash, and ISO 1577 for acid insoluble ash. Other additional quality parameters evaluated for black tea were theaflavins (TF), thearubigins (TR) and colour brightness (C Br) from another set of 17 clones using flavonost methods. Conformance to ISO standard were assessed in all tea locally processed by the farmers, in comparison to the ones processed under controlled conditions. Findings – The results obtained in this study revealed that 59.2 per cent of the tea analyzed conformed to ISO 9768, 81.5 per cent to ISO 5498, 77.8 per cent to ISO 1575 and 96.3 per cent to ISO 1576 and 100 per cent conformed to ISO 1577 and 85.2 per cent to ISO 1578 respectively. In all, only 33 per cent of the processed tea conformed to international standard for black or green tea physical parameters. As for black tea, clones which conformed to correct TF, TR, CBR are UNK, 367, 19, 74, 354, 368, 369, 353, 357, 143, 14 and 108 respectively. Practical implications – The paper shows that production of green tea and black tea can be done locally without loss of quality if good manufacturing practices and hygiene practices are followed. Originality/value – The use of clonal materials sourced locally that conformed to ISO standard from Nigeria could create new products (black and green tea) with high economic values to the farmers.

Study on Microstructure and Performance of Heat Affected Zone about Friction Forming Hole

With equipment renewal of machining and people's demand on the green environmental protection sustainable development, green processing technology of mechanical processing process in mechanical field is becoming a development direction. The traditional method of processing hole removes a part of the general hole sheet metal, so that the depth of the hole is equal with the thickness of the board. In this paper, the new technological process to form deep hole on relative thin panel by friction heat not only saves material, but also saves man-hours, and the workpiece has a good piece of assembly. Because the processing technic is belong to local thermal processing, the microstructure and property (hardness) of heat affected zone are studied in this paper. The study results are useful to look for more appropriate machining parameters, and laid a foundation for further research on forming deep holes process on thin sheet metal by friction heat.

The Research of the Near-Dry BTA Deep Hole Processing Technology

Dry cutting technology is a new environmentally friendly green process technology. Based on the characteristics of dry cutting and deep-hole processing, a deep-hole processing solution by means of dry cutting technology is presented, that is the near-dry deep hole processing system. Combination of the characteristics of near-dry deep hole processing, we improve the design of tool structure and the selection of blade material, and find the blade material of near-dry deep hole processing by processing testing. Analyzing and testing the cutting performance and processing effect by comparing near-dry and traditional oil processing methods, we achieve a satisfactory result and confirm that the near-dry processing is a green processing technology which has a good processing effect and applying prospect.

Continuous flow synthesis of β-amino α, β-unsaturated esters in aqueous medium

Continuous flow synthesis of many β-amino α, β-unsaturated esters has been demonstrated, through the reaction of a β-ketoester compound with ammonia and primary amines. Several combinations have been studied in detail in batch mode and a few have been taken for continuous flow synthesis based on their suitability. Upon studying the feasibility of continuous flow synthesis of different β-amino crotonates, the synthesis of methyl amino crotonate in the presence of a recyclable and reusable homogeneous acid catalyst has been studied in detail. Tubular reactors were seen to overcome the heat and mass transfer limitations, thereby providing a simple device for even a pilot scale production. A similar approach can be used for the synthesis of other β-amino crotonates. The continuous flow synthesis approach for producing methyl amino crotonate, in the absence of any external solvent, makes it a green process technology.

Determination of rotary cutting depth on steel pipes with the abrasive water jet technique

Abrasive water jet (AWJ) cutting is a green machining and processing technology that has found extensive applications. In this study, a well-designed cutting tool with multiple AWJ nozzles has been developed to determine the rotary multi-pass cutting depth on steel pipes that are used in petroleum industries. Experimentally, the multi-pass AWJ cutting depth is found to increase with pump pressure, nozzle diameter, and number of nozzles, but decrease with standoff distance. Also, the multi-pass cutting depth initially increases with rotation speed of the AWJ cutting tool or volumetric concentration of abrasive, and then begins to decline when rotation speed or volumetric concentration reaches a certain value. Mathematically, an empirical model is formulated to determine the rotary cutting depth initiated by multiple cutting passes based on the energy conservation theory. There exists a good agreement between the experimentally measured and theoretically calculated cutting depths with a percentage average absolute deviation of 7.0 per cent.

Green process technology for peroxycarboxylic acids: Estimation of kinetic and dispersion parameters aided by RTD measurements: Green synthesis of peroxycarboxylic acids

Synthesis of peroxypropionic and peroxyacetic acids from hydrogen peroxide and their carboxylic acids was carried out in a continuous fixed-bed reactor, demonstrating the concept of green process technology: biodegradable chemicals are made with the aid of heterogeneous catalysts. This reactor was constructed with several sampling locations along its length, allowing a better kinetic investigation. A profound study of the mean residence time distribution (RTD) was performed to analyze the behavior of the flow pattern at different liquid flow rates and catalyst loadings by using step and impulse methods with different tracer molecules. It was found that impulse experiments with HCl as a tracer is the most reliable method to study the RTD, because of this tracer does not interact with the catalyst. Based on the RTD study, it was demonstrated that the temperature (in the range 30–60 °C) and the catalyst distribution inside the reactor do not affect the flow pattern, but the ratio of the catalyst mass-to-liquid ratio affects the mean residence time and the liquid dispersion. Furthermore, it was shown that the presence of an axial dispersion is negligible when the average particle diameter is <1.38 mm, e.g., Péclet number exceeds 100. The kinetic study was carried out at different mean residence times (from 10 to 55 min), at different wet catalyst loadings (from 25 to 49 g) and reactor temperatures (from 30 to 60 °C). Mathematical models comprising kinetic and dispersion parameters were developed to compare the estimated parameters obtained from the continuous fixed-bed reactor with the ones obtained from a batch reactor.

Effect of Halide and Acid Additives on the Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide using Supported Gold–Palladium Catalysts

The effect of halide and acid addition on the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide is studied for magnesium oxide- and carbon-supported bimetallic gold-palladium catalysts. The addition of acids decreases the hydrogenation/decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, and the effect is particularly pronounced for the magnesium oxide-supported catalysts whilst for carbon-supported catalysts the pH requires close control to optimize hydrogen peroxide synthesis. The addition of bromide leads to a marked decrease in the hydrogenation/decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with either catalyst. These effects are discussed in terms of the structure of the gold-palladium alloy nanoparticles and the isoelectric point of the support. We conclude that with the highly active carbon-supported gold-palladium catalysts these additives are not required and that therefore this system presents the potential for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide to be operated using green process technology.

Green Polymers and Processing Technology

Green Polymers and Processing Technology