Green Principles Research Articles

Green Principles for Vehicle Lightweighting.

A large portion of life cycle transportation impacts occur during vehicle operation, and key improvement strategies include increasing powertrain efficiency, vehicle electrification, and lightweighting vehicles by reducing their mass. The potential energy benefits of vehicle lightweighting are large, given that 29.5 EJ was used in all modes of U.S. transportation in 2016, and roughly half of the energy spent in wheeled transportation and the majority of energy spent in aircraft is used to move vehicle mass. We collect and review previous work on lightweighting, identify key parameters affecting vehicle environmental performance (e.g., vehicle mode, fuel type, material type, and recyclability), and propose a set of 10 principles, with examples, to guide environmental improvement of vehicle systems through lightweighting. These principles, based on a life cycle perspective and taken as a set, allow a wide range of stakeholders (designers, policy-makers, and vehicle manufacturers and their material and component suppliers) to evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these complex systems. This set of principles can be used to evaluate trade-offs between impact categories and to help avoid shifting of burdens to other life cycle phases in the process of improving use-phase environmental performance.

GREEN ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES FOR GLOBAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING USING IoT

Water is a vital resource without which most of the living beings cannot survive. The quality of drinking water depends on its source and storage conditions. Drinking water quality should meet the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations for quality assurance. Various purification methods are available to obtain pure drinking water. However, several industrialisation, globalisation, urbanisation, farming, and similar activities lead to drinking water contamination. Thus, the combined use of green engineering principles and internet of things (IoT) framework can aid simultaneous monitoring of water quality at different locations, at minimal costs and less need for manpower. This study proposes a system for real-time monitoring of water quality and detection of contamination, by using a wireless sensor network (WSN) to collect and transmit data. This system measures turbidity, pH, and temperature; these values are then processed using a controller and transmitted to the cloud through the WSN. The gathered data are highly accurate and can be accessed universally through the Internet by using a specific internet protocol address.

Razvijenost zelene ekonomije i konkurentnost EU zemalja - empirijska analiza na makro nivou

In the past two decades, continuous changes caused by environmental degradation and global warming have contributed to the emergence and actualization of the green economy concept. Applying green principles enables economic growth and development while respecting all aspects of the environment. Green economy is a function of sustainable development as a dominant trend in the global framework, but it is also a sort of a challenge and opportunity for improving national economic competitiveness as the main indicator of success in the world market. The focus of the paper's analysis are four indicators that are relevant to different segments of applying the green economy concept, which are grouped by the DEA method into the composite index GEDI (Green Economy Development Index). Bearing in mind that innovations are very important for the adoption and implementation of the green economy, the emphasis of the research was on examining the relationship between GEDI and the third subindex of the Global Competitiveness Index, which focuses on innovations in the European Union countries. The aim of this comparative analysis is to define future guidelines and recommendations for more efficient implementation of environmental standards and to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage in the long run.

Towards lean and green thinking in construction projects at Gaza Strip

Abstract Background and problem: Integrating lean and green principles while implementing construction project has become an important aspect of modern construction. Lean construction and green building are used to maxi­mize the economic benefits, address quality, reduce waste and minimize the negative environmental impacts in con­struction. Aims: The objectives of this paper were to measure the degree of knowledge of lean and green approaches in con­struction industry in Gaza Strip and to identify the most important benefits from application of lean and green in construction. Methodology: Literature review and questionnaire survey were used in this study. A total of 155 copies of the questionnaire were distributed randomly to owners, con­sultants and contractors in the Gaza Strip, and 119 copies of the questionnaire were received. Results: The results revealed that the awareness level of lean and green construction by owners, consultants and contractors in the construction industry in Gaza Strip is moderate. There are very important benefits of applying lean and green construction such as “reduce non-useful work that does not add value to work”, “reduce the environmental impact of the construction process” and “saving the money needed to complete the project”. Conclusions: It was concluded that integrating both concepts on projects showed that lean leads to green but not necessarily vice versa. The fields of lean and green thinking, however, have been developed largely independent of each other. There is a big gap in the knowledge and application of the lean construction and the green application.

Indoor Environmental Quality Effect Analysis in Green and Non-Green Office Buildings to Staff’s Performance and Satisfaction in Surabaya

Energy efficiency in an office building can decrease the company’s operational cost. Even so, the operational cost for staff is still larger than the cost for energy. Thus, it is important to reassure that the impact given by the building’s indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is positive to staff. This research focusses on two office buildings in Surabaya, one of them is designed using the green principles and calculations, and the other is not. The building’s IEQ aspects being inspected includes indoor air quality, thermal, lighting, acoustics and layout. A questionnaire survey was held to obtain the reaction from the full time staff regarding the building’s IEQ performance, their satisfaction to it and their self-assessed performance. There are IEQ aspects that affects staff’s performance and satisfaction significantly. The IEQ mean score differs significantly in green and non-green buildings, but the mean difference in satisfaction and performance were found not significant.

Gaps between Awareness and Activities on Green Construction in China: A Perspective of On-Site Personnel

On-site construction stage has been considered as the key in practicing the view of green construction. Moreover, the unity of awareness and actions of on-site contractors on green construction plays a conclusive role through the implementation of green principles on the construction site. This study aims to investigate the awareness on green construction and to identify the gaps between the awareness and activities in adopting green specifications from the perspective of on-site personnel. A questionnaire survey was conducted with on-site personnel in Mainland China for identifying the gaps between the awareness and activities in the adoption of green construction. The results show that the level of awareness on a certain green requirement is higher than the performance of implementation. Nine groups with large gaps between awareness and activities are identified. Activities about pumping groundwater, burning wooden scraps, preventing strong light, reducing construction sound and noise, adopting green material, optimizing material plan, adopting water recycling devices, and employing energy efficiency machine cannot support high green construction awareness. Moreover, the “utilization of natural resources on-site” has the lowest performance with both low level of awareness and activities. This paper also suggests some useful implications for governments and departments of construction administrations to take measures in ensuring the thorough implementation of green activities on the construction site.

Green Synthesis of Silver/ Polystyrene Nano composite (Ag/PS NCs) Via Plant Extracts Beginning a New Era in Drug Delivery

Objectives: The development of polystyrene silver nanocomposite of multi-drug resistance through several microbial bacteria has been a cause of real auspices to the medical world, shorter option of antibiotics. Contemplating that it may take decades to synthesize new nanocomposite drugs that combat resistant pathogens the search for alternatives to conventional antimicrobial agents has begun. Development of Ag nanoparticles was growing in neoteric years and is for the time being considered for the user and medicalincomes. Methods: We review a novel phenomenon polystyrene silver nanocomposite (PS/AgNCs) for the combination of green leaf being and their physical, chemical, biological, mechanical and electrical attributes. The methods of action and potential use in medicine and research with special allusion to antimicrobial application shall be discussed. Findings: The current review scouts about the huge plant variety to be utilized towards rapid and single step protocol preparatory method with green principles over the conventional ones and describes the germicide motions of the (PS/Ag NCs). Application: Nanoparticles were positively estimated for their antimicrobial performances in the running study. Several properties, including powerful and stable materials, conductive devices, sensors and biomedical (drug delivery) were used as vehicles for drug delivery to enable the effective entry to the body. Keywords: Biomedical Applications, Drug Delivery Systems, Green Synthesis, Nanotechnology, Silver, Polystyrene Nanocomposites

Develop an Environmental Assessment Technique for Human Comfort Requirements in Buildings

Environmental assessment methods have emerged to assess the environmental performance of buildings across the world. Accurate results obtained using these methods are considered highly important, especially when comparing the environmental performance of buildings creating a fair competition among them. They are used for assessing green buildings regarding issues such as energy, water… etc. The indoor quality is one of these issues and human comfort achieving the identified comfortable ranges by evaluating a number of factors using quantitative measurements, so the current assessing way is considered complex besides the consumption of time and effort without reaching significantly accurate results. Therefore the research problem appears in the lack of an appropriate mean in the current assessment methods to evaluate items linked with sensation and emotions.The research paper aims to propose a more credible and an accurate assessment approach to assess those items, besides psychological comfort. The previous type of comfort rarely appears in current assessment methods despite of being one of the green architecture principles. The 'Kano Model' is the proposed way used for the application of questionnaires that are put through the information network and linked to assessment methods to get more accurate and creditable results when assessing human comfort items.

Engaging Students with the Real World in a Green Organic Chemistry Laboratory Group Project: A Presentation and Writing Assignment in a Laboratory Class

In the writing assignment and presentation described, small groups of students investigate a given industrial business/company that has made major changes to a synthesis, process, or procedure by implementing one or more of the 12 principles of green chemistry. Students submit a short paper on the assignment and present the project during the recitation portion of the laboratory. By studying an industrial change to a given synthesis or process, students become more aware of their environmental and global responsibility. They also begin to realize that businesses are incorporating green principles in their practices. In a self-reported survey nearly all (97%) of students of students reported an increased understanding of the principles of green chemistry and an increased interest in the topic. Results of surveys indicated that nearly all students felt that the project should be continued.

Analysis of challenges in sustainable construction industry by using analytic hierarchy process: a case study of Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia

Construction procedures in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) consume excessive capital, time and resources, and thus have a direct effect on the national economy and the nation's socio-economic development. These costly procedures add to the current difficult economic situation in the construction industry. The developed and many underdeveloped countries have implemented sustainable construction practices and are increasing the awareness of the environmental impacts caused by construction processes. The KSA has taken the initiative to support and implement green building principles but still there are various factors due to which the implication of sustainable construction has not been materialised in full swing. This research project studies and evaluates those factors which have become a challenge for the construction industry in the application of sustainable construction. A new settlement in Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia has been taken as a case study. This research ranked some of the barriers identified from previous studies, based on their level of importance, using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to investigate the priority ranking of the issues involved in sustainable construction principles.

Revisiting 1-chloro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-one: efficient ortho-chlorination of aryls under aqueous conditions

The ortho-selective amide directing group assisted chlorination of aryls with the easily accessible 1-chloro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-one as oxidant as well as chlorinating reagent is reported in the absence of a radical initiator. The open air, aqueous conditions and recyclable reagent demonstrate the green principles involved in the reaction.

A convenient Baker yeast accelerated, one-pot synthesis of pentasubstituted thiopyridines

Here we report a novel Baker yeast catalyzed one pot cyclocondensation, performed at room temperature in ethanol for obtaining high yields of polyfunctionalized pyridines, 2-amino-4-aryl-3,5-dicyano-6-phenylthiopyridines. The developed protocol obeys certain green principles and is scalable and cost effective.

A convenient Baker yeast accelerated, one-pot synthesis of pentasubstituted thiopyridines

ABSTRACTHere we report a novel Baker yeast catalyzed one pot cyclocondensation, performed at room temperature in ethanol for obtaining high yields of polyfunctionalized pyridines, 2-amino-4-aryl-3,5-dicyano-6-phenylthiopyridines. The developed protocol obeys certain green principles and is scalable and cost effective.

Breaking new ground

Back in March 2007, during his annual presentation of the government’s economic proposals in Parliament, the then Prime Minister of Barbados, the Rt. Hon Owen Arthur, used these words to launch a comprehensive National Green Economy Policy for Barbados. The policy was designed “to integrate green principles into national economic planning, marrying economic growth with environmental management and preservation.”

Synthesis, characterisation and catalytic activity of 4, 5-imidazoledicarboxylate ligated Co(II) and Cd(II) metal-organic coordination complexes

Two mono nuclear coordination complexes, namely, [Co(4,5-Imdc)2 (H2O)2] (1) and [Cd(4,5-Imdc)2(H2O)3]·H2O (2) were constructed using Co(II) and Cd(II) metal salts with 4,5-Imidazoledicarboxylic acid (4,5-Imdc) as organic ligand. Both 1, 2 were structurally characterized by single crystal XRD and the results reveal that 1 belongs to P21/n space group with unit cell parameters [a = 5.0514(3) Å, b = 22.5786(9) Å, c = 6.5377(3) Å, β = 111.5°] whereas, 2 belongs to P21/c space group with unit cell parameters [a = 6.9116(1) Å, b = 17.4579(2) Å, c = 13.8941(2) Å, β = 97.7°]. While Co(II) in 1 exhibited a six coordination geometry with 4,5-Imdc and water molecules, Cd(II) ion in 2 showed a seven coordination with the same ligand and solvent. In both 1 and 2, the hydrogen bond interactions with mononuclear unit generated 3D-supramolecular structures. Both complexes exhibit solid state fluorescent emission at room temperature. The efficacy of both the complexes as heterogeneous catalysts was examined in the green synthesis of six pyrano[2,3,c]pyrazole derivatives with ethanol as solvent via one-pot reaction between four components, a mixture of aromatic aldehyde, malononitrile, hydrazine hydrate and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. Both 1 and 2 have produced pyrano [2,3,c]pyrazoles in impressive yields (92–98%) at room temperature in short interval of times (<20 min), with no need for any chromatographic separations. With good stability, ease of preparation and recovery plus reusability up to six cycles, both 1 and 2 prove to be excellent environmental friendly catalysts for the value-added organic transformations using green principles.

Study on the Green Construction Technology and Measurement in Villages and Towns of North China

Analysis of existing problems in green construction in villages and towns of North China, combined with the green construction techniques and experience in Shijiatong village demonstration plot, green construction principles and technique measure which apply to the villages and towns of North China are proposed. Suggestions on speeding up green construction technology in North China villages and towns.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Involving Extract of Plants of Different Taxonomic Groups

Silver nanoparticles are being used in numerous technologies and incorporated into a wide array of consumer products that take advantage of their desirable optical, conductive, and antibacterial properties. Silver nanoparticles have attained a special focus due to its antimicrobial property. Conventionally silver nanoparticles are synthesized by chemical method using chemicals as reducing agents which later on become accountable for various biological risks due to their general toxicity; engendering the serious concern to develop environment friendly processes. Thus, to solve the objective; principles of green chemistry have now become a torch for chemical technologist, biotechnologist and nanotechnologist worldwide in developing less hazardous chemicals. The present review explores the synthesis of silver nanoparticles through a natural and single step protocol preparatory method using the different plant products of different texa belonging to different families with green principles over the conventional ones.

Green DRCT

Being a good software testing engineer, one should have the responsibility towards environment sustainability. By using green principles and regulations, we can perform Green Software Testing. In this paper, we present a new approach to enhance Branch Coverage and Modified Condition/Decision Coverage uses concolic testing. We have proposed a novel transformation technique to improve these code coverage metrics. We have named this new transformation method Double Refined Code Transformer (DRCT). Then, using JoulMeter, we compute the power consumption and energy consumption in this testing process. We have developed a tool named Green-DRCT to measure energy consumption while performing the testing process.

Green building rating systems as a design target for public buildings: a case study analysis

Comfort of building's occupants lies at the core of building design targets. In previous researches (Mohamed and Gado 2006; Mohamed, 2009, 2013), the author of this research devised a detailed methodology to aid the integration Green Architecture Principles at the early stages of design. This methodology has been employed in several real-life building projects. This research presents one of these projects as a case study analysis. The methodology employs the environmental assessor 'leadership for environmental and energy design' (LEED) as a design target. Also, several environmental software and tools (Autodesk Ecotect, HTB2, Weather Tool, the Psychometric Chart, Mahoney Tables, the Stereograph Diagram and the Solar Tool) have been employed in the context analysis and to quantify the effectiveness of proposed passive strategies and measures on the environmental performance of the case study. The results confirmed a significant performance enhancement for the case study through applying the proposed passive solutions.

지속가능한 커뮤니티 계획을 위한 디자인샤렛 실행체계 연구 -캐나다 Sensitive Urban Infill Charrette 프로젝트를 중심으로

생태학적 복잡성을 내포한 지속가능한 도시연계 방식은 경제, 사회, 문화, 환경 관련 다양한 문제들과 정책들이 물리적 계획과 연동되어야 한다. 그러나 우리나라에서는 아직도 폐쇄적인 분야별 친환경 계획들의 조합으로 진행된다. 이에 대한 대안인 디자인샤렛은 지속가능한 도시만들기, 즉 융복합적 커뮤니티계획 수법으로 고안되었다. 확산적 논제들을 드러내고 다수의 이해관계자들이 참여와 협업을 통해 통합된 계획안을 제안하는 방식이다. 본 연구는 친환경 '지침' 만들기 측면으로 한정된 우리나라에서 지속가능한 도시만들기 방식의 한계를 인지하고 대안으로서 디자인샤렛을 분석하고 제안하는데 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 2장에서 도입배경, 효용성, 실행절차를 중심으로 디자인샤렛의 정의를 살펴본다. 3장에는 디자인샤렛이 활성화된 캐나다의 관련 프로젝트들을 흥해 내용과 체계, 과정들을 분석하여 특성을 도출한다. 마지막으로는 체계적이고 완성도 있게 진행되었다고 평가되는 브리티시 컬럼비아주 서레이시 센스티브 어반 인필 샤렛을 자세히 분석하여 조직운영, 내용 및 방향, 과정과 결과들의 연결관계인 실행체계를 도출할 것이다. 결국, 본 연구는 한국에 디자인샤렛을 도입하기 위한 기초연구로서 추후 한국형 방식을 개발하는 기준이 된다. Urban design claiming the notion of 'Sustainability', which inevitably includes ecological complexity, is normally geared towards the reflection of environmentally-friendly technical guidelines in the existing planning process. Although physical planning should be combined with economic, social, cultural, environmental issues, and policies, it is conducted conventionally as the sum of the closed sectoral approaches of planning. To overcome this limit, Design Charrette was invented for sustainable urban design or community design, which should consider the complexity of diverse issues. This design process unveils complicated and divergent problems and a variety of stakeholders participate in the integrated design simultaneously and cooperatively. Because Design Charrette must also be a process of agreement, it is used for sustainable community design. The aim of this study was to introduce Design Charrette as an alternative of Korean sustainable urban design, which is regarded as 'making guidelines related to green principles'. For such a purposes, the definition and differentiation of Design Charrette will be explained with an analysis of the introduction background, benefit and procedure. The contents, system and process of Design Charrette will be analyzed through case studies in Canada, where this method of design is widespread. In the last part, the implementation system (the comprehensive system of organization / content and direction of planning / process and output) will be deduced after concentrated analysis of one respected case, 'Sensitive Urban Infill Charrette' of the City of Surrey. This implementation system will be a crucial reference to develop Korean Design Charrette.