Pavo Muticus Research Articles

"Marekʼs Disease in A Peafowl (PavoMuticus); Pathological, Immunohistochemical and Molecular Studies"

Marekʼs disease, a Herpesvirus-induced lymphoproliferative disease, is known to affect chickens and other domesticated and wild birds.One of the five green peafowls (Pavomuticus) in the owner’s collection had already died. The affected bird showed non-specific clinical signs such as depression, weight loss and anorexia. At necropsy, the liver and spleen were observed diffuse enlargement accompanied by several times the normal size with white to gray in color and firm, and the cut surface was smooth. Grossly, the other visceral organs were normal. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination were done for the affected tissues. Diffuse infiltration of the liver and spleen caused loss of normal architecture.

Status and distribution changes of the endangered Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus) in China over the past three decades (1990s\u20122017)

BackgroundUnderstanding the changes in population dynamics, including demographics, distribution and threats, is essential for species status assessing. The endangered Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus) has experienced sharp population declines and distribution range diminishing both in China and Southeast Asia. Field population surveys have not been conducted in China since the 1990s, which hindered conservation planning and decision-making.MethodsWith interview and line transects methods, we figured out the population and distribution changes of Green Peafowl across its historical ranges over the past three decades in China during 2014‒2017.ResultsThe Green Peafowl once habituated in 54 counties in China. Nearly 60% of the distribution counties were lost in the past three decades, with the left 22 counties distributed in central, southern and western Yunnan, SW China. Population decrease detected in all distribution areas except for Shuangbai and Xinping county where more than 60% of the total population is located. Only about 30% of the former bird population were recorded with the same interviewing method as 20 years ago. Three birds, 1 carcass, 6 calls and 12 footprints were detected along the 865 km line transects, indicating extremely low encounter rate of Green Peafowl in field. Sharp decreases in flock sizes were also detected, from 8‒20 birds per flock in the 1990s to 3‒5 birds at present. Poaching and habitat conversion are two widespread and long-lasting threats, while poisoning caused mortality in the past and hydropower construction affect regional population’s survival. Large flocks of 18–27 birds were discovered in the field, which increases our confidence of population recovery of this endangered pheasant in China.ConclusionsOnly interviewed bird number and counts based on line transects were presented in this study, without further population estimation due to limitation of the data sets. Although the actual population of this cryptic bird must be underestimated, dramatic population declines and distribution concentrations of the endangered Green Peafowl occurred over the past 30 years in China undoubtedly.

Wildlife monitoring in Weishan Qinghua Green Peafowl Nature Reserve using infrared cameras, Yunnan Province

Wildlife monitoring in Weishan Qinghua Green Peafowl Nature Reserve using infrared cameras, Yunnan Province

Naturally Occurring Co-infection of Avian Leukosis Virus (subgroups A-E) and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus in Green Peafowls (Pavo muticus)

ABSTRACT Most of the neoplastic diseases affecting poultry have a viral etiology, such as Marek’s disease, avian leukosis/sarcoma and reticuloendotheliosis. In the present paper, histopathology and molecular methods were performed, in addition of necropsy and gross morphology evaluation, for the differential diagnosis of these diseases in two green peafowls (Pavo muticus). The affected birds showed non-specific signs, such as depression, anorexia, and diarrhea. At necropsy, diffuse enlargement by several times the normal size of the liver and the spleen was observed. In one of the birds, the liver presented white to grayish discoloration was present, and focal and nodular growths in the other bird. Grossly, the other visceral organs and the peripheral nerves were normal. Microscopically, most of the tumor cells were large and uniform with pleomorphic nuclei. The PCR analysis for Marek’s disease virus (MDV), avian leukosis virus (ALV), lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV), and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)based on their specific sequences showed the presence of ALV subgroups A-E and REV. According to these results, definitive diagnosis was co-infection of ALV and REV in naturally-infected green peafowls.

English

Hernowo JB. 2017. Determinant factors of the javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus) Linnaeus 1758 habitat in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks, East Java, Indonesia. Trop Drylands 1: 50-56. Baluran National Park (BNP) and Alas Purwo National Park (APNP) are habitats of the natural distribution of the javan green peafowl population. The javan green peafowl chose certain places in BNP and APNP at several habitat types for their local distribution. The habitat types selected by the birds for their distribution in Baluran were savanna, beach forest, and monsoon forest. Meanwhile, in Alas Purwo, the peafowl birds were distributed at grazing area and intercropping teak plantations. The habitat types selected by the javan green peafowl in BNP and APNP were those that are comfort and save for the birds’ living. The present research aimed to obtain data and information on determinant factors of habitat influence on the presence of the bird at the habitat types. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to analyze determinant factors of habitat component. The results showed that the determinant factors of the javan green peafowl habitat in BNP were the density of shelter, the density of food, the number of roost tree and the height of roost tree. Meanwhile, in APNP, the determinant habitat factors were the number of roost tree, the height of roost tree, and the number of continuously available water.

Micro-habitat selection and population recovery of the Endangered Green Peafowl Pavo muticus in western Thailand: implications for conservation guidance

SummaryThe endangered Green Peafowl Pavo muticus is one of the most threatened vertebrate species in South-East Asia and has undergone a rapid decline in both distribution and population density. The remaining populations are mostly limited to protected areas where an understanding of their ecological requirements is required to ensure that conservation management is effective. To clarify this, we investigated their population status and ecological requirements in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, western Thailand. Line transect surveys across five sections of the Sanctuary revealed variation in population density, apparently linked to recent levels of human activity and management. Comparison of encounter rates along transects with those recorded in similar surveys conducted 21 years previously showed an increase in numbers in most of the peripheral areas of the sanctuary whilst numbers in the core area have remained stable. Using camera trapping and radio tracking to investigate habitat selection all year round, our results showed that the Green Peafowl preferred areas with an open understorey but a high percentage cover of ground vegetation. During the breeding season they preferred to cluster near streams to establish a display site, whilst in the non-breeding season they ranged more widely but still preferred areas of open understorey and high ground cover. We present some evidence of temporary avoidance of areas recently frequented by large predators (tiger and common leopard). Our results suggest that increased patrols to control hunting help to allow Green Peafowl populations to recover. We suggest that measures that allow recovery of populations of species such as Green Peafowl will ultimately enhance large predator conservation through increasing their prey base.

Abundance estimates for the endangered Green PeafowlPavo muticusin Cambodia: identification of a globally important site for conservation

SummaryThe catastrophic decline of the endangered Green peafowlPavo muticusacross its former range is well known, yet there are only a handful of reliable population estimates for this species from its remaining range, making global assessment challenging. We present the first rigorous population estimates for this species from Cambodia, and model the distribution and the relationships between this species and several environmental covariates from the Core Zone (187,900 ha) of Seima Protection Forest (SPF), eastern Cambodia. Using distance sampling the abundance of Green Peafowl in SPF in 2014 is estimated to be 541 (95% CI [252, 1160]). Density surface modelling was used to predict distribution and relative abundance within the study area, and there was some evidence that the species prefers areas of deciduous forest, non-forest, and to a lesser extent semi-evergreen forest. These results highlight the importance of the central and northern sections of SPF for this species. Furthermore, the analysis suggested that Green Peafowl abundance is higher in closer proximity to water, yet decreases in closer proximity to human settlement.

Ultrastructure of Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788) (Nematoda: Ascaridida) from the endangered green peafowl Pavo muticus Linnaeus (Galliformes: Phasianidae).

Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788) is a common parasite of various galliform birds worldwide. Although A. galli has been extensively studied by many author, knowledge of the morphology of this species in detail is still insufficient. In the present paper, the detailed morphology of A. galli was further studied using light and scanning electron microscopy, based on specimens collected from the endangered green peafowl Pavo muticus Linnaeus (Galliformes: Phasianidae) in China. The results revealed some erroneous and previously unreported morphological features, including the lips lacking real denticles, the lateral alae beginning at some distance posterior to the base of the ventrolateral lips and the caudal papillae with 4 different morphotypes. The present morphological and morphometric data complement previous descriptions and enable us to recognize this species more precisely.

Phylogenetic and pathogenic analysis of a novel H6N2 avian influenza virus isolated from a green peafowl in a wildlife park.

H6 subtype avian influenza virus, which has been circulating among different species, causes considerable concern for both veterinary medicine and public health. We isolated a strain of H6N2 avian influenza virus from healthy green peafowl (Pavo muticus) in Qinghuangdao Wildlife Park in Hebei Province, China, in 2012. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolated H6N2 strain had the same gene constellation as southern China strains, which were predominantly isolated from waterfowl distributed in Shantou, Guangxi, and Hunan in 2001-2010. The isolate showed no and low pathogenicity in chickens and ducks, respectively. However, it replicated efficiently in the lungs and turbinate of infected mice, resulting in thickened alveolar septa and moderate interstitial pneumonia. This finding raises concerns that the H6N2 subtype maybe evolve into a novel endemic avian influenza virus. Therefore, periodical surveillance of avian influenza viruses must be undertaken to monitor the advent of novel viruses.

Change in status of green peafowl Pavo muticus (Family Phasianidae) in Southcentral Vietnam: A comparison over 15 years

Biodiversity declines in Southeast Asia have led to predictions that many vertebrate species will become extinct within 50 years. Examples of quantified deterioration in species status remain scarce, however. The Southeast Asian geographical range of the Endangered Green peafowl is still contracting due to hunting pressure and habitat disturbance. In Vietnam, the main population lies in the southcentral region with a relatively high density reported in 1998. The aim of this study was to assess the species’ current status in Yok Don and Cat Tien National Parks, which are thought to contain the most important Vietnamese populations. We used line and point transects to investigate the density and analyze habitat selection and effects of human activity. The Yok Don population has decreased sharply during the past 15 years, while in Cat Tien, the estimated density was higher. Animals were most numerous close to water sources and lowest where cattle numbers were highest and ground vegetation cover absent. Here we document a significant negative population change in a previously widespread vertebrate species. Although comparisons of population data over long periods are rare, we demonstrate that taking advantage of opportunities to resurvey species can quantify population declines.

Phylogenetic analysis of a novel H6N6 avian influenza virus isolated from a green peafowl in China and its pathogenic potential in mice

To explore the ecology of the H6 subtype avian influenza viruses in Hebei Province, China, a long-term surveillance was conducted in 2012 among domestic poultry and birds in a wildlife park. In this study, we report the characterization of a novel H6N6 avian influenza virus isolated from a healthy green peafowl in Qinghuangdao Wildlife Park in 2012. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolated H6N6 strain has the same gene constellation as the ST3367-like strains, which are mainly distributed in southern and eastern China. A mouse experiment showed that the isolate replicated efficiently in the lungs and turbinates of infected mice without previous adaptation, resulting in locally thickened alveolar septa and interstitial pneumonia. Further studies of the H6 subtype viruses are required to clarify their evolutionary pattern in north China, which will benefit disease control and pandemic preparedness for novel viruses.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), with phylogenetic analysis in phasianidae

Pavo cristatus, known as the Indian peafowl, is endemic to India and Sri Lanka and has been domesticated for its ornamental and food value. However, its phylogenetic status is still debated. Here, to clarify the phylogenetic status of P. cristatus within Phasianidae, we analyzed its mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome was determined using 34 pairs of primers. Our data show that the mtDNA genome of P. cristatus is 16,686 bp in length. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of P. cristatus was performed along with 22 complete mtDNA genomes belonging to other species in Phasianidae using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods, where Aythya americana and Anas platyrhynchos were used as outgroups. Our results show that P. critatus has its closest genetic affinity with Pavo muticus and belongs to clade that contains Gallus, Bambusicola and Francolinus.

First report of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in peafowls in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China

BackgroundToxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite infecting almost all warm-blooded animals, including birds, with a worldwide distribution. Surveys of T. gondii infection in wild birds have been reported extensively in the world, but little is known of T. gondii infection in peafowls worldwide. This study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in peafowls in Yunnan Province, southwestern China.MethodsSera from 277 peafowls, including 272 blue peafowls (Pavo cristatus) and 5 green peafowls (Pavo muticus) originated from two geographic areas in Yunnan Province were assayed for T. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (MAT).ResultsSpecific T. gondii antibodies were detected in 35 of 277 (12.64%) peafowls (MAT titer ≥ 1:5). Seropositive birds were found in both species, 33 in 272 blue peafowls and 2 in 5 green peafowls. There was no significant difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between the adolescent birds (6.74%) and the adult birds (6.67%) (P > 0.05). The geographical origins of peafowls was found to be highly associated with T. gondii infection in the present study, a statistically significant difference in T. gondii seropositivity was observed between peafowls from Kunming (31.08%) and those from Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture (5.91%) (OR = 10.956, 95% CI = 1.632-73.545, P = 0.014). Statistical analyses showed that there were no significant interactions between ages and geographical origins of peafowls (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe results of the present survey indicated that infection of peafowls with T. gondii is widespread in Yunnan Province, which has significant public health concerns and implications for prevention and control of toxoplamosis in this province. To our knowledge, this is the first seroprevalence report of T. gondii infection in China’s southwestern Yunnan Province.

Species composition of birds from the Cat Tien national park, Dong Nai province

A total of 348 bird species belonging to 64 families, 18 orders were recorded in the Cat Tien national park, Dong Nai province. The Passeriformes order is the most divers order with 27 families (42.19% of the order number of this park), 169 species (48.56%). Among 348 bird species recorded in the Cattien national park, 29 species are listed in the Governmental Decree No 48/2002/ND-CP (2002), 22 species in the Red Data Book of Vietnam (2000) and 16 species in the IUCN Red List (2003); 4 species are endemic of Vietnam. The individual numbers of several threatened species (E.g. Polyplectron germaini Elliot, 1866; Arborophila charltoni Delacour, 1927; Arborophila davidi Delacour, 1927; Pavo muticus Delacour, 1949; Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783)...) are still abundant; especially, the orange-necked partridge (Arborophila davidi Delacour, 1927), an endemic species of Vietnam, just now is recorded only in the Cat Tien national park.

Behavior Ecology of the Javan Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus Linnaeus 1758) in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Park, East Java

The javan green peafowl ( Pavo muticus muticus ) is a endangered bird species. They have big pressure to the population and the habitat. The fact that the birds are still exist on their local distribution. Behavior ecology of javan green peafowl is dealing with activities, mechanism and strategies of the birds in relation to their environment. The aimed of the study is to obtain data and information of ecological adaptation strategies through the behavior activities, mechanism and strategies of javan green peafowl in-relation to their habitat types. Ad libitum sampling method was used on continuous recording every peafowl activities in relation with duration, frequencies mechanism and strategy were influenced by habitat type's condition. Chi-squre test was used for statistical analysis to know different behavior has influenced by habitat types. The result shown that the javan green peafowl habitat typse has significant influenced on duration of the activities but not at the activities pattern. The walking during the feeding. select shading places or luxuriant trees close to feeding site, choosing tall trees or emergent trees close to open area as roost site, open area also road as display or dancing area, open area which grow shrubs as nesting site are javan green peafowl ecological behavior strategies. The mechanism and strategies of javan green peafowl behavior ecology are related to avoid from disturbance and to adapt their habitat type's conditions.

Population analysis of the javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus Linnaeus 1758) in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks, East Java

Hernowo JB, Alikodra HS, Mardiastuti A, Kusmana C (2011) Population analysis of the javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus Linnaeus 1758) in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks, East Java. Biodiversitas 12: 99-106. The javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus) have high pressure to the population and the habitat. The distribution of the bird at Java Island is clumped randomly at several types in condition of fragmented and isolated habitat and it has small individual number every unit population. Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks are one of distribution javan green peafowl; it was chosen for study on the population analysis. The research was aimed to gain data and information on demographic population of javan green peafowl. The individual number of the bird was countedby call count transect method and councentration count. The population demographic parameter (individual number, age structure and sex ratio) of javan green peafowl was analyzed. The result shown that individual number of the javan green peafowl at Baluran National Park (BNP) was 69.1 birds (in 2006) and 70.5 birds (in 2007) not much differ, but it compared with the observation in1995 approximately was 117.7 birds had significant different. The green peafowl population at BNP declined around 47.50% during 12 years. Meanwhile the population at Alas Purwo National Park (APNP) was 80.7 birds (in 2006) and 73.5 birds (in 2007), if compared to observation in 1998 only 43 birds and in 2006 was 80.0 birds, the population grow up 86.05% during 8 years. The age structure of population indicated that both population (BNP and APNP) tend to unbalance pyramidal, where adult birds more abundance than sub adult or juvenile. The birds sex ratio at both (APNP and BNP) indicated that the peafowl life in polygyny system 1 male: 4 female > 1 male: 2.5 female.

Electrocardiogram analysis of the normal unanesthetized green peafowl (Pavo muticus)

The aim of this study was to describe normal electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns and values in unanesthetized green peafowl (Pavo muticus). The standard bipolar and augmented unipolar limb leads ECGs were recorded in the birds. The waveforms were analyzed in all leads at 50 mm/sec and at 10 mm = 1 mV to determine P, PR (segment and interval), QRS, ST, QT durations, P, net QRS complex and T amplitudes. The polarity of each waveform was tabulated in all leads. The mean electrical axis (MEA) for the frontal plane was calculated using leads II and III. The mean heart rates were calculated from lead II that was 257.5 ± 5.33 beats/min. The P wave was dominantly positive in all leads. The dominant pattern of waveforms of the QRS complexes were QS in leads II, III, and aVF. In leads I, aVR and aVL, the R pattern was dominant. The T wave was almost positive in leads I, II, and aVF. The average value of the heart MEA was -96.75 ± 3.31°. Description of normal ECG parameters will facilitate a better realizing of ECG changes of unhealthy green peafowls.

SEBARAN TUMBUHAN BAWAH PADA TUMBUHAN Acacia nilotica (L) Willd. ex Del. DI SAVANA BEKOL TAMAN NASIONAL BALURAN

Bekol savannah is places of reproduction for banteng (Bos javanicus d` Alton), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L), large deer (Cervus timorensis) and green peafowl (Pavo mutiacus) and for conservation of species, habitat and genetic. In sector recreation and tourism, Bekol Savannah is object for eco-tourism, that is very attractive for local tourist or foreign and to see biodiversity of flora and fauna. Set of problems are wildlife population very low result presence Acacia nilotica (L) Willd. ex Del in savannah. This plant competitive with wildlife feeding grasslands result to descent plant diversity and biomass. The conclusion of the grassland dispersal at plant of A. nilotica (L) Willd. ex Del. in Bekol savannah Baluran National Park are: (1) The grassland dispersal at plant of A. nilotica (L) Willd. ex. Del.plot 1×1 m2 have 24 species`s with importance value of wildlife feeding grasslands = 40.49%, (2). The grassland dispersal at plant of A. nilotica (L) Willd. ex Del.plot 1x1 m2 (distance of plots 1 m from center point of stem) have 27 species`s with importance value of wildlife feeding = 29.30% and (3). Productivity wildlife feeding grasslands only of to fill 8.93% from wildlife in savannah if be found plant of A. nilotica (L) Willd. ex Del.

The status and conservation of Galliformes in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam

Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam form a diverse and important region for the order Galliformes with at least 21 species, comprising 10 pheasants, seven partridges, three quails and one francolin. Several are endemic to the region and several are considered globally threatened. Information was collated for each species on the Indochinese range, habitat use and conservation status. This information was used to determine gross patterns in conservation requirements, prioritised partly through the global importance of the Indochinese population. The galliform species at most immediate risk in Indochina is probably Green Peafowl, through heavy hunting exacerbated by increasing human access to former wildernesses. The endemic Edwards’s Pheasant also merits specific conservation attention. Other forest species occur widely throughout surviving habitat, which remains landscape-scale despite serious losses in recent decades. Non-forest species, notably three quails (none endemic) remain very poorly known and threat levels cannot be assessed. For galliform conservation in Indochina by far the most important action is turning the existing declared protected areas networks into functional reality conserving a multitude of landscapes, each of hundreds of square kilometres, across the region. Past assessments of threat level to Indochinese forest Galliformes have been alarmist: many species are persisting in heavily-hunted fragments of the 10–50 sq. km size class, where many other forest vertebrates have been extirpated.

Foraging sites selection of green peafowl (Pavo muticus imperator) in dif-ferent seasons in Shiyangjiang Valley of upper Yuanjiang drainage, Yun-nan

Foraging sites selection of green peafowl (<i>Pavo muticus imperator</i>) in dif-ferent seasons in Shiyangjiang Valley of upper Yuanjiang drainage, Yun-nan