Green Nanoparticles Research Articles

Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using red spinach leaf extract (Amaranthus Tricolor L.) for photocatalytic of methylene blue degradation

ABSTRACT Textile industry waste such as methylene blue can pose a serious threat to health and ecosystems. One solution to overcome this problem is to utilize photocatalytic technology using TiO2 semiconductors. This research aims to make green synthetic TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) using red spinach (Amaranthus Tricolor L.) leaf extract and used for photodegradation of methylene blue. Extraction of red spinach leaves showed that 30 min and a temperature of 95°C showed the highest phenolic content. In this research, several phenolic compounds were also identified in red spinach extract. For TiO2 NPs, the X-ray diffraction results show that TiO2 has a pure anatase phase. Electron microscope results show that TiO2 has the shape of agglomerated spherical clusters. The particle size distribution shows that TiO2 has an average size range of 77–90 nm. The methylene blue photodegradation showed that TiO2 had an efficiency of 90.36% for 180 min, higher than commercial TiO2 Evonic. This result can be attributed to the small particle size and broadband spectra so that photocatalysis is more effective.

Combination therapy of cisplatin and green silver nanoparticles enhances cytotoxicity and apoptosis in breast cancer cells

Cisplatin is one of the first-line drugs for the treatment of breast cancer and is known for its ability to disrupt cancer cell DNA. However, cisplatin chemotherapy carries side effects and the risk of drug resistance. A strategy to improve its anti-cancer efficacy while reducing its negative effects on health is to leverage the synergistic potential of natural molecules with cisplatin. In this study, we explored combination therapy using cisplatin along with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to enhance apoptosis induction in MCF-7 breast cancer cells while reducing cisplatin resistance. The biosynthesized Ag NPs, derived from Acacia Luciana flower extracts, possess active molecules that effectively inhibit MCF-7 cells. Concurrent administration of cisplatin and Ag NPs resulted in a notable decrease in the IC50 value – approximately 22 – 26 times lower compared to individual treatments of free Ag NPs and cisplatin, respectively. Furthermore, the combination therapy significantly increased the BAK1/BCLX ratio by 162-fold compared to the control, while the cisplatin alone failed to activate intrinsic apoptosis pathway. In addition, the expression level of the CASP3 gene, indicative of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, increased approximately 273 times compared to free cisplatin (CASP3 expression = 3.5). Notably, the combination therapy also reduced the expression of the AKT1 gene, associated with cell survival and treatment resistance, when compared to free cisplatin (1.87 vs. 4.488). In conclusion, our findings proved that combination therapy effectively enhances apoptosis induction by cisplatin while reducing drug resistance.

Innovative optimization for maximum magnetic nanoparticles production by Trichoderma asperellum with evaluation of their antibacterial activity, and application in sustainable dye decolorization

A pioneer microbial-based synthesis of various nanoparticles is gaining more attention due to their potent applications in various industries. The magnetic nanoparticles (M-nps) were fabricated for the first-time using the cell free extract of Trichoderma asperellum. The M-nps bioprocess optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network.The bioprocess was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by pH, stirring speed, and incubation period. The M-nps displayed a strong antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus were respectively found to be 25.0, 6.25, and 3.125 µg/ml. While the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 25.0, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/ml. The highest inhibition zone of 22 mm was recorded for B. subtilis at 80 µg/ml with MIC and MBC of 3.125 µg/ml. The sodium alginate/M-nps microbeads was successfully prepared without any crosslinkers. The microbeads exhibited the highest adsorptive efficiency (84.32%) for malachite green at pH 8.0, dose 0.1 g, and time 60 min. The experimental data were superlative fitted to Langmuir’s isotherm, hinting monolayer adsorption of MG molecules with 117.65 mg g‐−1 adsorptive capacity. The regenerated beads continued up-to six consecutive cycles and maintained more than 90%, indicating the multiple time use of the prepared material. Hence, the green magnetic nanoparticles display promising application in combating bacterial pathogens. The magnetic microbeads can be employed as an alternative eco-friendly, highly efficient, sustainable, and low-cost biosorbent in removing contaminants from wastewater.

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles of Terminalia bellirica leaves extract: synthesis, characterization, in-silico studies, and antimalarial activity

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Most of the available medication are losing their efficacy. Therefore, it is crucial to create fresh leads to combat malaria. Green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have recently attracted a lot of attention in biomedical research. As a result, green mediated AgNPs from leaves of Terminalia bellirica, a medicinal plant with purported antimalarial effects, were used in this investigation. Initially, cysteine-rich proteins from Plasmodium species were studied in silico as potential therapeutic targets. With docking scores between −9.93 and −11.25 kcal/mol, four leaf constituents of Terminalia bellirica were identified. The green mediated silver nanoparticles were afterward produced using leaf extract and were further examined using UV-vis spectrophotometer, DLS, Zeta potential, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM. The size of synthesized TBL-AgNPs was validated by the FESEM results; the average size of TBL-AgNPs was around 44.05 nm. The zeta potential study also supported green mediated AgNPs stability. Additionally, Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) cultures were used to assess the antimalarial efficacy, and green mediated AgNPs could effectively inhibit the parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs). In conclusion, this novel class of AgNPs may be used as a potential therapeutic replacement for the treatment of malaria.

Green nanoparticles as a Novel application of nanotechnology in medicine: study of zinc, copper and magnesium nanoparticles

Green nanoparticles as a Novel application of nanotechnology in medicine: study of zinc, copper and magnesium nanoparticles

Designing Green Synthesis-Based Silver Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Theranostics and Cancer Invasion Prevention.

Researchers are increasingly favouring the use of biological resources in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. This synthesis process is quick and affordable. The current study examined the antibacterial and anticancer effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the Neurada procumbens plant. Biomolecules derived from natural sources can be used to coat AgNPs to make them biocompatible. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to verify the synthesis of AgNPs from Neurada procumbens plant extract, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize their morphology, crystalline structure, stability, and coating. UV-visible spectrum of AgNPs shows an absorption peak at 422 nm, indicating the isotropic nature of these nanoparticles. As a result of the emergence of a transmission peak at 804.53 and 615.95 cm-1 in the spectrum of the infrared light emitted by atoms in a sample, FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that the Ag stretching vibration mode is metal-oxygen (M-O). Electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectral analysis shows that elementary silver has a peak at 3 keV. Irradiating the silver surface with electrons, photons, or laser beams triggers the illumination. The emission peak locations have been found between 300 and 550 nm. As a result of DLS analysis, suspended particles showed a bimodal size distribution, with their Z-average particle size being 93.38 nm. The findings showed that the antibacterial action of AgNPs was substantially (p≤0.05) more evident against Gramme-positive strains (S. aureus and B. cereus) than E. coli. The biosynthesis of AgNPs is an environmentally friendly method for making nanostructures that have antimicrobial and anticancer properties.

Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles with Green Tea for Inhibition of β-Amyloid Fibrillation Coupled with Ligands Analysis.

Inhibition of amyloid β protein fragment (Aβ) aggregation is considered to be one of the most effective strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been found to be effective in this regard; however, owing to its low bioavailability, nanodelivery is recommended for practical applications. Compared to chemical reduction methods, biosynthesis avoids possible biotoxicity and cumbersome preparation processes. The interaction between EGCG and Aβ42 was simulated by molecular docking, and green tea-conjugated gold nanoparticles (GT-Au NPs) and EGCG-Au NPs were synthesized using EGCG-enriched green tea and EGCG solutions, respectively. Surface active molecules of the particles were identified and analyzed using various liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry methods. ThT fluorescence assay, circular dichroism, and TEM were used to investigate the effect of synthesized particles on the inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation. EGCG as well as apigenin, quercetin, baicalin, and glutathione were identified as capping ligands stabilized on the surface of GT-Au NPs. They more or less inhibited Aβ42 aggregation or promoted fibril disaggregation, with EGCG being the most effective, which bound to Aβ42 through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, etc. resulting in 39.86% and 88.50% inhibition of aggregation and disaggregation effects, respectively. EGCG-Au NPs were not as effective as free EGCG, whereas multiple thiols and polyphenols in green tea accelerated and optimized heavy metal detoxification. The synthesized GT-Au NPs conferred the efficacy of diverse ligands to the particles, with inhibition of aggregation and disaggregation effects of 54.69% and 88.75%, respectively, while increasing the yield, enhancing water solubility, and decreasing cost. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using green tea is a promising simple and economical drug-carrying approach to confer multiple pharmacophore molecules to Au NPs. This could be used to design new drug candidates to treat Alzheimer's disease.

Green Synthesis Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Utilizing Ari (Pithecellobium jiringa) Skin Waster Extract as a Bioreductor

Green Synthesis Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Utilizing Ari (Pithecellobium jiringa) Skin Waster Extract as a Bioreductor

A Novel Study on Antioxidant Activity and Catalytic Reduction of Methylene Blue using ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized via the Middle Part of Walnut Shell (Juglans regia) Extract

Abstract: The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and TEM analysis. The catalytic activity of the prepared green catalyst ZnO nanoparticles was also investigated in the dye methylene blue (MB) decomposition. The catalytic decomposition reaction completed within 20 minutes, demonstrating the excellent catalytic properties of ZnO nanoparticles in reducing MB. This research describes the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using an extract of the middle part of a walnut shell (Juglans regia). The antioxidant activities (radical capture capacity) of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay at different ZnO nanoparticle concentrations, and the radical capture activity was achieved at IC50 = 146.32 μg / mL. The radical capture activity was achieved at IC50 = 146.32 μg / mL. The biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was caused by hydroxide precipitation at room temperature after calcination at 450°C.

Nanoparticles (MgO) utilising Justicia adhatoda and an evaluation of their antimicrobial properties

Researchers are using safer green synthesis methods to make nanoparticles. Industry uses green synthetic methods more than physicochemical methods. Green MgO nanoparticle production is environmentally friendly, non-toxic, stable, and offers many nanoscale production options. Green synthesis methods can produce large amounts of nanoparticles, but there are still challenges. The biological extracts during synthesis prevent reaction mechanisms from being understood. Justicia adhatoda plant leaves were employed as a natural ligation agent to generate magnesium oxide nanoparticles. The functional group analysis was done with Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy. The green synthesized magnesium oxide NPs were crystalline and spherical, as shown by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Analytical investigations determined that particles are 22.96 nm in size. The antimicrobial studies were carried for the Justicia adhatoda MgO nanoparticles against few gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The binding effect was greater at higher concentrations than the control Gentamicin.

TiO2 nanoparticles as reusable catalysts for the efficient synthesis of 2, 4, 5-trisubstituted-1H-imidazoles

A simple, highly efficient and eco-friendly protocol for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted-1H-imidazoles via one-pot three component condensation of benzil, aldehydes and ammonium acetate under solvent-free conditions has been achieved utilizing TiO2. The applicability of this procedure was investigated further in relation to the synthesis of fused imidazoles that exhibit structural versatility. The remarkable features of this methodology are excellent yields in shorter reaction times, cleaner reaction profile, and environmentally benign nature, use of non-toxic, readily synthesizable, inexpensive and recyclable catalyst. The titled compounds can be confirmed advanced spectroscopic evaluation by 1HNMR, 13CNMR and LCMS. The synthesis of green nanoparticles utilizing green protocols is a very good, safe, effective, and environmentally friendly technique in Nano science research. These are employed in many scientific fields. These are used in the catalysis

Green nanoparticles for advanced corrosion protection: Current perspectives and future prospects

The article discusses the function of green nanoparticles in preventing corrosion of different alloys such as copper, zinc, steel, and aluminium alloys. Green nanoparticles are characterized by their environmentally friendly and sustainable production methods, which emphasize using natural materials. Environmental issues have long been linked to traditional corrosion inhibitors, which has led to a shift towards more environmentally friendly alternatives. A potential remedy for these issues is the use of green nanoparticles, which are derived from renewable and biodegradable resources. Green nanoparticles support sustainability goals and have strong corrosion inhibition properties. Their combined role makes them essential players in a future where environmental awareness and material safety coexist. The review envisages a significant paradigm shift in critical industrial contexts, which calls for a robust and ecologically friendly approach to corrosion prevention. Green nanoparticles can potentially transform the field of materials protection entirely, and their investigation as corrosion inhibitors opens up new directions for study and development. In conclusion, this review highlights the crucial role of these nanoparticles in creating a sustainable future where creative solutions will enhance industrial productivity and environmental well-being. Finally, the prospects and difficulties of sustainably applying green nanoparticles to corrosion inhibition have also been explored.

Influence of green chemicals, biopolymers, and nanoparticles on torque and drag forces during drilling activity

Influence of green chemicals, biopolymers, and nanoparticles on torque and drag forces during drilling activity

Investigation of calcite flotation by green natural hydrophobic talc nanoparticles as collectors, and the adverse influence of nanoparticle aggregates

Hydrophobic talc nanoparticles (T-NPs) were used as natural solid collectors to study calcite flotation in a modified Hallimond flotation tube to optimize process conditions. The results demonstrated that the calcite surface hydrophobicity and resulting floatability significantly changed with variations in the concentration of T-NPs. It was found that by increasing T-NPs amount in the range of 0.4–1.2 kg/ton, calcite flotation recovery increased. Experiments results also revealed that by increasing T-NPs concentration over 1.2 kg/ton, flotation recovery drastically decreased, which was an indication of the formation of suspended T-NPs aggregates, because of their great tendency to aggregate due to agitation. Owing to greater hydrophobicity and floatation kinetic rate of suspended aggregates than calcite surface that covered by T-NPs, they attaching to bubbles quickly and easily, thereby they will have an adverse influence on calcite floatability. Therefore, 1.2 kg/ton of T-NPs was the optimum concentration of nano collector for process recovery. The results of this study clearly showed the promising potential of natural nano particles as an environment friendly collector in froth flotation.

Assessment of the antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles-based Artemisia annua against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected lung tissues in albino rats

The production of alternative and effective medicines is crucial given that antibiotic resistance is currently a global health concern. Several biochemical identification tests were used to screen for Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Analysis of Artemisia annua extract was performed using a trace GC‒mass spectrometer, which revealed that the A. annua extract contains numerous compounds, such as artemisinins, palmitic acid and other vital essential compounds that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The isolate st.8 was resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins; furthermore, MALDI-TOF/MS Biotyper® identified it as methicillin-resistant S. aureus with confidence value 99.9% of mass spectrum compared with reference spectra. The synthesis of green silver nanoparticles based on A. annua as a reducing agent was confirmed via partial characterizations: (HR-TEM), (XRD), (SEM), (EDX) and (FTIR) analysis. The significant of antibacterial activity of the new green material (AgNPs) was achieved by determining the agar well diffusion assay. Furthermore, compared with those in the Staphylococcus-infected group, a significant decrease in hematological parameters was observed, with an increase in antioxidant biomarkers, a decrease in interstitial tissue thickening by inflammatory cells, and a weak positive immune reaction in a few cells (TNF-α and iNOS) in rats. Overall, this study is a promising step toward the development of new and effective strategies for combating MRSA infections.

Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity

Abstract The synthesis of the nanomaterial is crucial for its characteristics, as well as physiological features. Green nanoparticle production, which reduces metal ions using natural extracts rather than industrial chemical agents, has been created to lower costs, minimize pollution, and improve environmental and human health safety. An aqueous and methanolic extract of a combination of Citrus sinensis and Citrus limetta peel was utilized for the green synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles. UV–Visible, Fourier-transform Infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning of electron microscopy (SEM) and other techniques were employed to describe the prepared cobalt nanoparticles. The crystal structure of cobalt nanoparticles was revealed by XRD study. The SEM images of the cobalt nanoparticles revealed the usual subdivision dimensions of 20–30 nm. Using the well diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of the crude extract derived from the combination of the two plants mentioned above and the biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles was assessed. The result showed that the crude extract and cobalt nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity and cobalt nanoparticles exhibited much higher activity than the crude extract. Overall, these findings revealed that formulated cobalt nanoparticle treatment considerably prevented the development of different micro-organisms.

One-Pot Synthesis Green Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles immobilized on Activated Carbon derived from Pineapple Peel for Adsorption of Pb(II)

One-Pot Synthesis Green Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles immobilized on Activated Carbon derived from Pineapple Peel for Adsorption of Pb(II)

A study on the oxidative property using thermogravimetric analysis of NiO nanoparticles prepared by a simple wet chemical method

Nanosized NiO particles were synthesised by chemical co-precipitation technique and the particle has been characterized morphologically, elementally, structurally and thermally using High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). A green precipitated Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles (NiO NPs) was prepared and the size of the particle was found to be 45 nm and the presence of Ni and O elements were confirmed using the elemental analytic tools like EDX and FTIR in which the existence of water molecules was confirmed from the absorption spectrum. The generated sample's crystal structure was face-centered cubic, and Scherer's equation was used to compute its size, which was found to be 43 nm. Crystal characteristics including crystal parameters (a), interatomic distance (dh,k,l), atomic radius (r) and cell volume (Vc) were also calculated. The weight loss observed from TGA curve signifies the oxidative property of NiO NPs and there is a steady increase in the weight difference versus time difference. The calcination temperature of NiO was determined to be 700⁰C via analysis at the TGA curve's peaks. The activation energy (Ea) was determined using Coats-Redfern method by solving the slope of the graph between log[−log(1−α)T2] and 1000T. With respect to its highly effective capacity, which can be seen when treating with an increase in temperature, NiO may be used as an oxidising and reducing agent in oxidation and reduction processes.

The efficacy of green silica nanoparticles synthesized from rice straw in the management of Callosobruchus maculatus (Col., Bruchidae).

Rice straw, a byproduct of harvesting rice, must be disposed of by farmers in a variety of ways, including burning, which is hazardous for the environment. To address this issue, the straw needs to be utilized and turned into valuable products. One such product is nano-silica (SNPs), which will be synthesized and investigated in our study as a safe alternative to chemical insecticides. Rice straw-derived SNPs were synthesized using the Sol-Gel method. The contact toxicity of SNPs on Callosobruchus maculatus, a major pest of cowpea seeds, has been assessed. The size of synthesized SNPs was determined by transmission electron microscopy to be ~ 4 nm. The SNPs estimated LC50 on C. maculatus adults was 88.170 ppm after 48h exposure. By raising the tested concentration, SNPs treatment increased the mortality%, which reached 100% at 200 ppm exposures. Additionally, SNPs at LC50 treatment decreased adult longevity and the average number of emerged adults. The findings also verified that SNPs had no phytotoxic effects on the cowpea seeds germination. Rather, their application improved seed germination efficacy. This study proposed that rice straw can be utilized to manufacture highly efficient SNPs which can be efficiently employed to preserve stored grains from C. maculatus infestation.

Breaking Barriers in Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Plant-Mediated Metal/Metal Oxide/Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Antibacterial, Anticancer, Mechanism Elucidation, and Versatile Utilizations

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field in pharmaceutical research, involving producing unique nanoscale materials with sizes up to 100 nm via physiochemical and biological approaches. Nowadays more emphasis has been given to eco-friendly techniques for developing nanomaterials to enhance their biological applications and minimize health and environmental risks. With the help of green nanotechnology, a wide range of green metal, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles with distinct chemical compositions, sizes, and morphologies have been manufactured which are safe, economical, and environment friendly. Due to their biocompatibility and vast potential in biomedical (antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, analgesic, anticoagulant, biofilm inhibitory activity) and in other fields such as (nanofertilizers, fermentative, food, and bioethanol production, construction field), green metal nanoparticles have garnered significant interest worldwide. The metal precursors combined with natural extracts such as plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria to get potent novel metal, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles such as Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Zr, Zn, Ni, Pt, Mg, Ti, Pd, Cd, Bi2O3, CeO2, Co3O4, CoFe2O4, CuO, Fe2O3, MgO, NiO, TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, Ag-Au, Ag-Cr, Ag-Cu, Ag-Zn, Ag-CeO2, Ag-CuO, Ag-SeO2, Ag-TiO2, Ag-ZnO, Cu-Ag, Cu-Mg, Cu-Ni, Pd-Pt, Pt-Ag, ZnO-CuO, ZnO-SeO, ZnO-Se, Se-Zr, and Co-Bi2O3. These plant-mediated green nanoparticles possess excellent antibacterial and anticancer activity when tested against several microorganisms and cancer cell lines. Plants contain essential phytoconstituents (polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) compared to other natural sources (bacteria, fungi, and algae) in higher concentration that play a vital role in the development of green metal, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles because these plant-phytoconstituents act as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent and helps in the development of green nanoparticles. After concluding all these findings, this review has been designed for the first time in such a way that it imparts satisfactory knowledge about the antibacterial and anticancer activity of plant-mediated green metal, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles together, along with antibacterial and anticancer mechanisms. Additionally, it provides information about characterization techniques (UV–vis, FT-IR, DLS, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, AFM) employed for plant-mediated nanoparticles, biomedical applications, and their role in other industries. Hence, this review provides information about the antibacterial and anticancer activity of various types of plant-mediated green metal, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles and their versatile application in diverse fields which is not covered in other pieces of literature.