Green Mussel Research Articles

Hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents for marine lipid extraction

Abstract‘Type V' natural deep eutectic solvents (TV NADES) are a novel class of solvent media with many potential ‘green chemistry’ applications. Here, we assess the potential of two TV NADES: menthol:carvacrol (M:C) and menthol:thymol (M:T), and a single terpenoid extraction media carvacrol (C), as media from total lipid extraction of three compositionally diverse, freeze‐dried marine tissues: hoki (Macruronus novaezelandaiae), jack mackerel (Trachurus declivis) and green‐lipped mussel (kuku, Perna canaliculus). Room temperature extraction yields into these media were benchmarked relative to lipid yields from chloroform‐methanol‐water extractions. Relative extraction yields using the M:C and M:T media were (both) 87% for jack mackerel, 85%–87% for hoki, and 43%–47% for green‐lipped mussels. Comprehensive chemical analyses of TV NADES lipid extracts suggested that neutral lipids were extracted in greater yield than phospholipids, and that phosphatidylinositol, lysophospholipids and (in the case of mussels) ceramideaminoethylphosphonates were particularly resistant to extraction into C, M:C and M:T. C—a thymol isomer that, unlike menthol and thymol is a liquid at room temperature—appeared to perform (marginally) better than M:C and M:T systems, implying there may be no advantage to using the TV NADES over a single terpenoid with similar chemistry for total lipid extraction.

Karakteristik, Warna, Dan Ukuran Mikroplastik Yang Ditemukan Pada Air Dan Kerang Hijau Di Pulau Pasaran, Lampung

Plastic waste will be degraded into microplastic which has a size of ≤ 5 mm. These microplastic particles change in size and color due to various natural processes that occur in the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the shape, color and size characteristics of microplastics found around Pasaran Island. Sampling was carried out by taking microplastic samples in water and green mussels around Pasaran Island. Based on the research results, microplastic fragments, films, fibers, granules and foam were found. Microplastic colors consist of black, blue, green, yellow, red, clear, and white. Microplastic fragments, films and fibers were found in the <50µm to 1000 - 5000 µm size group. Granular microplastic types were found in the <50 µm to 100 - 500 µm size group and foam types were found in the <50 µm to 500 - 1000 µm size group.

Isolation and Morphological Characterization of Lead Tolerant Bacteria Associated with Perna viridis

Lead is a heavy metal contamination that is released into sea waters and cannot be decomposed so it accumulation and magnification along the food chain. Efforts to explore bacteria that have tolerance and have the potential to become lead reduction agents are a strategic step in remediating lead contamination. One mechanism for lead bioremediation by bioaccumulation is to utilize metallothionein protein which can potentially be obtained from isolates of green mussel associated bacteria. Bacterial isolates associated with green mussels were obtained by isolating the bacteria and testing the tolerance of the bacterial isolates using Luria Bertani media which was added with Pb(NO3)2 at a concentration of 100 ppm and its multiples to determine their tolerance to lead. The bacterial isolates obtained were characterized based on colony and cell morphology. The results of the lead resistance test carried out showed that 11 bacterial isolates were obtained and 3 bacterial isolates had tolerance to lead with a lead concentration of 400 ppm. Bacterial isolates that are tolerant to lead show changes in cell morphology to reduce the impact of exposure to lead which has a lethal effect, because the resulting decrease in cell surface area can reduce lead absorption.

Investigating the effect of bacterial coinfections on juvenile and adult green‐lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus)

AbstractThe New Zealand's Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) aquaculture industry is being affected by summer mortality events associated with increasing seawater temperatures and pathogens. In this study, challenge experiments were conducted to investigate, for the first time, the effects of pathogen coinfection on the survivability and haemolymph immune responses of juvenile and adult mussels. Animals were injected with marine broth (control), Vibrio mediterranei, Photobacterium swingsii, or a mixture of V. mediterranei and P. swingsii. Then, mussel survival was monitored for 72 h, and haemolymph was sampled for bacterial quantification and metabolomics analyses at 24‐ and 48‐h post challenge. Coinfected adults and juveniles showed 100% mortality. Bacterial colony counts in haemolymph decreased as infection time continued, especially in juveniles. The haemolymph metabolome of mussels exposed to single bacterial species and coinfection showed response changes largely within energy metabolism. Mussels infected with V. mediterranei exhibited increased metabolites linked to the glutathione pathway, branched‐chain amino acids, and others over time, supporting structural functions. Conversely, mussels infected with P. swingsii showed no metabolic differences over time. The coinfection group exhibited large decreases in important metabolites, such as fatty acids as an alternative energy source and amino acids to support immune functions and protein synthesis.

IDENTIFIKASI EKTOPARASIT DAN KOMPETITOR KERANG HIJAU (Perna viridis) YANG DIBUDIDAYAKAN DALAM BAGAN TANCAP DI LAUT JAWA KECAMATAN SIDAYU KABUPATEN GRESIK

The green mussel (Perna viridis) is an important commodity in marine aquaculture. A challenge in green mussel cultivation is the presence of diseases caused by parasites that attach or live on the mussels. This research aims to determine the abundance of ectoparasites and competitors on green mussels in the mentioned waters. The research methods employed both qualitative and quantitative descriptive approaches. The observed research variables included species identification, prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites, as well as diversity and abundance of competitors. The findings revealed the presence of 2 ectoparasite species and 10 competitor species. The highest prevalence of Balanus sp. was recorded in Bagan Tancap I for mussels larger than 4 cm, at 79.6%±6.16 (moderate), while the lowest prevalence was in Bagan Tancap II for mussels smaller than 4 cm, at 33.3%±1.05 (common). The highest intensity of Balanus sp. ectoparasite attacks occurred in Bagan Tancap I for mussels larger than 4 cm, at 7.18 ind/mussel (moderate), and the lowest intensity was in Bagan Tancap II for mussels smaller than 4 cm, at 1.75 ind/mussel (low). The intensity of sea snail egg infestations ranged from 1 to 2 ind/mussel, with no significant difference (P>0.05). The highest competitor abundance was found in Bagan Tancap I with the species Nereis sp., at 0.57 ind/mussel, and the highest competitor diversity was also observed in Bagan Tancap I with the species crab at 36.292 ind/mussel. Considering the prevalence and intensity values of Balanus sp. ectoparasites on green mussels in the waters of the Java Sea in Kecamatan Sidayu, it is still suitable for green mussel cultivation.

Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, Harga dan Lokasi terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Kerang Hijau (Perna viridis L.)

Aim of this research are 1) Does product quality, price and location simultaneously influence green mussel purchasing decisions. 2) Does product quality, price and location partially influence the buying decision of green mussels. The research design used is descriptive quantitative research using survey techniques. The population used is green mussel consumers who are in Gunung Jati District, Cirebon Regency. The part that was studied was the effect of product quality, price and location on green mussel purchasing decisions. The number of samples used was 75 respondents with a non-probability sampling technique using accidental sampling. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression tests. The results of the study show that 1) Partially or individually, product quality does not significantly influence green mussel purchasing decisions. 2) Partially or individually, the price variable and location variable have a significant effect on the purchasing decision of green mussels. 3) Simultaneously or together that the product quality variables, price variables and location variables have a significant effect on green mussel purchasing decisions in Gunung Jati District, Cirebon Regency.

Nutritional Evaluation of Green Mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Brown Mussel Modiolus modulaides (Röding, 1798) From Panay Island, Philippines

Mussels are considered a low-cost protein source in the Philippines. The green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) is widely consumed, while the brown mussel Modiolus modulaides (Röding, 1798) is not yet fully utilised as human food but used as animal food or fermented for human consumption. This study aims to determine the nutritional value of these mussels in terms of their proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral components. Results revealed that the moisture content of M. modulaides was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than P. viridis. In comparison, the crude protein content of P. viridis (11.39 %) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than M. modulaides (9.19 %), but they have similar amounts of lipids. There were 18 amino acids detected in the two species with significantly higher (P < 0.05) total essential amino acids (EAA) and non-essential amino acids found in P. viridis. The most abundant EAA were leucine and lysine in P. viridis and M. modulaides. Results also revealed that the two mussel species are qualified for good quality protein claims with an essential amino acid index of >0.9 and digestible indispensable amino acid scores of >100 %. Palmitic and stearic acids were detected in both species, but eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were only detected in P. viridis. Sodium, potassium, iron, and calcium were also found in the two species. These results indicate that the two Philippine mussel species can be good sources of important amino acids, lipids and minerals for human and animal diets.

Microplastics contamination in the green mussels (Perna viridis) cultured for human consumption in Thailand

Recent trends in the aquaculture industry have introduced massive quantities of microplastics (MPs). This study investigated the MPs contamination in green mussel (Perna viridis) farms located on the east (Sriracha Bay) and west (Phetchaburi) sides of the Gulf of Thailand. The abundance and characteristics of MPs were determined by Nile Red tagging while polymer composition was determined by micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. MPs were detected in water, sediments, and mussels with 100% detection frequency. The average abundance of MPs in water, sediments, and green mussels at Sriracha Bay was 41.5 ± 6.0 particles/L, 474.6 ± 102.6 items/kg, and 3.2 ± 1.6 items/individual, respectively while it was lower at Phetchaburi. Fragments were dominant morphotype while high-density polyethylene was the dominant polymer. No significant difference was found between the young and older mussels while a significant difference was observed in mussels between the two farms. Policies should be implemented to reduce the MPs contamination in aquaculture environments.

Anti-inflammatory Metabolites and Allergenic Proteins from Green Lipped Mussel (Perna canaliculus)

Anti-inflammatory Metabolites and Allergenic Proteins from Green Lipped Mussel (Perna canaliculus)

Marine mollusk biodiversity in Northeastern islands of Vietnam, impact factors and proposing conservation solutions

A biodiversity and water-quality monitoring campaign was conducted in the Northeastern archipelago of Vietnam, including Quang Ninh province and Hai Phong, in 2017–2018. Mollusks are selected as the critical proxy indicator, and water-quality parameters are tested against National acceptability standards. The study revealed that, despite declining trends over the past two decades, mollusks are still highly diverse, with 647 species belonging to 227 genera, 95 families, and five classes (76% of all the species identified in the Tonkin Gulf). Of these, 253 species of 39 families (39% of the whole stock) are of high economic value, supporting an active trade in the region and thousands of livelihoods. Several species (abalone, blood cockle, green mussel, pearl oysters, Pacific oysters, double-headed clams, Asian hard clams, white clams, and squids) are intensively farmed. However, aquaculture still needs to be derdeveloped as capture from the wild is preferred. Water quality is unexpectedly high despite impacting factors such as urban development, industry, mass tourism, and demographic increase, mainly within the limits of acceptability set by the Government. Salinity, pH, and temperature are compatible with marine life, and a limited impact is represented by dissolved nitrates and suspended hydrocarbons in suspension. Despite favorable conditions of the aquatic environment, biodiversity decline has been a steady trend over the past decade. The causes are the urban encroachment over the coastal tract, the intertidal spawning grounds, breeding grounds, and nurseries, overexploitation, IUU fishing, lack of management, and failed establishment of conservation areas and MPAs. Spawning and breeding grounds identification and demarcation, their participated co-management, investments in environmental protection, technologies, and capacity building, and promotion of aquafarming of marketable species are among the measures recommended to be implemented with priority, to relieve the pressure over the wild stock and promote regeneration. The role of science in monitoring and detecting environmental changes guiding the adoption of proactive measures to prevent depletion and stock collapse, is the pathway to the sustainability of resource use and human well-being.

INOVASI LAPIS PONDASI ATAS CTB (CEMENT TREATED BASE) MENGGUNAKAN SUBTITUSI POFA DAN LIMBAH CANGKANG KERANG HIJAU

During the current administration, the construction sector, especially toll road infrastructure in Indonesia, has increased. This will increase the amount of cement production to meet construction needs. Even though the cement industry is one of the contributors to gas emissions. In addition, the plantation sector can be optimized as an alternative construction material. Such as palm shell waste (POFA), which contains the same content as cement. The fisheries sector can also be optimized as an alternative construction material. such as green mussel shells which have the same content as cement, which is pozzolanic. Based on these problems, the purpose of this research is to optimize palm oil shell waste and green mussel shells as cement substitution materials in CTB to reduce gas emissions. The method used is research and experimentation by partially substituting cement by 10% and 20% using POFA. 5% and 10% use green mussel shell waste which will later be compared with the CTB Job mix formula which complies with the general specifications by testing the compressive strength of concrete and analysis of CTB work unit prices per 1 m3. The results of this study revealed that the highest compressive strength of 5.5 MPa occurred in 20% POFA substituted CTB and 10% green mussel shells. This compressive strength is higher than Normal CTB. However, from the results of price analysis it can be seen that 20% POFA substitution CTB and 10% green mussel shells require a 3.7% higher cost than the Normal CTB price or a difference of Rp.19,792.22.

The effect of simulated marine heatwaves on green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus: A near-natural experimental approach

Marine heatwaves (MHW) are projected for the foreseeable future, affecting aquaculture species, such as the New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus). Thermal stress alters mussel physiology highlighting the adaptive capacity that allows survival in the face of heatwaves. Within this study, adult mussels were subjected to three different seawater temperature regimes: 1) low (sustained 18 °C), 2) medium MHW (18–24 °C, using a +1 °C per week ramp) and 3) high MHW (18–24 °C, using a +2 °C per week ramp). Sampling was performed over 11 weeks to establish the effects of temperature on P. canaliculus survival, condition, specific immune response parameters, and the haemolymph metabolome. A transient 25.5–26.5 °C exposure resulted in 61 % mortality, with surviving animals showing a metabolic adjustment within aerobic energy production, enabling the activation of molecular defence mechanisms. Utilisation of immune functions were seen within the cytology results where temperature stress affected the percentage of superoxide-positive haemocytes and haemocyte counts. From the metabolomics results an increase in antioxidant metabolites were seen in the high MHW survivors, possibly to counteract molecular damage. In the high MHW exposure group, mussels utilised anaerobic metabolism in conjunction with aerobic metabolism to produce energy, to uphold biological functions and survival. The effect of exposure time was mainly seen on very long-, and long chain fatty acids, with increases observed at weeks seven and eight. These changes were likely due to the membrane storage functions of fatty acids, with decreases at week eleven attributed to energy metabolism functions. This study supports the use of integrated analytical tools to investigate the response of marine organisms to heatwaves. Indeed, specific metabolic pathways and cellular markers are now highlighted for future investigations aimed at targeted measures. This research contributes to a larger program aimed to identify resilient mussel traits and support aquaculture management.

Histopathological changes in the greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, in response to chronic thermal stress

Climate change associated temperature challenges pose a serious threat to the marine environment. Elevations in average sea surface temperatures are occurring and increasing frequency of marine heatwaves resulting in mortalities of organisms are being reported. In recent years, marine farmers have reported summer mass mortality events of the New Zealand Greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, during the summer months; however, the etiological agents have yet to be determined. To elucidate the role of thermal stress, adult P. canaliculus were exposed to three chronic temperature treatments: a benign control of 17 °C and stressful elevations of 21 °C and 24 °C. Eight mussels per treatment were collected each month throughout a 14-month challenge period to identify and investigate histopathological differences among P. canaliculus populations exposed to the three temperatures. Histopathology revealed several significant deleterious alterations to tissues associated with temperature and exposure time. Increasing temperature and progression of time resulted in 1) an increase in the number of focal lipofuscin-ceroid aggregations, 2) an increase in focal hemocytosis, 3) an increase in the thickness of the sub-epithelial layer of the intestinal tract and 4) a decreased energy reserve cell (glycogen) coverage in the mantle. Prolonged exposure, irrespective of temperature, impacted gametogenesis, which was effectively arrested. Furthermore, increased levels of the heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP 70) were seen in gill and gonad from thermally challenged mussels. The occurrence of the parasite Perkinsus olseni at month 5 in the 24 °C treatment, and month 7 at 21 °C was unexpected and may have exacerbated the fore-mentioned tissue conditions. Prolonged exposure to stable thermal conditions therefore appears to impact P. canaliculus, tissues with implications for broodstock captivity. Mussels experiencing elevated, temperatures of 21 and 24 °C demonstrated more rapid pathological signs. This research provides further insight into the complex host-pathogen-environment interactions for P. canaliculus in response to prolonged elevated temperature.

Heavy metal speciation in surface sediments and their impact on the bioaccumulation of green mussels (Perna viridis) from the eastern part of the Straits of Johor, Malaysia

Heavy metal speciation in surface sediments and their impact on the bioaccumulation of green mussels (Perna viridis) from the eastern part of the Straits of Johor, Malaysia

Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Quality of Green Mussels Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) Along the Supply Chain in Bacoor City, Cavite, Philippines

Bacoor City, Cavite, is one of the Philippines' largest mussels producers. Thus, determining the changes in the microbiological and physico-chemical attributes of the mussels along its supply chain is essential to ensure the safety and quality of this commodity. Mussel samples were subjected to a time-distribution study to identify the presence of foodborne pathogens and to determine the changes in pH and drip loss. A high prevalence of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio spp. was detected in the mussel culture sites. Microbiological counts and detection showed increased aerobic plate count (APC) along the supply chain, higher than the standard limits. The total coliform still conformed to the required range while E. coli levels increased along the supply chain, exceeding acceptable levels for raw consumption. For the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the different points of the supply chain, results revealed that enteric bacteria E. coli and Salmonella were present. Furthermore, pathogenic strains of Vibrio such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. alginolyticus were detected. The study emphasizes the need for improved post-harvest practices, including proper temperature control and packaging, to maintain the quality and safety of green mussels. Additionally, efforts to mitigate bacterial contamination in the culture areas and implement effective depuration processes are necessary to ensure consumer safety.

Oseanographic Conditions of Grenn Mussel Cultivation (Perna viridis) Using Multilevel Plastic Baskets Method in Salemo Island Waters, Pangkep Regency, Indonesia

ABSTRACTCultivation of green mussels (Perna viridis) using multilevel plastic baskets has been carried out in the waters of Salemo Island, Pangkep Regency, Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the oceanographic parameters that affect mussel cultivation at different water depths. The research treatment was placement on the surface and bottom of the waters (five meters deep) with different stocking densities. Green mussel cultivation is carried out for 4 months, namely May, June, July and August. Measurement of oceanographic parameters was carried out every month during green mussel cultivation, in situ, namely temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH, DO and those analyzed in the laboratory, namely TSS, TOM, Nitrate, Phosphate and the composition and abundance of plankton. Growth measurements of green mussels were also carried out, namely absolute weight and survival (SR). The results showed that the condition of oceanographic parameters differed between the surface and bottom waters, especially the parameters of TSS, turbidity, TOM, nutrients and plankton abundance. This situation is related to the absolute growth value and SR of mussels at different stocking densities and depths.Keywords: Oceanographic, green mussels, multilevel baskets, absolute growth, Salemo

Effectiveness Of Green Nanochitosaan Addition On Compressive Strength Of Glass Ionomer Cement

Glass ionomer cement is a restorative material that is adhesive, tooth-colored, and has the ability to release fluoride ions which are affected by the degree of acidity (pH). Apart from that, one way to utilize the waste from green mussels is by processing them into chitin and chitosan as materials to strengthen the properties of glass ionomer cement. Glass ionomer cement contains materials such as powderacid soluable calcium fluoraluminosilicate glass and liquidaqueous solution of polyacrylic acid. This can be an alternative as a treatment for dental caries. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the addition of green mussel shell (perna viridis) nanochitosan on the compressive strength of glass ionomer cement. Method: This study used a quantitative experimental laboratory study with a True Experimental study design using a post test only control group design. the total sample used was 25 samples. Results: The 2% nanochitosan concentration has the highest compressive strength value compared to other concentrations, as evidenced by the mean value at 2% concentration, which is 4.10 MPa. Conclusion: The result of 2% green mussel (perna viridis) nanochitosan was the most effective treatment in influencing the compressive strength of glass ionomer cement. The greater the concentration used, the higher the compressive strength of the resulting glass ionomer cement.

Tracking the source of wild mussel spat for aquaculture using shell microchemistry and biophysical models

The spatial and temporal uncertainty in availability and distribution of wild mussel seed is a major obstacle to sustainable production in mussel aquaculture globally. An improved understanding of patterns of dispersal of wild mussel spat could help to resolve this uncertainty to progress the management of wild spat resources and increase mussel seed supply. In this study, the natal locations and patterns of dispersal for recently settled green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus, at an offshore mussel farm in northern New Zealand were estimated using a combination of analysis of shell microchemistry of arriving spat and biophysical modelling. The shell microchemistry from mussel spat settling on the offshore mussel farm were compared with those from mussels cultured in situ at 22 surrounding sites (∼2–6 km apart) arranged around the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, over two consecutive months. Six elemental signatures (Li, Co, Ni, Ba, La and U) were the primary drivers for correctly reassigning shells back to their individually generated sites with an overall 57.4% of Leave-one-out cross-validated (LOOCV) cases correctly assigned, ranging from a low of 10% for one coastal site (near Hikuwai Beach) and up to 78% for an offshore mussel spat collection site (near mussel farm). The microchemistry signatures were subsequently employed to backtrack ∼160 spat arriving on the mussel farm to two main natal sites (i.e., 7.5 and 8.0 km away) near Ōhiwa Harbour and known to have wild mussel reefs, which accounted for 85% of the mussels arriving on the mussel farm. Forward and backward simulations of movements of mussel spat using high resolution (i.e., 1 km) hydrodynamic particle tracking models indicated that most spat arriving on the mussel farm during the sampling period originated from the same stretch of coast identified by the shell microchemistry. The concordance of results from the two methods of determining natal sources provide mutual validation of the results and highlight the importance of managing coastal populations of wild mussels that are under increasing pressure from human activities, especially where they provide a critical seed source for aquaculture.

Study of content and bioconcentration of heavy metal (Pb,Hg, and Cd) in green mussels (Perna viridis) based on different sizes and ages

Green mussel (Perna viridis) has filter-feeding habits and a sessile way of life, with the main food components of plankton and organic matter in the waters. These food components can contaminate green mussels when it accumulates heavy metals. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate heavy metals content and the bioconcentration of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) in green mussels based on different sizes and ages. The study was conducted on Pasaran Island, Lampung, Indonesia, and used green mussels aged 3, 5, 7 to 9 months as samples, with 2 replications. The AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method was used in the analysis of Pb, Hg, and Cd, sampling technique used purposive sampling. The result showed that green mussels at different ages and sizes has impact on Pb content, while an increase of one unit of age and size of green mussels has no effect on the metal content of Hg and Cd. Furthermore, the highest bioconcentration of Pb and Hg was obtained at 9 months, while Cd was observed at 3 months. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the simple linear regression appropriate a functional relationship between Pb and the different ages and sizes green mussels cultivated on Pasaran Island , while heavy metals Hg and Cd appropriate with a polynomial quadratic approach and almost do not exist in the form of a functional relationship between Hg and Cd with the different ages and sizes green mussels. Even though it contains heavy metals in below the maximum limit, but care needs to be taken in addressing this phenomenon due to its nature heavy metals that can accumulate in living tissue, thus consuming green mussels containing heavy metals even in relatively small amounts is not recommended.Keywords:Filter feederSessileAccumulateOrganic matterContaminate

The effect of temperature on the hydrothermal synthesis of carbonated apatite from calcium carbonate obtained from green mussels shells

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) refers to a bioceramic broadly employed in bone tissue engineering since it has bioactive and osteoconductive properties. The synthesis of HAp will be more economically viable using waste materials because it is cheap, easy to find, and available in large quantities. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize HAp from green mussel shells by hydrothermal method at various temperatures. Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), made from green mussel shell powder, is employed in this study. Utilizing a hydrothermal reactor for 14 hours at 120℃, 140℃, as well as 160℃, a combination of PCC and (NH4)2HPO4 with a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67 was synthesized to form HAp. Note that the synthesis findings were categorized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. Apart from that, the FTIR test showed the formation of HAp in all test variations because the results of –OH, and –PO4 were found. XRD results that have been analyzed using HighScore Plus software show the percentage of weight (%) and crystal size of HAp increases with increasing hydrothermal temperature. Other than that, HAp produced at hydrothermal temperature variations of 160℃ has a hexagonal crystal system with a percentage of weight (%) as well as a crystal size of 46.43 nm and 99.3%, whilst the amount of impurity (%) produced is 0.7%. The higher the hydrothermal temperature, the weight percentage (%), and the crystallite size in HAp are getting bigger while the number of impurities gets smaller.