Green Mussel Shells Research Articles

Characteristics of crab shells and green mussel shells as potential chitosan material from Karangantu, Banten, Indonesia

Shells are a waste of crab (Portunus pelagicus) and green mussels (Perna viridis) waste in Karangantu. That is a problem for the environment with a large number. One solution is to use it as a raw material for chitosan. This study aims to see the potential of crab shells and green mussel shells as well as raw materials for chitosan biomaterials. This research used shell waste of P. pelagicus and P. viridis (3 replications). The stages of the method of this research include the preparation of raw materials, manufacture of chitosan, and analysis product. Parameters measured in this study include yield, moisture, ash, degree of deacetylation, and viscosity. The results showed that the yield, ash, and viscosity of green mussels shells were higher than that of crab shells, but the moisture and degree of deacetylation were lower. These results indicate that crab shells are better than clam shells, although the yield is lower as a potential for making chitosan from waste in Karangantu.

Effect of different amounts of green mussel shell (Perna viridis) on the reproductive and spawning rate of the endemic Ajamaru Lake rainbowfish (Melanotaenia ajamaruensis Allen & Cross, 1980)

Ajamaru Rainbowfish (Melanotaenia ajamaruensis) is an endemic species of Lake Ajamaru, Papua, Indonesia, and inhabits water at a pH of 6.5 – 8.5. However, the reproductive rate of the Ajamaru rainbowfish and what factors influence it are not widely known. This study aimed to determine the reproductive capacity of the Ajamaru Rainbowfish. A pair of male and female fish with a ratio of 1:1 were used during the study. The pH of the water was increased by adding different amounts of Perna viridis green mussel shells. The dosages used for the treatments were 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/l, with three replications for 30 days in the Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries Laboratory. Fish spawned naturally every two days for 30 days. Fish fed blood worms 5% of their weight. The parameters observed were the calcium content of mussel shells and water media, water quality (pH, alkalinity, temperature, and oxygen), spawning frequency, number of eggs, fertilization rate, and hatching rate. The results showed that 2 g/l green mussel shells gave the highest value at 15 spawning times, fertilization rate/FR was 97.16%, hatching rate/HR (%) was 97.93, and 537.67 ± 89.37 larvae. Increase in pH 7.42-7.7 from 6.45-6.47.

Experimental Evaluation on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Green Mussel Shell (Perna viridis)Powder as an Admixture

Mussel shell is a type of waste that is generated abundantly. However, the presence of chemical components such as calcium (CaCO3) in mussel shells has shown its potential as filler materials in concrete designing. Therefore, this paper presents the experimental result for the physical and mechanical properties of concrete containing 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% Mussel Shell Powder (MSP) as additional material under 2.73% sodium chloride solution. The MSP has been cleaned, grinded and sieved 75μm sizes in order to obtain its final product. Compressive strength, split tensile, and capillary water absorption were determined. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate the correlation and level of significance using IBM SPSS in determining the optimal mix design for modified concrete. The performance of MSP concrete and control specimens are the main factor that been observed in this study. The increment percentages of MSP in concrete had led to reduce on its mechanical strength, however improved in its absorption rates. According to statistical analysis, it shows that low MSP percentages giving a significant value for compressivestrength and very strong correlation coefficient compared to control specimens, thus it indicated minimum MSP percentages are more potential in improving concrete physical and mechanical performance.

PENETAPAN KADAR KALSIUM SECARA KOLORIMETRI PADA CANGKANG KERANG HIJAU (Perna viridis) JANTAN DALAM FORMULA PASTA GIGI

The shell of the male green mussel (Perna viridis) contains several minerals including calcium which is needed by the human body. Green scallop shells have a fairly high calcium content. This study aims to determine the calcium levels in green mussel shells and in the preparation of green mussel shell toothpaste. This type of research is experimental with colorimetric method using spectrophotometric equipment, namely UV visible spectrophotometer or visible light. Evaluation of the preparation includes organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, dispersion and foam formation. Quantitative analysis was carried out at a maximum wavelength of 505.00 nm and obtained the line equation linear regression, namely y = 0.0802X + 0.0109 with a correlation value (r) of 0.9976. The results showed that the calcium content in green mussel shells was 86.517 g/100g, the calcium content in the Formula I toothpaste was 19.874 g/100g and the calcium content in the Formula II toothpaste was 27,613 g/100g.

Water Soluble Chitosan from Green Mussel (Perna viridis) Shells and Its Use As Fat-Absorber In Cookies

Green mussel chitin can be converted by H2O2 into water-soluble chitosan (WSC). This can subsequently be utilized for a variety of different purposes, such as a fat binder. This study examines how different H2O2 concentrations (13, 21.5, and 30%) affected the properties of WSC (yield, moisture content, ash content, degree of deacetylation, and solubility in water and acid). Moreover as well as how WSC (8%, 9%, and 10%) affected the hedonic scores, proximate composition, and fat binding capacity of weight-loss cookies. A single factor Completely Randomized Design and single-factor ANOVA were used to analyze the data, followed by Duncan’s additional testing as necessary. The results showed that water-soluble chitosan was impacted by H2O2 concentration in that its yield and ash content decreased, its color changed to a brownish, and its solubility in acid and moisture content all increased. According to De Garmo’s Effectiveness Index Test, 30% H2O2 concentration resulted in the best WSC. The addition of WSC did not affect the hedonic quality, protein, moisture, or carbohydrate contents of the cookies, but it did have an impact on the ash and fat contents. The ability of all cookie samples in all treatments to bind fat in liquified butter and peanut oil validates the use of cookies containing WSC in body weight loss research.

Characterization of PLA/PCL/Green Mussel Shells Hydroxyapatite (HA) Biocomposites Prepared by Chemical Blending Methods.

Recently, there has been an increase in the number of studies conducted on the process of developing hydroxyapatite (HA) to use in biocomposites. HA can be derived from natural sources such as bovine bone. The HA usage obtained from green mussel shells in biocomposites in this study will be explored. The research goal is to investigate the composition effect of biomaterials derived from polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), as well as HA obtained from green mussel shells with a chemical blending method on mechanical properties and degradation rate. First, 80 mL of chloroform solution was utilized to immerse 16 g of the PLA/PCL mixture with the ratios of 85:15 and 60:40 for 30 min. A magnetic stirrer was used to mix the solution for an additional 30 min at a temperature and speed of 50 °C and 300 rpm. Next, the hydroxyapatite (HA) was added in percentages of 5%, 10%, and 15%, as well as 20% of the PLA/PCL mixture's total weight. It was then stirred for 1 h at 100 rpm at 65 °C to produce a homogeneous mixture of HA and polymer. The biocomposite mixture was then added into a glass mold as per ASTM D790. Following this, biocomposite specimens were tested for their density, biodegradability, and three points of bending in determining the effect of HA and polymer composition on the degradation rate and mechanical properties. According to the findings of this study, increasing the HA and PLA composition yields a rise in the mechanical properties of the biocomposites. However, the biocomposite degradation rate is increasing.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite from Green Mussel Shell with Sol-Gel Method

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a major component of bones and teeth. HAp is widely used to repair, fill, extend, and reconstruct damaged bone tissue. HAp is used for bone and dental implants, so it is necessary to synthesize HAp. HAp synthesis can utilize green mussel shell waste as a calcium precursor. This research synthesized HAp from a green mussel shell using the sol-gel method. The controlled synthesis parameter was pH, and the variable being compared was the heating temperature at 900 and 1100 °C. The HAp products were characterized by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that HAp was formed at alkaline pH, namely at pH 11. The XRD pattern showed that Hap was formed along with type A apatite carbonate, octacalcium phosphate, α- and β-tricalcium phosphate. The crystallinity was increased by raising the temperature and prolonging the heating time. The quality of HAp will improve with increasing crystallinity, and increasing the temperature will also raise the amount of HAp formed.

Modification of Calcium Oxide from Green Mussel Shell with Iron Oxide as a Potential Adsorbent for the Removal of Iron and Manganese Ions from Acid Mine Drainage

Modification of Calcium Oxide from Green Mussel Shell with Iron Oxide as a Potential Adsorbent for the Removal of Iron and Manganese Ions from Acid Mine Drainage

Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Derived from Green Mussel Shells Extracted from Magnesium Chloride Containing Solution

Green mussel shells are one of the calcium carbonate-rich biogenic sources. They contain 95.7 to 98.2 wt. % calcium. The high calcium content of green mussel shells was extracted and converted into calcium oxide material in the study by calcination at 900°C for 5 h. Later, at stirring times of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, a solution medium containing magnesium chloride was used to dissolve the resulting calcination powder and subsequent carbonation for producing PCC (precipitated calcium carbonate). According to XRD, Rietveld, and FTIR analyses, the resulting PCC product with calcite-containing Mg was obtained primarily for a short stirring time of 30 minutes during the carbonation process, whereas calcite and aragonite were generated at longer stirring times (from 60 to 90 minutes). Instead, brucite was obtained after 120 minutes of stirring. The PCC product has a non-uniform polyhedrallic morphology of various small and large sizes as observed by SEM. This powder processing method allowed for faster PCC synthesis at a lower cost while requiring no chemical addition to increase basicity.

Utilization of green mussel shell waste for calcium carbonate synthesis through the carbonation method with temperature variation

In this study, PCC (precipitate calcium carbonate) was synthesized from green mussel shell waste via calcination and subsequent carbonation methods. Organic substances were removed from green mussel shell powder using a 5-hour calcination at 900 °C. Furthermore, the carbonation method was used in the Ca (NO3)2 solution at constant stirring speed with pH control by NH4OH, followed by the injection of carbon dioxide at 50, 70, and 90 °C temperature variations to precipitate calcium as CaCO3 (PCC). According to Rietveld’s quantitative XRD analysis, PCC products at 50 °C, 70 °C, and 90 °C exhibited primarily calcite and aragonite phases, with a significant needle-like morphology of aragonite growth during synthesis. Aragonite growth appears to have increased with increasing temperature. The results show that a simple, low-cost approach to green recycling works.

The Effectiveness of Green Scallop Shell Chitosan as Coagulant in Treatment of Tofu Industrial Liquid Waste

<p>Tofu waste is gotten after processing soybean, and this waste contains a lot of polluting substances, hence it can pollute rivers and cause health problems. Meanwhile, one method used for treating wastewater into clean water is called the jartest method and its processes include coagulation-flocculation and deposition. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of green mussel shells as coagulants in the treatment of tofu industrial liquid waste. The variables used were 100 mesh green mussel shell powder, 1000 mL of liquid tofu dregs, 150 rpm fast stirring speed for 2 minutes, and 60 rpm slow stirring speed for 15 minutes. Furthermore, chitosan was used with different weight variations in grams (0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, and 1.3) as well as precipitation time with variations in minutes (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60). The content of Chitosan water was 1.29% and its degree of deacetylation was 65.04%. The result of the preliminary analysis of tofu liquid waste with a coagulant showed BOD, COD, and TSS levels of 965.25mg/L, 435mg/L, and 395mg/L with pH 4 respectively. However, these levels were changed to 195.56mg / L; 299mg/L; and 195.32 mg/L with pH 6 after the final analysis of the liquid waste was conducted.</p>

Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Carbonate Obtained from Green Mussel and Crab Shells as a Biomaterials Candidate.

Green mussel and crab shells are natural sources of CaCO3, which is widely used as a bioceramic for biomedical applications, although they are commonly disposed of in landfills. The improper disposal of green mussel and crab shells can cause environmental pollution, reducing the quality of life in the community. Many studies have reported the preparation of CaCO3 from green mussels and crab shells. However, there are limited studies comparing the characteristics, including the crystal phase obtained, weight percentage (%) of crystal, crystal size, crystal system, and elemental composition of CaCO3 from green mussel shells, crab shells, and commercial CaCO3. The objective of this research was to compare the calcium carbonate properties formed from green mussel (PMS) and crab (PCS) shells to commercial CaCO3. Green mussel and crab shells were crushed to powder and were calcined at 900 °C for 5 h. Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) was synthesized from calcined green mussel and crab shells using a solution of 2M HNO3, NH4OH, and CO2 gas. The effect of setting parameters on the synthesized product was analyzed using XRD and SEM-EDX methods. This study shows that the chemical composition of PMS is nearly identical to that of commercial CaCO3, where no contaminants were identified. In contrast, PCS has N components other than Ca, C, and O. Furthermore, the predominance of the vaterite crystal phases in PMS and PCS, with respective weight percentages of 91.2% and 98.9%, provides a benefit for biomaterial applications. The crystallite sizes of vaterite in PMS, PCS, and calcite in commercial CaCO3 are 34 nm, 21 nm, and 15 nm, respectively.

Practical insights into the recycling of green mussel shells (Perna Viridis) for the production of precipitated calcium carbonate

The study presented a powder processing method involving calcination and subsequent carbonation in the synthesis of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) for recycling green mussel shells, which contain a high calcium carbonate content. The purity of portlandite [Ca(OH)2] as a result of calcination and subsequent moisture absorption during storage was verified using the XRD-Rietveld method. Further quantitative XRD Rietveld analysis of the PCC product confirmed the presence of vaterite (55.20 wt.%) and calcite (44.80 wt.%) minerals after carbonation process of the calcined powder product. The SEM examination of this product revealed particle aggregates of non-uniform polyhedral and cubical grains of varying small and large sizes. The FTIR analysis also confirmed that calcination and subsequent hydration of mussel shell powder yielded pure portlandite, whereas the carbonation yielded PCC polymorphism. As a result, this powder processing method is simple to scale and reduces the cost of PCC synthesis, which is critical for practical applications. The current study demonstrated that the powder processing method for recycling green mussel shells as starting materials in biomedical applications is technically feasible.

Bioconcentration Lead (Pb) Green Mussel (Perna viridis) in Semarang Bay

The coastal waters of Semarang Bay have been polluted by heavy metal lead (Pb). The research was conducted from September 2015 to March 2016 with 3 stations at the Tambaklorok green mussel cultivation location. Analysis of the concentration of heavy metal Pb using the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) method. Data processing using SPSS and Excel. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metal Pb in the air ranged from 0.51 to 0.76 mg/L. The average concentration of heavy metal Pb in three observations obtained an average concentration of Pb between 4.975-20.43 mg/kg. Green mussels taken in the waters were sorted and separated according to the length of the shell and weighed 1 kg each according to the length of the shell. Small (2-3 cm), medium (3-4 cm) and large shells with long shells (5-6 cm). The results of the measurement of the concentration of heavy metal Pb in P. viridis showed that the average green mussel shell size 4-5 cm at the location of station III had the lowest concentration of heavy metal Pb at 0.24 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the highest average concentration of Pb in P. viridis was found at station I at 0.89 mg/kg with a shell length of 2-3 cm. The correlation equation between shell length and Pb concentration is Y= - 0.131 + 1.13 X. Standard error of the Estimate (SEE) is 0.19. While the standard deviation of 0.20 means that the predictor variable (water) to predict the dependent variable (shellfish) is feasible because SEE is greater than the standard deviation. The average value of the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) of green mussels is smaller than that of medium-sized green mussels and large green mussels. Green mussels can be consumed by someone if the body weight is 60 kg, then as much as 5.8 kg in a week because it contains Pb

The Effect of Chitosan Extracted from Green Mussel Shells Perna viridis on Sonneratia caseolaris Mangrove Syrup Preservation

Green mussels (Perna viridis) are one of the prospective aquatic resources that can be developed into a high-value commodity. Their shells, on the other hand, are rarely used and discarded; despite the fact that the shells are contain chitosan, which can be used as a food preservative.The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of chitosan administration from green mussel shells on Sonneratia caseolaris mangrove syrup at various concentrations. The experimental design used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 7 treatments within 3 replications. The study lasted 30 days in order tho find the best concentration of chitosan as a preservative. The McFarland method was used to evaluate the total dissolved density (Brix), the acidity (pH), the organoleptic study (aroma and color), and the bacterial density. The following treatments were used in this study: P1 to P5 (the addition of 0.1-0.5 ml of green mussel sheel chitosan solution); P6 (the negative control or without the addition of green mussel shell chitosan solution); and P7 (the positive control with the addition of 0.1 ml sodium benzoate (C7H5NaO2) as commercial preservative). The results showed that the average value of total dissolved density P1-P7 varied between 22-22.46 (Brix); acidity (pH) of P1-P7 ranged between 2-3,1; and the organoleptic test obtained points 5 (neutral) on the aroma and color test. As a conclusion, chitosan derived from green mussel shellsP. viridis is promising agent to be utilized as a preservative in S. caseolaris mangrove syrup.

The effect of hydroxyapatite concentration on the mechanical properties and degradation rate of biocomposite for biomedical applications

Biocomposite is a material that have potential to heal injured bones and teeth due to their biocompatible, non-toxic, non-inflammation, and bioactive properties which can prevent infections that occurs frequently during surgical processes. Biocomposites made of PLA, PCL, and HA from bovine bone as a substitute for metal materials in medical applications have been widely studied. However, there are limited studies on the biocomposites made of PLA, PCL, and HA from green mussel shells. Therefore, this study aims to produce biocomposites from Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polycaprolactone (PCL), and Hydroxyapatite (HA) from green mussel shells and to determine the effect of HA concentration on the mechanical properties and degradation rate of the resulting biocomposite. 80 ml of chloroform was used to dissolve 16 grams of a PLA/PCL mixture with a composition of 80% and 20%. After 30 minutes, the solution was agitated for 30 minutes with a magnetic stirrer at 50°C and 300 rpm. After obtaining a homogenous solution, hydroxyapatite was added in percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the total weight of the PLA/PCL mixture. The resulting mixture is poured into a glass mold in accordance with ASTM D790. Three-point bending, density, and biodegradable test were performed to investigate the effect of HA content on the mechanical properties and degradation rate of the biocomposite. The results of this study indicate that the mechanical properties of the biocomposite improved with the HA concentration increases. However, the more HA content used, the faster the biocomposite degrades.

Adsorption of chemical oxygen demand and ammoniacal nitrogen removal from leachate using seafood waste (green mussel shell) as low-cost adsorbent

Adsorption of chemical oxygen demand and ammoniacal nitrogen removal from leachate using seafood waste (green mussel shell) as low-cost adsorbent

Aqueous crystallization of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate with green mussel shells (Verna piridis) for calcium sources

Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) powder with nano-size particles was synthesized by a low-cost powder precursor of green mussel shells in a laboratory magnetic stirrer. In the present study, powder processing procedures included stages of preparing the raw mussel shells into the high-quality precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) through washing, size reducing, ball milling, intensive calcination, and carbonation in the nitric acid solution. Moreover, the MCPM powder was synthesized by reacting PCC powder with the phosphoric acid in aqueous-water media at the 90 °C with four stirring time durations (30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Additionally, analytical methods such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) were applied for examining the raw- and synthesized powders. The resulting PCC product contained vaterite (91.26 wt%), and calcite (8.74 wt%). The use of PCC polymorph for the synthesis provided the high purity of MCPM nanoparticles in stirring time durations (from 30 to 90 min). However, the increased stirring time duration of 120 min yielded the second phase of monocalcium phosphate anhydrous (MCPA). Instead, more homogenous particle size was further obtained with increasing stirring time. This reproducible and low-cost approach would be a promising strategy for recycling green mussel shells into large-scale MCPM products.

The potential use of green mussel (Perna Viridis) shells for synthetic calcium carbonate polymorphs in biomaterials

Green mussel shells contain a high content of calcium that can be potentially used for starting biomaterials. A powder processing and subsequent calcination-dissolution-precipitation (CDP) technique for recycling the shells into the value-added of precipitated calcium carbonates (PCC) is presented in this paper. In the experimental study, the received green mussel shells were initially washed and ground and followed by heat treatment at different temperatures in an electric furnace. PCC product was precipitated from the blended solution of calcium and carbonate ions derived from the heat-treated ground powder. The precipitating solids were then investigated via XRD, SEM-EDX, and FTIR methods. The XRD Rietveld method confirmed that the raw green mussels were rich in crystalline aragonite, which could be recycled into vaterite and calcite in the PCC product. The current study demonstrated that the green mussel shells are technically possible for the starting materials in biomedical applications.

The characteristics of membrane chitosan from Mytilus sp and potential used in water treatment

The membrane is one of the effective separation technologies used in water treatment. The membranes from natural materials an alternative eco-friendly. One of the membranes used in water treatment is a chitosan membrane. This study aims to produce membranes from green mussel shells (Mytilus sp.), beginning with making chitosan and characterizing chitosan. Chitosan was produced from No and Meyers method with some modification through 3 subsequent processes i.e. deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation. Chitosan characteristics affect the ability of chitosan to become a membrane. Chitosan characterization includes the degree of deacetylation and molecular mass. The characteristics of chitosan are the degree of deacetylation was 88.23% and the analysis of FTIR on chitosan which has a functional group of NH and OH. The results of the characterization of the chitosan membrane obtained can be used as a reference in determining the optimum concentration of chitosan membranes in water treatment.