Green Mode Research Articles

How railway stations can transform urban mobility and the public realm: The stakeholders’ perspective

Railway stations are massive infrastructures through which people, products, materials, and energy flow every day. They usually gather a multitude of functions and provide a wide range of services to users based on their respective specific features. Thus, railway stations have the potential to play a critical role in reshaping our cities in a sustainable manner by facilitating intermodality, green and active modes of transport and logistics, and by gathering proximity services. In this reshaping process, implementing effective and seamless mobility, as well as the proximity of services, are key challenges. However, no urban transformation process can take place without the involvement and commitment of the respective stakeholders. This paper aims to form an understanding of the views these stakeholders have towards the potential of railway stations transformation, for the broad European context, to carve out first paths towards actually achieving that transformation. This study analyses a wide range of inputs and considerations made during a series of workshops held in 2021 by the EIT Urban Mobility where experts from a wide range of fields exchanged their experiences and ideas around the topics of urban mobility and public realm. In this process, railway stations emerged as a key player to meet the challenges of cities’ sustainable development. After analysing their potential and exploring policy obstacles that are currently hampering such a transformation, this paper suggests a series of recommendations to better exploit railway stations, gained from the stakeholders’ perspective.

Research on the Key Path of Green Construction Implemented by Multi-Subject Cooperation in Construction Enterprises

Global change, mainly characterized by global warming, has had a huge impact on the earth system and social and economic development, and has become one of the major challenges to the survival and development of human society. And the world is also facing energy shortage, in this context, China in the seventy-fifth session of the United Nations general assembly "double carbon" strategic target, "double carbon" strategy advocating green, environmental protection, low carbon way of life, the construction of a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society is defined as a long-term strategic task in the medium-and long-term planning of national economic and social development. Construction as a domestic pillar industry, promote the transformation of industrial structure which is imperative. Among them, the promotion of green construction mode is of great significance to accelerate the transformation of the construction industry. This paper involves the related subject from the concept of green construction, determines the main collaborative target, analyses the relevant subject in the project planning, design, material selection and construction stage, explores the main path of green construction, so as to analyze the key path, on the basis for the government and enterprises to promote green construction way.

Multi-scenario Analysis and the Construction of the Revitalization Model of Green Development in Tourism Traditional Villages

Implementing the concept of green development would help the tourism traditional villages to solve problems such as the deterioration of the ecological environment, the changing of traditional culture, the loss of original landscape, and others. Taking the six tourism traditional villages in Beijing as a case study, this study explored the best green scenario by considering the perceptions of stakeholders and constructed the green revitalization mode of tourism traditional villages by the scenario analysis method and other methods. The results show three key aspects of tourism traditional village development scenarios. (1) From the perspective of future development scenarios, the specific characteristics and objective functions of the basic development scenario are different in the economic revitalization scenario and the green revitalization scenario, the economic revitalization scenario and the green revitalization scenario are different. (2) From the perspective of the stakeholders' perceptions of different scenario plans, the future development of the case villages will change to varying degrees under the different scenario plans. However, no matter where the traditional villages are in the tourism life cycle, the green development scenario is the best choice. (3) Finally, this article constructed a five-in-one model of the green revitalization of tourism traditional villages with green economy as the key, traditional culture as the core, ecological civilization as the basis, village communities as the agent, and external policies as the guarantee. The research results aim to enrich the theory of green development and rural tourism, and provide theoretical reference and scientific guidance for the green revitalization of tourism traditional villages.

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emission assessment for bike-sharing systems based on a rebalancing emission estimation model

Bike sharing is regarded as a green transportation mode, while the existing studies on its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission assessment seldom consider bike-rebalancing process. In this research, a Bike Sharing System-Rebalancing Emission Estimation Model (BSS-REEM) was proposed to conservatively quantify historical GHG emitted by rebalancing vehicles. Taking the largest bike sharing system (BSS) in North America as a case, we comprehensively assessed its life cycle GHG footprint considering the system's infrastructures, rebalancing process and cycling activities and analyzed the GHG reduction benefits of using pedal and electric trikes to assist trucks in dispatching bikes. Results showed that the bike rebalancing activity level fluctuated throughout 2020 and 56.1% of bikes were dispatched by vehicles and the rest driven by customers' incentive mechanisms. The annual conservative GHG emission of bike rebalancing was 92.1 tCO2-eq when merely diesel trucks were used. Such emissions would be reduced with trikes to assist rebalancing. The emission reduction driven by riding in 2020 reached 14,333.6 tCO2-eq, representing 1.8 times of the entire system's GHG emissions over its service life. Quantifying GHG emissions of the bike-rebalancing process promotes a systematic and comprehensive environmental evaluation of BSSs, providing a basic for their sustainable management.

Planning Flexible Bus Service as an Alternative to Suspended Bicycle-Sharing Service: A Data-Driven Approach

Many free-floating bicycle-sharing (FFBS) operators in cold region cities will put bicycles in warehouses and suspend services in winter due to factors such as safety and maintenance costs, resulting in the corresponding travel demand no longer be met. Considering the short-distance and green travel characteristics of FFBS, the flexible bus, as a sustainable demand-responsive transit service, is a suitable alternative transportation mode. To operate such a flexible bus system, service area and operation time planning is a key stage, however, the planning methods in relevant studies are not suitable for this research scenario. In view of the above, this paper proposed a data-driven method to determine the service area and operation time of flexible buses based on FFBS data. Firstly, an FFBS trip path reconstruction algorithm consists of fine-grained road network modelling and trajectory matching is proposed. Then, in the defined time slice, incorporating the idea of ride-sharing routes generation, according to the density-based clustering principle and considering topology between trajectories, a path clustering algorithm PATHSCAN is developed to generate the one-day path clusters. After that, a frequent pattern mining algorithm is applied to the multiday path clusters, and frequent pattern results with spatio-temporal correlation will be merged into the final service area. The generated planning results will cover ride-matching trips and high-frequency riding paths. Detailed application analysis and verification are carried out by using the real data from Tianjin, China. Through the evaluation and verification under the relatively limited experimental data set, the proposed data-driven method shows ideal planning results. Flexible bus service can supplement the green short-distance travel mode after the suspension of FFBS and can avoid FFBS travel demands switched to unsustainable transportation modes to a large extent. This study will contribute to urban sustainable transportation development and improving greenness.

Adaptive-Energy-Sharing-Based Energy Management Strategy of Hybrid Sources in Electric Vehicles

The energy utilization of the transportation industry is increasing tremendously. The battery is one of the primary energy sources for a green and clean mode of transportation, but variations in driving profiles (NYCC, Artemis Urban, WLTP class-1) and higher C-rates affect the battery performance and lifespan of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Hence, as a singular power source, batteries have difficulty in tackling these issues in BEVs, highlighting the significance of hybrid-source electric vehicles (HSEVs). The supercapacitor (SC) and photovoltaic panels (PVs) are the auxiliary power sources coupled with the battery in the proposed hybrid electric three-wheeler (3W). However, energy management strategies (EMS) are critical to ensure optimal and safe power allocation in HSEVs. A novel adaptive Intelligent Hybrid Source Energy Management Strategy (IHSEMS) is proposed to perform energy management in hybrid sources. The IHSEMS optimizes the power sources using an absolute energy-sharing algorithm to meet the required motor power demand using the fuzzy logic controller. Techno-economic assessment wass conducted to analyze the effectiveness of the IHSEMS. Based on the comprehensive discussion, the proposed strategy reduces peak battery power by 50.20% compared to BEVs. It also reduces the battery capacity loss by 48.1%, 44%, and 24%, and reduces total operation cost by 60%, 43.9%, and 23.68% compared with standard BEVs, state machine control (SMC), and frequency decoupling strategy (FDS), respectively.

Research on the Practical Path of Green Consumption in China under the Concept of Green Development in the New Era

Since the reform and opening up, China’s economy and society have developed rapidly and achieved great construction results. However, the rough development has brought a series of bad consequences, especially the ecological environment is getting worse and worse, so it is especially important to promote green development. Green development is to focus on the common development of economy, ecology and natural environment, to save resources and to adhere to the road of sustainable development. With the development of the times, the green consumption mode has become a new way of consumption. This mode is complementary to green development and follows the principles and concepts of green development. Green consumption is also a concrete embodiment of this concept. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the challenges faced by the implementation of green consumption policy in China and to put forward some feasible suggestions.

Research on the Mechanism and Path of Digital Economy Promoting Green Development of the Agricultural Sector

The rapid development of digital economy can realize the overall reform of Chinese green development of the agricultural sector from productivity to production relations. Digital economy incorporates data elements into green development of the agricultural sector, thus achieving digital governance across agricultural production, farmers' life and rural government services. However, during this period, the imbalance between digital economy and green development level in different regions, the difficulty in adjusting the digital structure of traditional rural industries, and the mismatch of digital governance services have a negative impact on the function of digital economy as an incentive for green development of the agricultural sector. To give full play to the advantages of digital economy in promoting the green development of agriculture, we should actively promote the digital transformation of traditional agriculture, explore the regional differentiation of green agriculture development mode, enhance the government's digital governance capability, and play the role of the government in the institutional protection of agricultural green development.

A Two-Stage Location and Allocation Framework of Dockless Bike-Sharing System

The dockless bike-sharing system has received widespread attention as a green mode of travel. To improve operational efficiency and promote orderly parking behavior, this article proposes a new two-stage location and allocation model based on the hexagon grids. In the first stage, we build a location model integrating the set-covering part and the flow-capturing part. The model comprehensively considers the walking endurance limit, the point-demand in the grid and the path-demand among grids to determine the optimal candidate grids. In the second stage, we establish two allocation models to calculate the renting and parking demand in each optimal candidate grid and obtain the final optimal grids. In addition, we verify the feasibility of cycling demand transfer by Moran’s index and design the effective spatial distribution of bike-sharing system by grid density function. Empirical results show that the number of the selected grids (8% are newly added grids) is only 53% of the initial grids without cycling demand lost. It means the new framework in this paper can effectively alleviate traffic congestion in crowded urban and ensure that travelers’ demand will not decrease at the same time.

Dual-Fluorophore and Dual-Site Multifunctional Fluorescence Sensor for Visualizing the Metabolic Process of GHS to SO2 and the SO2 Toxicological Mechanism by Two-Photon Imaging

As a momentous gas signal molecule, sulfur dioxide (SO2) participates in diverse physiological activities. Excess SO2 will cause an apparent decrease in the level of intracellular glutathione (GSH), thereby damaging the body's antioxidant defense system. In addition, endogenous SO2 can be generated from GSH by reacting with thiosulfate (S2O32-) and enzymatically reduced to cysteine (Cys), a synthetic precursor of GSH. In view of their close correlation, a two-photon (TP) mitochondria-targeted multifunctional fluorescence sensor Mito-Na-BP was rationally designed and synthesized for detecting SO2 and GSH simultaneously. Under single-wavelength excitation, the sensor responded to GSH-SO2 and SO2-GSH continuously with blue-shifted and green fluorescence-enhanced signal modes, respectively, not just to GSH (enhanced) and SO2 (quenched) at 638 nm with a completely converse response tendency. Given its favorable spectral performance (high sensitivity, superior selectivity, and fast response rate) at physiological pH, Mito-Na-BP has been successfully applied in monitoring the level fluctuation of GSH affected from high-dose SO2 and visualizing in real time the metabolic process of GSH to SO2 by TP imaging. It is expected that this research will provide a convenient and efficient tool for elucidating intricate relationships of GSH and SO2 and facilitate further exploration of their functions in biomedicine.

Assessing the visibility of urban greenery using MLS LiDAR data

Given the ecological, cultural and psychological functions of urban vegetation, a growing number of studies have focused on daily accessible greenery visibility. Mobile laser scanning (MLS) can rapidly obtain dense point clouds that can be used to extract vegetation. To address this issue, we propose a novel method for calculating the green view index (GVI) based on MLS three-dimensional (3D) point clouds. In our study, the GVI was specified as the ratio of greenery viewing angles to the total number of viewing angles in view. The GVI calculation procedure was as follows. First, the vegetation points were extracted using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm and the PointNet++ deep learning algorithm. Second, based on the GVI specification, a virtual camera was constructed in a 3D point scenario to estimate greenery viewing angles in view and generate depth images, and then, the GVI value was calculated. This method is flexible and can be used to calculate the GVI at any site with any direction where 3D point scene data are available, and thus, it is suitable for evaluating various types of urban greenery. We conducted a case human-centered assessment of road greenery in a partial area of Jinshan District in Fuzhou, China, based on MLS point clouds, evaluating visible greenery and analyzing the relations among the GVI, greening pattern, and road green belt mode. The results showed that the overall visible greenery in the study area was good and that the GVI value of most road sections was more than 15 %. The method has potential for urban green space planning and management.

The choice of green manufacturing modes under carbon tax and carbon quota

Green manufacturing has become an important measure for energy conservation and emission reduction. The government has issued a series of policies, including carbon taxes and quotas, to promote green manufacturing. This study identifies effective green manufacturing modes under government carbon tax and carbon quota policies, considers the automobile manufacturing industry as the research object, and constructs three green manufacturing modes: (i) Product Remanufacturing Mode (PRM), (ii) Green Product Manufacturing Mode (GPMM), and (iii) Hybrid Manufacturing Mode. The analysis reveals that (i) Contrary to common sense, when the government carbon quota is larger, the carbon emission of PRM is lower than that of GPMM. However, when the government reduces carbon allowances, the carbon emissions of PRM are higher than that of GPMM. (ii) When the R&D of remanufacturing technology is more difficult than that of green product innovation technology (without considering price competition), if the government sets a low carbon tax, companies will generate more profit by choosing PRM. Otherwise, companies will obtain more profits by choosing GPMM. However, considering price competition, if the carbon tax is low, companies will obtain more profits by choosing GPMM. Or the company will obtain more profits by choosing PRM. (iii) However, when R&D of remanufacturing technology is less difficult than that of green product innovation technology contrary conclusions of (ii) follow.

Do smart cities promote a green economy? Evidence from a quasi-experiment of 253 cities in China

China's carbon neutrality target is not only a new requirement for energy development, but also a guide for the green and low-carbon development mode and direction of the whole economy. In order to achieve green and low-carbon goals, promote the construction of ecological civilization, and realize high-quality urban development, the Chinese government proposed the construction of “smart cities” in 2012. Using data from 279 cities in China from 2008 to 2020 and a multi-period difference-in-differences method, this paper empirically tested the impacts of the smart city constructions on the development of urban green economy. The results show that: the implementation of smart city has a significant impact in promoting the development of urban green economy, which is manifested in significantly reducing the pollutant emissions and energy intensity and has regional heterogeneity; Endogeneity issues arising from pilot selection are effectively addressed with the help of instrumental variables; Furthermore, the impact mechanism of smart city on green economy is also analyzed.

Does green economy contribute towards COP26 ambitions? Exploring the influence of natural resource endowment and technological innovation on the growth efficiency of China's regional green economy

The COP26 conference pointed out that, in order to tackle climate change and promote global economic recovery, it is necessary to maintain a multilateral consensus, focus on practical actions, and accelerate green transformation. Whether a green economy can help achieve the goals of the COP26 has become the focus of attention of governments worldwide. Based on the data of 30 regions in China from 2009 to 2020, this study used the super-efficiency SBM model to evaluate green economy growth efficiency (GEGE) in China and also used the system GMM model to explore the impact of natural resource endowment and technological innovation on GEGE. The conclusions are as follows: (1) From 2009 to 2020, China's GEGE level was 0.606, which is a low-medium level. During the research period, the GEGE level showed an upward trend as a whole, with obvious regional differences, showing a decreasing trend from the eastern to central regions and the western region. (2) Natural resources can promote national GEGE. The “resource curse” was found to not exist from a country-wide perspective, and there was no inverted U-shaped relationship. Natural resources were found to inhibit the GEGE of the eastern and central regions with no inverted U-shaped relationship, but they were found to promote GEGE in the west of China with an inverted U-shaped relationship. (3) Technological innovation can improve the GEGE of the whole country and the three regions, and the effect is the largest in the western region. (4) In the eastern region, environmental regulation was found to promote GEGE, but inhibited the GEGE of the whole country and the other two regions. Economic development was found to have a positive effect on GEGE in all the regions. FDI can improve the GEGE of the whole country and the eastern and central regions, but had a negative impact on the west of China. Green finance was found to promote GEGE in the whole country and the eastern and western regions; although this was positive in the central region, it was not significant. The research in this paper has important theoretical reference significance for achieving the regional COP26 targets by using the green economic growth mode.

Co-existence of Pesticides and Fertilizers in Agricultural Soil Environment

Pesticides and fertilizers are of utmost importance in suppression of pests and meeting food requirements. However, the excessive and inefficient use has ended up in severe environmental damage, in which soil health has intensively witnessed most critical part of harmful problems. Exposure of pesticides and fertilizers adversely affects soil nutrient content, enzyme activities, predominant non-target organisms, structural and functional biodiversity of microbial populations. It has been observed that the adsorption-desorption, leaching and degradation behaviors of pesticides can be modified in response to fertilizers, which regulate microorganisms for assimilated pollutes. Application of optically pure, bio-based pesticides and fertilizers for soil amendment is a sustainable and low cost option to avoid combined contamination in the soil environment. The practices of organic wastes as cost-effective biochar loaded fertilizers can also further achieve a double win targets in the formation of green production mode for pesticides and fertilizers. Additionally, more studies are needed to help identify opportunities for new agro-ecosystem.

Beyond Traditional TOD: Integrating Multiuse Paths and Bike Share into Public Transit to Address the First/Last Mile Issue

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been promoted worldwide as an integrated land-use and transportation strategy to foster urban sustainability. Bike share provides people with a convenient and relatively affordable way to enlarge the spatial scale of TODs across urban communities, as a solution to the first/last mile (FLM) issue with respect to the transit nodes of TODs. Even though barriers to FLM have been frequently studied, few studies incorporate people’s perceptions of their barriers and/or the integration of multiuse paths (MUPs) into the network of bike share and public transit. Using a survey conducted in the Greater Cincinnati area, Ohio, this study aimed to answer the following questions: (1) What are people's major barriers to integrating different green transportation modes and/or facilities (bike share, MUPs, public transit)? (2) To what extent does the built environment around people’s residential location affect their integration level of MUPs, bike share, and public transit? (3) Which improvements would most likely encourage people to integrate them more often? With descriptive statistics, spatial analysis, and statistical comparison, we found that (1) the major barrier to integrating MUPs into the green transportation system was their lack of connection and availability to transit and bike share; (2) a person’s living environment is spatially related to whether a person integrates bike share; and (3) more respondents would use MUPs more often if an integrated green transportation system could be provided or improved. These findings suggest the potential of incorporating MUPs and bike share into TOD strategies to address the FLM issue.

Geo-fence planning for dockless bike-sharing systems: a GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis framework

The inappropriate parking of free-floating shared bikes is a critical issue that needs to be addressed to realize the potential environmental, socioeconomic, and health benefits of this emerging green mode of transport. To address this challenge, this paper developes a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework for geo-fence planning of dockless bike-sharing systems based on openly accessible data. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the VIKOR (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) method are applied in the proposed framework to derive optimal geo-fence locations. The proposed framework is validated in a case study using a dataset of dockless bike-sharing trips from February 2020 in the City of Zurich and comparing the selected geo-fence locations with the existing bike-sharing stations. The assessment results show that the calculated geo-fence locations have a smaller average distance of 1395 m than that of 1692 m, and a larger demand coverage of 81% than that of 77% for bike-sharing stations. Overall, the proposed framework and the insights from the case study can help transport planners better implement shared micro-mobility hence facilitating the uptake of this sustainable mode of urban transport.

Effects of green manure planting mode on the quality of Korla fragrant pears (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu).

In this study, a three-year experiment on the fragrant pear orchard was conducted to investigate the effects of different varieties of green manure on the Korla fragrant pear fruit quality, with a view to finding a suitable green manure planting mode for Korla fragrant pear orchard. Green manures were planted in spaces among rows of pear trees, and then smashed and pressed into the soil as fertilisers by the agricultural machinery equipment in their full bloom period. In the experiment, four planting modes of green manure had been set for comparison: SA: Leguminosae green manures alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), SP: Poaceae green manures oats (Avena sativa L.), ST: Cruciferae green manures oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), and S: orchard authigenic green manures (Chenopodium album L., Mulgedium tataricum (L) DC., and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.). Apart from that, eleven fruit quality indicators were analyzed to evaluating the effects of different green manure planting mode on the quality of fragrant pear. According to analysis of variance (ANOVA) results, there were significant differences among four planting modes in terms of nine fruit quality indicators (P<0.05). In addition, the correlation analysis (CA) results revealed that there were different degrees of correlations among quality indicators. On this basis, repeated information among indicators was eliminated by principal component analysis (PCA), thus simplifying and recombining the three principal components. All in all, these three principal components reflect appearance traits, internal nutritive value and taste of fruits, respectively. Specifically, SA significantly improved the internal quality and nutritive value of fruits, SP improved the physical traits of fruits, and ST significantly improved the taste of fruits. Based on the PCA results, a comprehensive evaluation model of fruit quality was constructed. The are comprehensive fruit quality scores:SA>SP>ST>S.

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics, Evolution Law and Improvement Path of China’s Animal Husbandry Production Pattern

To examine the evolutionary pattern of livestock production activities in China, this paper analyzes the livestock production pattern from 1995 to 2020 using the models of center of gravity shift, spatial agglomeration and binary structure equilibrium index. The results show that: (1) overall, the degree of geographic agglomeration of China’s livestock industry shows a weak trend of enhancement, the center of gravity of production moves to the northwest, the main production areas gradually move to the three northern regions, and Inner Mongolia and Liaoning become emerging large livestock production provinces; (2) in terms of classification, there are obvious geographical characteristics in the movement of the center of gravity of production of various livestock products; some livestock product production is highly concentrated in a few provinces and produces (3) “Zhongtiao Mountains-Taihang Mountains” has become an important geographical division of spatial division of labor for livestock products in China, and the North China Plain and Loess Plateau on the left and right sides have become the landing areas of the center of gravity for the production of grain-consuming and herbivorous livestock products, respectively; 2006 was the peak of spatial concentration of livestock industry in China. 2006 is not only the peak inflection year of spatial concentration of livestock industry in China, but also the turning point of balanced development of grain-consuming livestock industry and herbivorous livestock industry. Therefore, following the intrinsic requirements of the new development concept on productivity layout, it is proposed to comprehensively implement the green spatial layout strategy, deeply promote the innovation of grass-livestock balance system, construct the green production mode of animal husbandry, coordinate and promote the “one place, one product” characteristic animal husbandry industrialization project and promote the transformation from a large country of animal husbandry production to a strong country of animal husbandry industry.

Regeneration pattern and genome-wide transcription profile of rhizome axillary buds after perennial rice harvest.

Perennial rice is a new type of rice that allows the harvest of rice for multiple years without growing new seedlings annually. This technology represents a green and sustainable agricultural production mode with many advantages for balancing agricultural ecology and food security. However, the differences in regeneration patterns between perennial and annual rice and the gene regulatory pathways of the apical dominance in axillary bud growth after harvest in perennial rice are still unclear. In this study, perennial rice (PR23) and annual rice (Chugeng28) were used to investigate axillary bud growth patterns before and after apical spike removal. After elimination of apical dominance at different development stages, perennial rice rhizome axillary buds at the compression nodes germinated more rapidly than others and developed into new seedlings. The axillary buds at the high-position nodes in annual rice grew faster than those at other nodes. Furthermore, the global gene expression patterns of PR23 rhizome buds at compression nodes grown for 1, 3, 4, and 5 days after apical spike removal were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. Compared with the control buds without apical removal, 264, 3,484, 2,095, and 3,398 genes were up-regulated, and 674, 3,484, 1,594, and 1,824 genes were down-regulated in the buds grown for 1, 3, 4, and 5 days after apical spike removal, respectively. Trend analysis of the expressed genes at different time points was performed and co-expression network was constructed to identify key genes in rhizome axillary bud regrowth. The results showed that 85 hub genes involved in 12 co-regulatory networks were mainly enriched in the light system, photosynthesis-antenna protein, plant hormone signal transduction, ABC transporter and metabolic pathways, which suggested that hormone and photosynthetic signals might play important roles in the regulation of rhizome axillary bud regeneration in perennial rice. Overall, this study clarified the differences in the regeneration patterns of axillary buds between perennial and annual rice and provided insight into the complex regulatory networks during the regeneration of rhizome axillary buds in perennial rice.