Green Leaf Research Articles

Genetic analysis of stay green related traits in maize with major gene plus polygenes mixed model.

Maize is one of the main food crops in the world, and cultivating high-yield and high-quality maize varieties is of great significance in addressing food security issues. Leaves are crucial photosynthetic organs in maize, and leaf senescence can result in the degradation of chlorophyll. This, in turn, impacts photosynthetic activity and the accumulation of photosynthetic products. Delaying leaf senescence and increasing carbon assimilation can enhance grain yield and biomass production. The stay green of maize is an important trait closely related to yield, feed quality and resistance. Therefore, this study employed multi-generation joint analysis of major genes and a polygene model to investigate the genetic inheritance of stay green-related traits. Four populations (P1, P2, F1 and F2) were obtained by crossing T01 (stay green) × Xin3 (non-stay green) and T01 (stay green) × Mo17 (non-stay green) under two environments. Six stay green-related traits, including visual stay green (VSG), number of green leaves (GLNM), SPAD value of ear leaf at anthesis (SPADS), SPAD value of ear leaf at maturity (SPADM), absolute green leaf area (GLAD), grain yield per plant (GYP), displayed continuous variations with kurtosis and skewness values of absolute value less than 1 and distribution close to normal. They were characterized by typical inheritance of quantitative traits, with these traits demonstrating the transgressive segregation. The correlation analysis among the traits revealed that five stay green traits have a positive impact on yield. VSG, GLNM and SPADM in the two populations were regulated by the two major genes of additive effects plus additive-dominance polygene model with a major gene heritability varying from 89.03 to 95.95% in the F2 generation. GLAD in TMF2 was controlled by two major genes of equal-additive dominance effects with high heritability (93.47%). However, in TXF2, GLAD was regulated by two major genes of additive-dominance interaction effects plus additive-dominance polygene model. These results provide important genetic information for breeding, which could guide the improvement of stay green-related traits. They also lay a foundation for quantitative trait loci mapping of the stay stay-green traits in maize.

Estrutura do dossel, aspectos comportamentais e fisiológicos de ovinos terminados em pasto, usando-se torta de mamona como insumo alternativo

ABSTRACT The purpose was to evaluate structural characteristics of pasture, behavioral aspects and physiological parameters of sheep finished on irrigated Tamani grass pasture under continuous stocking, using castor bean cake as alternative input. Structural characteristics of the pasture were assessed in a randomized block design in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with two sources of nitrogen fertilization (mineral - urea and organic - in natura castor bean cake) and two supplements (with or without detoxified castor bean cake), in four replications (paddocks). Behavioral aspects and physiological parameters were assessed in a randomized block design with four treatments, and repeated measures over time in eight replications (sheep). Total forage biomass, green leaf blade biomass, grazing, rumination, and idleness times, as well as respiratory rate and rectal temperature were assessed. Urea provided greater leaf blade biomass (1,807 kg DM.ha.cycle-1) and tiller population density (1,592 tillers.m-2). Grazing time reduced 65 minutes.day-1 for animals supplemented with detoxified castor bean cake and kept in pastures fertilized with urea. The use of castor bean cake did not change the physiological parameters of the animals in any of the managements evaluated and can be used as a strategic input in the finishing of sheep on pasture.

Effect of carbon nanoparticles on the growth and photosynthetic property of Ficus tikoua Bur. plant.

The application of nanomaterials in different plants exerts varying effects, both positive and negative. This study aimed to investigate the influence of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) on the growth and development of Ficus tikoua Bur. plant. The morphological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters, and chlorophyll content of F. tikoua Bur. plants were evaluated under four different concentrations of CNPs. Results indicated a decreasing trend in several agronomic traits, such as leaf area, branching number, and green leaf number and most photosynthetic parameters with increasing CNPs concentration. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b contents were also significantly reduced in CNPs-exposed plants compared to the control. Notably, variations in plant tolerance to CNPs were observed based on morphological and physiological parameters. A critical concentration of 50 g/kg was identified as potentially inducing plant toxicity, warranting further investigation into the effects of lower CNPs concentrations to determine optimal application levels.

Analysis of proximate, functional and mineral composition of broken basmati rice flour, pearl millet flour and green leaf powder

Analysis of proximate, functional and mineral composition of broken basmati rice flour, pearl millet flour and green leaf powder

Índices de vegetação para monitoramento do desempenho agronômico da batata sob combinações de adubação mineral e orgânica

ABSTRACT Potatoes are one of the main vegetables consumed worldwide. However, dependence on mineral fertilizers compromises producers’ profitability. New alternatives are required to increase agricultural crop yield while sustaining production. Vegetation indices have improved the agility and benefits of experimental evaluations of vegetables; however, there is a scarcity of information on potatoes. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of different vegetation indices for monitoring the agronomic performance of potato crops fertilized with a combination of mineral fertilizers and organic compost. The study was conducted in the municipality of Perdizes, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A randomized block design was used. Each plot was divided into five subplots that received 25 combinations of mineral and organic fertilizer treatments in four replications. Images were acquired using a remote-piloted aircraft, which generated spectral values of vegetation indices in relation to various combinations of fertilizer doses. Mineral fertilizer doses significantly correlated with the normalized green-red difference index (NGRDI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and green leaf index (GLI) at r = 0.824, 0.836, and 0.833, respectively. Even in an environment with high variability in plant growth, the NGRDI, NDVI, and GLI were significantly correlated with mineral fertilization. The agronomic performance of potato crops under various fertilizer dosages could be monitored using the obtained vegetation indices.

Testing the effect of magnesium oxid nanoparticles in combating the Penicillium digitatum, which causes green leaf disease in range fruits

Testing the effect of magnesium oxid nanoparticles in combating the Penicillium digitatum, which causes green leaf disease in range fruits

Influence of synthetic chelators and LMWOAs on the yield and quality attributes of Panicum maximum Jacq. (Poales: Poaceae) in chromium phytoextraction

Phytoextraction is a cost-effective technology for contaminated site remediation. The study was carried out to investigate the potential of Panicum maximum (Jacq.) to remediate Cr-contaminated soil in tannery industries. Using chromium chelators and hyperaccumulating plants (Guinea grass), efforts have been made to decontaminate the chromium-contaminated tannery sites. To evaluate, the pot experiment was conducted, and Guinea grass’s yield and quality parameters were analyzed. The changes in root length, shoot length, and number of tillers were studied for three months, and the maximum values were 12.6 cm, 163.6 cm, and 12.6 cm, respectively, in the treatment with citric acid. The fodder quality parameters such as crude protein (9.2%), crude fibre (27.24%), and green leaf yield (370.3 g/plant) were magnificent in the treatment with citric acid as the chelator. Indeed, maximum hexavalent chromium (2.94 ± 0.06) and total chromium (17.98 ± 0.05) were observed in the citric acid treatment. Among all the treatments analyzed, the low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs), especially citric acid at 5 mmol/kg, were the best ones that could be recommended for improving the chelating process in the phytoremediation of chromium by Guinea grass. However, among the synthetic chelators, EDTA has resulted in higher chromium chelation and yield attributes such as root length (10.7 cm), shoot length (153.6 cm), number of tillers (10.3), and quality parameters like Guinea grass such as crude protein (8.1%), crude fibre (28.03%), and green leaf yield (342.6 g/plant). The study indicates that the chelators are enhancing Guinea grass growth and incorporating that may assist in the phytoremediation process.

Pragmatical utilization of beneng taro (Xanthosoma undipes) based on local knowledge of the community of Mount Karang, Pandeglang, Indonesia

Abstract. Windarsih G, Rahma AF, Mulyana D, Hariri MR, Erlinawati I, Riastiwi I, Efendi M. 2023. Pragmatical utilization of beneng taro (Xanthosoma undipes K.Koch) based on local knowledge of the community of Mount Karang, Pandeglang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6415-6424. Beneng taro (Xanthosoma undipes K.Koch) belongs to the order Arales and family Araceae. It is one of the staple crop commodities cultivated extensively in Mount Karang, Pandeglang District, Banten, Indonesia. This research aimed to assess the utilization of beneng taro by the local community in Mount Karang. The study was classified as descriptive research. The research used exploratory surveys and participatory rural appraisal as methodological approaches. Data collection techniques were collected through interviews, questionnaires, observations, and documentation. Moreover, 30 participants were selected using purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods. The plants were sampled randomly, 5 per location, to observe morphological traits. The findings of this study indicate that there are two local cultivars of beneng taro found in Mount Karang, including green leaf sheath and red leaf sheath cultivars. All beneng taro plant parts possess significant economic worth, including leaf blades, leaf sheaths, petioles, corms, cormels, and exudates. This plant is frequently used for food and beverage, cigarettes, medicinal ingredients, fabric production, crafts, organic fertilizer, livestock feed, fish pellets, and decorative plants. However, beneng taro with green leaf sheath is more widely cultivated in the area and consumed for food and beverage.

The Plant Growth Analysis of Cucumis sativus L. Affected by Various Types of Organic Matter

Organic matter can be used to increase the growth and metabolism activities of Cucumis sativus L. plants. Plant growth analysis is a simple method that can be used to determine physiological activities that support plant growth. The study aims to describe plant activities through plant growth analysis which is influenced by the use of organic matter. The research was conducted at the Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Perjuangan Tasikmalaya. The study used a Completely Randomized Design - single factor (types of organic matters) i.e. control, rice straw compost, rice husk, leaf green compost, and cow manure. Four replications were used in this study. Based on our study, the application of organic matter significantly affects LAI 2 WAP, LAI 4 WAP, WC 2 WAP, WC 4 WAP, NAR, PGR, and HI. Cow manure, green leaf compost, and rice straw compost can increase LAI, while rice husk, rice straw, and green cow manure can increase WC. Furthermore, the application of rice husk and cow manure was able to increase in NAR, CGR, and HI. The increase NAR, CGR, and HI in this study was positively correlated with r= 0.622 and r= 0.284, respectively.

Worm castings and naphthaleneacetic acid in the growth and yield of zucchini in shade houses

The cultivation of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) under protected conditions has limitations, such as low fruit set due to poor pollination, which affect the commercial yield and profitability of the crop. The investigation was carried out to know the influence of earthworm humus (HL) and naphthaleneacetic acid (ANA) on the growth and yield of two zucchini cultivars in shade houses. A randomized block experimental design with eight treatments and 10 repetitions was used. The treatments influenced plant height, leaf area index, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, plant dry weight and fruit set; however, there were no differences because of the treatments in stem diameter, leaf greenness and number of leaves. With the HMX58 cultivar, the highest plant height was obtained: while because of the Prestige cultivar, the highest index of leaf area, dry weight of leaves and dry weight of the whole plant. The highest yield was obtained with the HMX58+LC treatment, while fruit set and number of fruits increased because of earthworm humus. The diameter and weight of the fruit increased because of ANA in both cultivars, and the length of the fruit in the Prestige cultivar.

Photochemical activity in developing pea (Pisum sativum L.) cotyledons depends on the light transmittance of covering tissues and the spectral composition of light.

Many crops require not only leaf photosynthesis for their seed development but also the photochemical reactions that occur in the seeds. The purpose of this work was a comparative analysis of light transmittance and photochemical activity in the leaves of Pisum sativum L. and its pericarp, seed coat, and cotyledons at the early, middle, and late maturation stages. The spectral composition of light was measured using a spectroradiometer in the range of 390-760 nm. We assessed the light transmittance of plant tissues by placing the plant tissue between the light source and the spectroradiometer's sensor. PAM fluorometry was used to quantify the photochemical activity in plant tissues: this technique is handy for evaluating the efficiency of converting light energy into chemical energy through the analysis of the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence excitation and quenching. On average, a photochemically active green leaf of pea transmitted 15 % of solar radiation in the 390-760 nm, blue light was delayed entirely, and the transmitted red light never exceeded 5 %. Photochemically active radiation passing through the pericarp and coat and reaching the cotyledons at the early and middle seed maturation stages manifested a high proportion of green and far-red light; there was no blue light, and the percentage of red light was about 2 %. However, the cotyledons were photochemically active regardless of low irradiance and spectral ranges untypical of leaf photosynthesis. At the early and middle maturation stages, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) averaged 0.5 at the periphery of cotyledons and 0.3 at their center. Since the intensity of embryonic photochemical reactions significantly affects the efficiency of reserve nutrient accumulation, this parameter is a promising marker in pea breeding for seeds with improved nutritional qualities.

Salicylic acid and chitosan mitigate high temperature stress of rice via growth improvement, physio-biochemical adjustments and enhanced antioxidant activity

Sustainably increasing rice (Oryza sativa L.) becomes more challenging due to environmental stresses. High temperature stress resulting from global warming impact of climate change is highly damaging as it can cause growth and yield reduction of rice via cellular and physio-biochemical impairments. Application of either salicylic acid or chitosan can possibly increase plant's tolerance to different abiotic stresses; however, their combined mitigation effects remained inadequately explored. Thus, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the mitigation potential of combined salicylic acid and chitosan against high temperature stress of rice. The experiment was conducted in a factorial combination of two temperature regimes (optimum temperature [control] and high temperature); two salicylic acid levels (−SA: 0 mg L−1 and +SA: 140 mg L−1); and two chitosan levels (−Ch: 0 mg L−1, +Ch: 100 mg L−1) following a completely randomized design. High temperature impaired rice growth and productivity by negatively influencing all tested parameters; however, salicylic acid and chitosan could significantly mitigate those impairments. The mitigation on growth and yield contributing parameters was recorded at best 11 %, 21 %, 12 %, 75 %, 61 %, 46 %, 27 %, and 43 % for plant height, leaf area, shoot dry matter, pollen viability, effective tiller percentage, filled grain percentage, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield respectively. Highest alleviation in physio-biochemical parameters was also found at best 35 %, 68 %, and 67 % for leaf greenness, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance respectively with 28 % and 60 % respective increase in transpiration rate and proline concentration. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase activity were also boosted as high as 1.6-folds, 1.4-folds, 1.9-folds, and 2.6-folds respectively with subsequent reduction of 32 % lipid peroxidation and 34 % hydrogen peroxide concentration. For all tested parameters, the best positive effects were observed under combined salicylic acid and chitosan treatment. Individually, salicylic acid was found more effective than chitosan; however, their combined application resulted in significantly better alleviation responses over their individual application for most studied parameters. Our findings would contribute in present understanding of high temperature stress and would also help in strategizing better-suited management practices toward sustainable rice productivity.

Effectiveness of green betel leaf extract cream in healing cut wounds

Green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) is widely used in the healing of cut wounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of green betel leaf extract cream in the healing of cut wounds on the skin of white Wistar rats. The design employed was a pre-test post-test with a control group design and a sample size of 20 white rats divided into four groups. Betel leaf extract was prepared using the maceration method, while a cream preparation of betel leaf extract was prepared using the oil-in-water emulsion type (M/A). Macroscopic histopathological evaluation was performed by examining fibroblast growth. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (p < 0.05) was used to determine the difference between groups, and a post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test was used to analyze which treatment group had the greatest efficacy. Technical terms were explained upon first use, and the language used was clear, objective, and value-neutral to improve academic quality. The text was free from grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and unnecessary jargon. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (p < 0.05) was used to determine the difference between groups, and a post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test was used to analyze which treatment group had the greatest efficacy. The study revealed a substantial difference in the average wound healing rates between the control group (P0) and treatment groups P1, P2, and P3. This is due to the lack of active substances in the control group (P0), which aids in accelerating the wound healing process. Notably, the 15% green betel leaf extract cream demonstrated superior efficacy in healing wounds in white rats compared to the 10% and 25% green betel leaf extract creams. The results indicated no significant difference between the application of 15% and 25% green betel leaf extract cream. This is due to the fact that secondary metabolite compounds present in the extract produce a healing effect on wounds at these particular levels. However, lower concentrations only act as microorganism inhibitors, rendering them less effective for promoting wound healing.

Selection of processing parameters for the integrated supercritical CO2 extraction from green tea leaves and extract impregnation onto starch-chitosan based films

The study aimed toward the development of biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric films (starch-chitosan and starch-chitosan-cyclodextrin) with biologically valuable green tea leaf extract using an environmentally friendly integrated process of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI). The SFE-SSI process parameters were selected through the initial estimation of the SFE parameters effect (temperatures 35 and 70 °C and the addition of co-solvents ethanol, ethanol/water, and water). The present early-stage work showed that an increase in temperature increased extraction yield (from 0.9 to 4.2%) and caffeine content while it decreased polyphenolic and pigment content as well as antioxidant activity and extract loading onto films (from 7.1 to 0.1%). The addition of co-solvents to sc-CO2 had an adverse effect on extract yield, composition, and loading. The highest recorded total phenolic, flavonoid, chlorophyll A, and caffeine content in extracts were 136.5 mg GE/g, 22.7 mg RE/g, 8.1 mg/g, and 460.0 mg/g, respectively.

Cassava growth and yield on ultisol of different soil organic carbon content and NPK fertilizer levels

The demand for cassava tuber in Indonesia is high, however, domestic production is still limited therefore increasing production is important. Ultisol soils have the potential for cassava production, but low soil fertility in such soils needs to be improved. The research aimed to evaluate the effect of soil organic carbon (SOC) and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of cassava tuber in an ultisol. The experiment was conducted at the Jonggol Experimental Farm, IPB Bogor, West Java from September 2022 to January 2023. The experiment used a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot was SOC level of 1.93 (control), 2, 3, and 4%, and the subplot was NPK 15-15-15 level of 150, 300, 450, and 600 kg ha-1. SOC level was increased through the application of cow manure 0, 3.59, 54.93, and 106.27 tons ha-1 corresponding to SOC levels of 1.93 (control), 2, 3, and 4%, respectively. Results showed that enhancing SOC up to 3% and NPK 300 kg ha-1 were enough to support cassava growth as shown by plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number. The leaf number was the highest in the 3% SOC+150 kg NPK, 2% SOC+300 kg NPK or+450 kg NPK, and control+600 kg ha-1 NPK treatment. Leaf greenness was only affected by adding NPK fertilizer; a high greenness value was obtained at NPK level of > 150 kg ha-1 and 300 to 600 kg ha-1 resulting in non-significantly leaf greenness. The status of N and K in the leaves increased by SOC and NPK treatments, while the P status was unaffected. SOC at a level of 3% and NPK at a level of 150 kg ha-1 stimulated cassava to produce the highest fresh tuber weight (1.85 kg per plant) at 4 months after planting. Cassava productivity in ultisol soil can be increased by applying cow manure of 54.93 tons ha-1 to enhance SOC up to 3% combined with NPK of 150 kg ha-1.
 Keywords: Extensification; food security; intensification; tuber production; nutrient uptake

Synthesis and Characterization of Optical Properties of Carbon Quantum Dots (CQD) Based on Mustard Green (Brassica juncea L) Leaf with Urea Addition

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a class of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized in this work from Mustard Leaves (Brassica juncea L) with the Addition of Urea via a microwave-assisted reflux method. This research aims to characterize CQDs' optical properties, energy gap, and emission under UV light computationally and experimentally. The studied optical properties obtained the maximum absorption peak observed from the UV-Vis spectrum of CQDs without urea shown at 233 nm. The UV-Vis spectrum of CQDs with the addition of urea (1 g, 1.5 g, and 2 g urea) has maximum absorption peaks at 424 nm, 422 nm, and 418 nm. The addition of urea causes a shift in the peak of the UV-Vis absorption spectrum towards red wavelengths (redshift). CQDs display bright green emissions when exposed to UV irradiation. In this work, the structures of CQDs of various forms (CQD-24, CQD-54, CQD-24-NH2, CQD-54-NH2) are theoretically studied in detail, and the results present both models (CQD-24, CQD-54) shows that the calculation results are in accordance with the experimental results, namely having a maximum UV-Vis absorption at 233 nm and in the range 200-400 nm. The results of calculations based on experiments show the same trend, namely that with the addition of urea, there is a shift in the absorption peak (redshift). The gap energy obtained also decreased with the addition of urea. CQDs solution emits yellow-green light.

Effects of Green Tea Leaf Extract on Viability, Apoptosis, and Expression of Interleukin-6 in Keloid Fibroblasts

Green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) extract contains polyphenols, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic agents that may effectively to as keloid therapy. This study aims to examine the effect of green tea leaf extract on viability, apoptosis, and interleukin-6 expression in keloid fibroblasts. Keloid fibroblast cultures were divided into groups that were cultivated with green tea extract at dosages of 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL, negative control (10% Fetal Bovine Serum/FBS), and positive control (100 μM dexamethasone). This study used post-test-only control group design. The highest mean IL-6 expression was in the GTE 200 (275,942.7 pg/mL), while the lowest was in the GTE 800 ( -2,890.6 pg/mL). The viability and apoptosis was analized by using one-way ANOVA, continued with Least Significant Difference (LSD) with a significance of p 0.05 in the GTE 800 treatment group compared to the entire intervention group. Kruskal-Wallis followed by a Mann-Whitney was carried out for interleukin-6 (IL-6) with a significance of p 0.05 in the extract therapy group at dosages of 200, 400, 800 μg/ml and 100 μM dexamethasone. In conclusion, green tea leaf extract at 800 μg/ml could reduce viability interleukin-6 expression and increase apoptotic caspase-3 expression in keloid fibroblast cells.

The beneficial effects of the tobacco hydroperoxide lyase pathway in whitefly host adaptation

Plants respond to herbivore attack by emitting complex mixtures of volatile compounds to repel herbivores or attract predators and parasitoids. In this study, however, we revealed that tobacco green leaf volatiles (GLVs) were beneficial compounds for whitefly adaptation to host plants. Our study indicates that GLVs are closely associated with plant susceptibility to whiteflies. Whitefly infestation elevated the transcript of the hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) gene, one gene responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of C6 or C9 aldehydes from fatty acid hydroperoxides. Overexpression of HPL increased the emission of GLVs (hexanal, 1- hexanal, trans-2- hexanal and cis-3- hexanal) and resulted in improved performance for whiteflies. Exogenous application of GLVs promoted whitefly survival and fecundity and increased the plant's attraction to whiteflies. Thus, our study provides new insights into the role of the HPL pathway and GLVs in influencing herbivore adaptation to host plants.

Phyto-nanoemulsion Containing Tea Leaves Extract Incorporated into A Hydrogel-based Peel-off Mask Formulation: Development, Antioxidant Assay, and Ex-vivo Transport Study

Background: Tea leaves contain remarkable antioxidant compounds suitable for cosmetics formulation development targeting anti-aging purposes. However, due to its hydrophilicity, it faced the main hurdle, namely the permeation of the potential antioxidant compounds. Nanoemulsion formulation offers the permeation improvement of water-soluble compounds Therefore, this work purposed to formulate and develop the nanoemulsion formulation containing tea leaf extract incorporated into a peel-off mask formulation and an ex-vivo transport study. Methods: The nanoemulsion formulation was developed according to self-nano emulsification. The optimization process was performed using a design of experiment to define optimized formulation based on quality target product profiles. Dried green tea leaf extract (DGTE) was obtained by lyophilizing the boiled water-based extract. Antioxidant and phenolic content assays were also evaluated. The optimized formulation was incorporated into a hydrogel-based peel-off mask formulation. Permeated polyphenol through a rat skin membrane was carried out along with deposited polyphenols in the skin membrane. Results: The results indicated that DGTE had powerful antioxidants with IC50 less than 15 mg/mL. The optimized nanoemulsion comprised 21.62% virgin coconut oil, 48.38% Tween 80, and 30% PEG 400, producing a droplet size of less than 50 nm. The peel-off formulation was successfully formulated along with PVA 10-11% and HPMC 0.25-1% with a drying time of around 30 min. The nanoemulgel peel-off mask formulation played significant roles in enhancing the permeation and deposition in the percutaneous transport using rat skin membrane for roughly 200% and 50%, respectively. Conclusion: The nanoemulsion incorporated into a hydrogel-based peel-off mask enhanced the permeation of DGTE polyphenol compounds.

Assessing the spatio-temporal tropospheric ozone and drought impacts on leaf growth and grain yield of wheat across Europe through crop modeling and remote sensing data

Water stress and ozone are known to cause yield loss of wheat across Europe when acting as individual stressor. There is a growing evidence that these stressors cause synergistic effects on yield when they are combined. Analyzing spatio-temporal leaf growth dynamics and grain yield in responses to variability of climate and ozone conditions, especially focusing on water stress and ozone in wheat growing areas in EU, is rarely done. Three crop models (LINTULCC2, WOFOST, and DO3SE) which have different degrees of complexity and input requirements were calibrated and validated using experimental data from Spain describing the response of wheat plants to single and combination of ozone and/or water stress. Modeling performance of three models was then evaluated for 360 locations across EU using remote sensing green leaf area index (GLAI) from Sentinel-2 images and statistical grain yield data. Water stress or ozone alone caused grain yield reduction by 19% and 17%, respectively. Both observation and modeling simulation results showed that the combination of these two factors led to a further yield loss (10–17%). We conclude that combinations of drought stress and ozone can result in bigger effects on yield than the two stresses separately. The well-calibrated process based models could be used to test adaptation practices to both air pollution and climate change scenario combinations with further improvements that are needed in modelling leaf growth dynamics.