Green Filter Research Articles

Investigation of structural and optical properties of graphene derivatives as a route for optical sensing

In the present research work, thick films of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were fabricated on glass substrate by using standard screen-printing technique. Silver paste was used to make contacts of thick films. Fabricated thick films of GO and rGO were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental data analysis (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to make sure the morphological, elemental and structural characteristics of the thick films. Optical characteristics of the fabricated thick films were carried out by UV Spectra, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, the optical studies were performed by homemade system to investigate the effect incident light intensity with different colour (Blue, Yellow, and Green) filters on GO and rGO sensing. XRD and EDS confirms the materials were GO and rGO. The findings revealed that reduced graphene oxide has a high light absorption capacity to consider as an optical sensor.

Novel Semi-Automated Design for Determination of Iron in Water using Smartphone Camera Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) Biosensor as a Detector Device

In this research, a new method was used to determine the amount of iron in water, by using the colour biosensor of the smart-phone device as a biosensor for the chromatic intensity of the samples images that are examined through a program (colour meter) downloaded to the phone. The concentration of the samples is measured from the value of the basic colours (red, green, blue) (RGB) for recorded video from a device (Galaxy J7 prime 2). An accessory for the mobile device is designed from plastic (black acrylic). In the form of a dark box from the inside equipped with a flow cell and a mirror reflecting the flash light emitted by the mobile device and a green filter complementing the red colour, and a micro switch connected to a smart-phone device via earphones, and the device is attached to the accessory by the device case. The calibration curve for this method was in the range of mg/L (1-8), the correlation coefficient (R2 ) was equal to (0.999), the limit of detection was in the amount of (0.2) mg/L, and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) for the concentration was (4) mg/L, for which the examination was repeated (10) times, and its value was (0.6 %), and the recovery value (Recovery%) was equal to (101.5 %).

Role of Monocharged Anions and Cations in the Chemical Enhancement of Ag(0) Nanoparticle Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Systems

In the present investigation, we show the effect of the addition of different salts on the response and enhancement of the Raman signal of triazines. To do this, we have used different monocharged anions (F−, Cl−, Br−, I−) and cations of the alkali metal family (Li+, Na+, K+); as supports, we have used four colloids of silver nanoparticles that were photoreduced with white, purple, blue, and green light filters, and as test analytes, we have used two different triazines (cyanuric acid and sodium trithiocyanurate). The highest Raman enhancement signals were produced by the combination of the smallest nanoparticles obtained (photo-irradiated with blue light) together with the halide anion (I−) and the alkali metal cation (K+). Regarding the analyte, sodium trithiocyanurate registered greater Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) improvements than cyanuric acid under these same conditions. Our research highlights the activating role of SERS played by highly polarizable monocharged ions (I− and K+), which facilitate the electronic transfer of metal to the analyte, improving the Raman signal markedly.

New method for the determination of iron (II) in a pharmaceutical preparation using the color intensity (RGB) of a smartphone

In this research, a new method was used to determine the amount of iron in pharmaceutical, by using the color bio sensor of the smartphone device as bio sensor for the chromatic intensity of the samples images that are examined through a program (color meter) that is downloaded to the phone. An accessory for the mobile device is designed from plastic (black acrylic). In the form of a dark box from the inside equipped with a flow cell and a mirror reflecting the flash light emitted by the mobile device and a green filter complementing the red color, and a micro switch connected to a smartphone device via earphones, and the device is attached to the accessory by the device case. The calibration curve for this method was in the range of mg/L (1-8), the correlation coefficient (R2) was equal to (0.999), the limit of detection was in the amount of (0.2) mg/L, and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) for the concentration is (4) mg/L, for which the examination was repeated (10) times, and its value was (0.6 %), and the recovery value (Recovery%) was equal to (101.5 %).

Can plants integrate information on above-ground competition in their directional responses below ground?

Light competition can induce varying above-ground responses in plants. However, very little is known regarding the effect of above-ground light competition cues on plant responses below ground. Here we asked whether light competition cues that indicate the occurrence and direction of neighbours above ground might affect directional root placemat. In a common-garden experiment, we examined the integrated responses of the annual procumbent plant Portulaca oleracea to light competition cues and soil nutrient distribution. Soil nutrients were distributed either uniformly or in patches, and light competition was simulated using a transparent green filter, which was spatially located either in the same or opposite direction of the soil nutrient patch. As predicted, root proliferation of P. oleracea increased in the direction of the enriched soil patches but was homogenously distributed under the uniform nutrient distribution. Interestingly, root distribution was also affected by the light competition cue and increased in its direction regardless of the location of the soil patches. Our results provide initial support to the idea that below-ground plant responses to competition might also be regulated by above-ground neighbour cues, highlighting the need to further investigate the combined effects of both above- and below-ground competition cues on root behaviour.

Perovskite solar cells integrated with blue cut-off filters for mitigating light-induced degradation.

The stability of methylammonium (MA)-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains one of the most urgent issues that need to be addressed. Inherent weak binding forces between MAs and halides cause the perovskite structure to become unstable under exposure to various external environmental factors such as moisture, oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, and heat. In particular, the degradation of perovskite films under light exposure accelerates the deterioration of the device, mainly due to the migration of halide ions. In this study, we investigated the effect of light energy on the degradation of inverted PSCs by introducing red ( = 610-800 nm), green (500-590 nm), and blue (300-500 nm) light-pass filters. After 30 h, the inverted PSCs of blue-light-induced devices retained a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 70%, while those of the green and red light-induced devices retained PCEs of 85% and 90%, respectively. Direct evidence of light-induced degradation was obtained by investigating morphological changes in the perovskite films and the amount of ion accumulation on the Ag electrode. This evidence highlights the varying effect of light with different energies on device degradation. Furthermore, to minimize light-induced device degradation, we designed two types of blue cut-off filters that can selectively block light ranging from = 400 to 500 nm, comprising a multilayered inorganic metasurface. An optical simulation was used to optimize the performance of the designed filters. By investigating the changes in the photovoltaic parameters and the amount of ion accumulation on the Ag electrode, we confirmed that integrating blue cut-off filters into PSCs greatly improved the operational lifetime of the devices.

Photometric characterization of Starlink satellite tracklets using RGB filters

The number of satellites orbiting the Earth has significantly increased and large constellations based on thousands of satellites are currently being designed and operated. Among them the Starlink project, owned by SpaceX, is in advanced phase. The massive presence of orbiting objects could have a negative impact on astronomical research. In the case of observations with long exposure times and/or wide field of view (FoV), numerous bright tracklets, caused by the reflection of sunlight on a transiting satellite, may appear in the images. For this reason, the Sapienza Space Systems and Space Surveillance Laboratory (S5Lab), which has been involved in research on space debris and space surveillance for many years, started a new research project on the photometric characterization of some satellites of the Starlink project, using red, green and blue filters and comparing the results with observations performed without filters in order to analyze the features of the transit of Starlink satellites. The observations will stress the high complexity of the Starlink satellites reflection pattern, producing interesting results concerned with the used filters and the observation geometry.

ParentalDNAmethylation influences plasticity of early offspring traits, but offspringDNAmethylation influences trait plasticity throughout life

AbstractPlants alter their phenotypes in response to both their own environment and that of their parents. Parental environments are hypothesized to more strongly regulate early life stages of offspring, while offspring environments regulate later life stages, since offspring perception becomes more accurate throughout development. DNA methylation in plants is known to respond to environmental conditions and can be transmitted across generations, so DNA methylation of both parents and offspring may be involved in regulating responses to environments within and across generations. However, the relative contribution of each generation's epigenetic regulation is not known. We quantified phenotypic responses to parent and offspring canopy environment and tested whether parental or offspring DNA methylation mediated those responses. To quantify the response to parental versus offspring canopy, we used green filter during the growth of either parents or offspring. To test the contribution of parental versus offspring DNA methylation to regulate offspring phenotypic responses to canopy shade at seed, seedling, and adult life stages, we manipulated parental or offspring DNA methylation using 5‐azacytidine. Both parent and offspring shade affected offspring traits. Parental DNA demethylation affected trait responses to both parental and offspring canopy, but it did so only at early life stages, while offspring DNA demethylation influenced responses throughout life. Trait correlations were significantly altered by chemical demethylation of parents and offspring, indicating that DNA methylation in both generations influences integrated phenotypic responses to canopy. These results demonstrate that the influence of parental methylation on offspring phenotypes measured in this study were manifest only early in the life of offspring, while offspring phenotypes were more strongly influenced by their own epigenetic regulation at mature stages. DNA methylation of both parents and offspring appears to coordinate multitrait responses like the “shade avoidance syndrome.”

Green Roofs- A Review

As the green area continues to get replaced because of the increase in population and urbanization, the requirement to recover this area has become crucial for improving environmental quality. Installation of green roofs is one way that can curb the negative affect of growth and establishment while providing various environmental and economical benefits. Various names are given to green roofs such as “eco-roofs”, “roof-gardens”, etc. And these are roofs with vegetation at the top surface. The most specific reason for installing green roofs in the building is because of its energy efficiency. Along with this, other benefits do exist like their vegetation aids photosynthesis and their soil layer absorbs rainfall, typically leading to development in water runoff quality. This review paper focuses on green roofs along with research efforts created by researchers. The discussion concentrates on each part of the green roof elements, i.e., vegetation, growth substrate, filter layer, drainage layer, waterproofing layer, and root barrier. This paper also includes experimental studies on the assortment of efficient green roof elements to satisfy public expectations. Moreover, the advantages provided by green roofs are highlighted.

Comparison of patient satisfaction with red-free (green) versus yellow light using binocular indirect ophthalmoscope for retinal examination.

Purpose:Comparison of patient satisfaction with red-free (green) versus yellow light using binocular indirect ophthalmoscope for retinal examination.Methods:This is an observational questionnaire-based study of 100 myopes in the age group of 18–40 years coming for a routine check-up or for refractive surgery workup. The examination was done using an indirect ophthalmoscope and a 20D lens with green or yellow light and was assigned in two groups randomly using the coin toss method, following which, a questionnaire was used to assess the following parameters: a) level of comfort, b) any complaints of discomfort during examination, d) preference of the used light source in future, e) grading of discomfort on a linear scale, and f) patient cooperation and duration of examination.Results:Patients were randomized for observation with IDO using either green light (n = 55) or yellow light (n = 45) filter. In the study, 46 patients (83.6%) were very comfortable and only 9 patients (16.4%) experienced mild discomfort when using red-free (green) light, while only 3 patients (6.7%) were very comfortable and 31 (68.9%) had mild discomfort when using yellow light. The complaints of watering with yellow and green light were noted in 36 patients (80.0%) and 15 patients (27.3%), pain in 13 patients (28.9%) and 3 patients (5.5%), light sensitivity in 29 patients (64.4%) and 4 patients (7.3%), respectively, all being significantly more in yellow light category (P < 0.001). The time of examination was significantly more in yellow light category with 83 ± 10.75 seconds (P < 0.001).Conclusion:Retinal examination using the green filter of indirect ophthalmoscope is more comfortable in examining the patients as compared to routine yellow light with decreased number of complaints, lesser examination time, and better patient cooperation.

Data-driven concurrent nanostructure optimization based on conditional generative adversarial networks

Abstract Iterative numerical optimization is a ubiquitous tool to design optical nanostructures. However, there can be a significant performance gap between the numerically simulated results, with pristine shapes, and the experimentally measured values, with deformed profiles. We introduce conditional generative adversarial networks (CGAN) into the standard iterative optimization loop to learn process-structure relationships and produce realistic simulation designs based on the fabrication conditions. This ensures that the process-structure mapping is accurate for the specific available equipment and moves the optimization space from the structural parameters (e.g. width, height, and period) to process parameters (e.g. deposition rate and annealing time). We demonstrate this model agnostic optimization platform on the design of a red, green, and blue color filter based on metallic gratings. The generative network can learn complex M-to-N nonlinear process-structure relations, thereby generating simulation profiles similar to the training data over a wide range of fabrication conditions. The CGAN-based optimization resulted in fabrication parameters leading to a realistic design with a higher figure of merit than a standard optimization using pristine structures. This data-driven approach can expedite the design process both by limiting the design search space to a fabrication-accurate subspace and by returning the optimal process parameters automatically upon obtaining the optimal structure design.

Green Living: A Panacea for Secured Environment

An attempt has been made to establish that green living is a panacea for a secured environment. The paper noted that green environment also known as ecofriendly, nature friendly or nature green refers to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies that help to reduce, minimize the harm upon the ecosystem or the environment. Going green activities that result to more environmentally friendly practices that help to safeguard the environment and sustains natural resources. Green science is all about sustainability to secure the ecosystem by reducing, reusing and recycling for continuity of species. Green spaces filter pollutants and dusts from the air. They produce shade and lower temperature in urban areas. They also increase productivity, promote green living that helps to conserve energy and prevent air, water and noise pollution. They are borne for the environment hence prevent health deterioration. Going green can improve general efficacy of a business and can trim operation costs for the business. The environment is the most important resource for life where we get water, power and oxygen hence regarded as our closest neighbour needed for survival. Going green is a choice and it contributes to the development of the planet and makes the place a healthier habitation to live for both present and future generations. Green homes are more durable, reduce carbon footprint, increase creativity, healthy air sufficiency, boost economy, increase floral diversity and allow non-toxicity of products. The study established that we have been living on nature and living green is the only time we pay back. Living green brings happiness and satisfaction to one because green is natural, wealthy, fruitful and productive hence helping to keep the environment secured. It is concluded that green living is a panacea for a secured environment.

Epibenthic microbial mats behavior as phosphorus sinks or sources in relation to biological and physicochemical conditions

Microbial mats are complex microecosystems that have shown promise as possible green filters to remediate polluted seawater. This usage would possibly require changing the natural conditions under which these microbial mats prosper in order to maximize their contact with the water. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the adaptation of the mats to different environmental conditions, while monitoring their short-term efficiency at nutrient removal. To that aim, epibenthic microbial mats collected from a tidal flat in the Bahía Blanca Estuary, were incubated under different flooding conditions (periodically exposed to the air or continuously flooded), with and without the addition of a high phosphorus concentration (5 mg PO43− L−1), and with and without the presence of penicillin. This last condition was added to understand the influence of penicillin-sensitive microbes on cyanobacteria and diatom communities and their importance for P remediation. The presence of high P concentrations as well as the continual flooding of the mats resulted in the decrease of the dominant cyanobacterium, Coleofasciculus (Microcoleus) chthonoplastes, giving rise to the dominance of other genera such as Arthrospira sp. Or Oscillatoria sp., depending on the presence or absence of the antibiotic, respectively. Water P removal was highly efficient (60–87%) when the mats were treated with the high-P water. However, microbial mat behavior changed from P sink to source when mats where incubated in seawater with no P addition, suggesting that mats can both function as P sinks and sources, depending on the condition of the water they come in contact with.

Color Demosaicing of RGBW Color Filter Array Based on Laplacian Pyramid.

In recent years, red, green, blue, and white (RGBW) color filter arrays (CFAs) have been developed to solve the problem of low-light conditions. In this paper, we propose a new color demosaicing algorithm for RGBW CFAs using a Laplacian pyramid. Because the white channel has a high correlation to the red, green, and blue channels, the white channel is interpolated first using each color difference channel. After we estimate the white channel, the red, green, and blue channels are interpolated using the Laplacian pyramid decomposition of the estimated white channel. Our proposed method using Laplacian pyramid restoration works with Canon-RGBW CFAs and any other periodic CFAs. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method shows superior performance compared with other conventional methods in terms of the color peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity index measure, and average execution time.

Red and Green Quantum Dot Color Filter for Full-Color Micro-LED Arrays.

This work demonstrated color-conversion layers of red and green quantum dots color filter for full-color display arrays. Ligands exchange using (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane with epoxy functional groups to treat QDs in the liquid phase was performed for photolithography use. The combination of ligands of QDs with photo-initiator played a protective role on QDs. Moreover, the pixel size of green QDCF can be reduced to 50 μm, and a high optical density (OD) of 1.2 is realized.

Practical spectral photography II: snapshot spectral imaging using linear retarders and microgrid polarization cameras

Despite recent advances, customized multispectral cameras can be challenging or costly to deploy in some use cases. Complexities span electronic synchronization, multi-camera calibration, parallax and spatial co-registration, and data acquisition from multiple cameras, all of which can hamper their ease of use. This paper discusses a generalized procedure for multispectral sensing using a pixelated polarization camera and anisotropic polymer film retarders to create multivariate optical filters. We then describe the calibration procedure, which leverages neural networks to convert measured data into calibrated spectra (intensity versus wavelength). Experimental results are presented for a multivariate and channeled optical filter. Finally, imaging results taken using a red, green, and blue microgrid polarization camera and the channeled optical filter are presented. Imaging experiments indicated that the calculated spectra's root mean square error is highest in the region where the camera's red, green, and blue filter responses overlap. The average error of the spectral reflectance, measured of our spectralon tiles, was 6.5% for wavelengths spanning 425-675 nm. This technique demonstrates that 12 spectral channels can be obtained with a relatively simple and robust optical setup, and at minimal cost beyond the purchase of the camera.

Comparison of experiences and preferences following non-invasive cardiovascular risk procedures: a cross-sectional survey in participants with and without diabetes mellitus

AimsEndothelial dysfunction is an early risk marker of cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Timely screening is important in reducing cardiovascular disease-associated morbidity and mortality. This cross-sectional study investigates the acceptability and preferability of non-invasive cardiovascular risk procedures (EndoPAT2000 system and the ECG-gated fundoscope) in participants with diabetes mellitus compared to controls.MethodsA self-administered Likert scale-based questionnaire was completed by 106 controls and 117 participants with diabetes mellitus, identified through stratified random sampling, upon conclusion of an Australian Heart Eye sub-study conducted at Westmead Hospital, NSW, Australia from 2012 to 2014. Pearson’s χ2 test, independent-samples t-test and regression analysis were performed.ResultsStudy participants who responded to the questionnaire had no preference for procedures (controls: 2.4 ± 1.1 vs diabetes mellitus: 2.5 ± 0.9, p = 0.38) but had an overall more negative experience with most aspects of the ECG-gated fundoscope than the EndoPAT2000 system. Of those with diabetes mellitus, participants who provided poorer self-rated health expressed discomfort with the mydriatic drops (ß 0.27, 95%CI 0.001 - 0.54, p = 0.049) and the fundoscope’s green light filter (ß 0.27, 95%CI 0.07 - 0.47, p = 0.009), as well as maintaining still (ß 0.40, 95%CI 0.08 - 0.72, p = 0.02) and not blinking (ß 0.38, 95%CI 0.07 - 0.70, p = 0.02) during photo acquisition. These participants were also less willing to repeat the ECG-gated fundoscope procedure (ß 0.29, 95%CI 0.07 - 0.52, p = 0.01).ConclusionsParticipants with diabetes mellitus, especially with poorer self-rated health, had a more negative experience with the ECG-gated fundoscope than the EndoPAT2000 system. Difficulties experienced under examination by the ECG-gated fundoscope appear related to the procedural design, which requires amendments improving patient comfort and compliance.

Enhanced solution processing and optical properties of perhalogenated zinc-phthalocyanines via anion-π bonding

Perhalogenated zinc-phthalocyanines (xZnPcs), with brilliant hue and durable chemical nature, are widely used organic pigments for green color filters. Due to sparing solubility in organic solvents, the film formation of xZnPc generally involves a time-consuming milling procedure in the presence of a polymeric dispersant. But, the severe aggregation issue still arises during the film formation, primarily originating from the inherent nature of phthalocyanine moiety. Here, we intend to effectively modify the solution processability and resulting optical property of xZnPcs by introducing the anion-π bonding. Perhalo-substitution on zinc-phthalocyanines facilitates the π-acidity in the four aromatic Pc skeletons. The electron-rich sulfide ions are attracted towards the highly electron-deficient xZnPc, making the pigment particles soluble in the form of the anion-π complex. A new band around 400–450 nm is observed for the complexes, accompanied by the change of the bluish-green suspension into olive green solution. 19F NMR studies provide information about the anion-π bonding between xZnPc2 and sulfide ions. The spray-coating method produces a uniform colored film, in which the sulfide content is confirmed by SEM-EDS analysis. In the UV–Vis spectra, the prepared films show a gradual decrease in the band absorption at 670 nm corresponding to the aggregation of phthalocyanines. Besides, the cyclic voltammetry measurement reveals the superior electrochemical behaviors of the anion-π complex. The current result presents a practical non-covalent approach suitable for preparing a pigment dispersion, which finds useful for color filter and image sensor applications.

Effect of the different chromatic filters of the dental operating microscope on the volumetric shrinkage, surface hardness, and depth of cure of bulk fill composite.

AimEvaluate the effect of different chromatic filters of the dental operating microscope on the volumetric shrinkage, surface micro-hardness, and depth of cure of bulk-fill composite.MethodsBulk fill composite specimens of 4 mm depth, 4 mm width, and 4 mm length were prepared. Five groups were designed based on a light source under which composite samples were condensed. Group 1: dental chair light without filter, Group 2: microscopic light without filter, Group 3: microscopic light with a yellow filter, Group 4: microscopic light with a green filter, Group 5: dental chair light with a red filter. After condensation, the samples were subjected to curing using Bluephase NM curing light. The parameters like volumetric shrinkage, surface hardness, and depth of cure were measured for all the samples. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA, followed by post-hoc Tukey tests.ResultsGroup-2 showed the highest mean volumetric shrinkage (14.514%), surface micro-hardness (58.065 kg/m2), depth of cure (0.831%), whereas group-5 showed the least volumetric shrinkage (7.386%), surface micro-hardness (46.536 kg/m2), and depth of cure (0.789%). Working time was 40 seconds for group-2, whereas the remaining groups were allowed to complete 1-minute condensation. A statistically significant difference was shown between groups 1 and 5 (p=0.050), 2 and 5 (p=0.007) for volumetric shrinkage. Regarding surface micro-hardness, a statistically significant difference was observed between all the groups (p=0.001) except group-3, group-4 (p=0.100). There was no statistically significant difference between all the groups except group 2 and 5 for depth of cure (p=0.016).ConclusionMicroscope light without filter showed the highest surface hardness and depth of cure. However, the highest volumetric shrinkage and lesser working time were also observed, which are undesirable. Use of filters during composite manipulation showed less detrimental effects on depth of cure, volumetric shrinkage and working time. Overall, composite condensed under filters showed acceptable properties.

Layering contrasting photoselective filters improves the simulation of foliar shade

BackgroundNeutral density shade cloth is commonly used for simulating foliar shade, in which it reduces light intensity without altering spectral quality. However, foliar shade also alters spectral quality, reducing the ratio of red to far-red (R:FR) light, altering the ratio of blue to green (B:G) light, and reducing ultraviolet light. Unlike shade cloth, photoselective filters can alter spectral quality, but the filters used in previous literature have not simulated foliar shade well. We examined the spectral quality of sunlight under color temperature blue (CTB), plus green (PG), and neutral density (ND) filters from LEE Filters, Rosco e-colour + and Cinegel brands either alone or layered, hypothesizing that the contrasting filter qualities would improve simulations. As a proof-of-concept, we collected spectral data under foliar shade to compare to data collected under photoselective filters.ResultsUnder foliar shade reductions in the R:FR ratio ranged from 0.11 to 0.54 (~ 1.18 in full sun), while reductions in the B:G ratio were as low as 0.53 in deep shade, or were as high as 1.11 in moderate shade (~ 0.87 in full sun). Neutral density filters led to near-neutral reductions in photosynthetically active radiation and reduced the R:FR ratio similar to foliar shade. Color temperature blue filters simulated the increased B:G ratio observed under moderate foliar shade, but did not reduce the R:FR ratio low enough. On their own, PG filters did not simulate any type of foliar shade. Different brands of the same filter type also had disparate effects on spectral quality. Layered CTB and ND filters improved the accuracy of moderate foliar shade simulations, and layering CTB, PG, and ND filters led to accurate simulations of deep foliar shade.ConclusionsLayering photoselective filters with contrasting effects on the spectral quality of sunlight results in more accurate simulations of foliar shade compared to when these filters are used separately. Layered filters can re-create the spectral motifs of moderate and deep foliar shade; they could be used to simulate shade scenarios found in different cropping systems. Photoselective filters offer numerous advantages over neutral density shade cloth and could be a direct replacement for researchers currently using neutral density shade cloth.