Green Extract Research Articles

Investigating the Use of Natural Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extracting Carotenoids from Food and Food By-products

Abstract In today’s food industry, the demand for sustainable methodologies in producing health-promoting natural products is rising. Traditional extraction techniques are increasingly deemed unreliable due to environmental concerns. To address these challenges, the scientific community has developed Green Chemistry , a specialized branch that aims to minimize or eliminate hazardous processes and substances in industrial applications. One promising and eco-friendly alternative emerging from Green Chemistry is the use of NaDESs which are prepared with natural components, generally recognized as safe (GRAS), and offer an environmentally benign option for various industrial processes. They are characterized by their biodegradability, low toxicity, and ability to be tailored for specific applications, making them an ideal choice for green extraction methods. In this context, NaHDESs have shown significant potential as extracting media for bioactive compounds, particularly carotenoids, from food and food by-products. Carotenoids, known for their antioxidant properties and health benefits, are highly sought after in the food and nutraceutical industries. Traditional extraction methods often rely on organic solvents, which pose environmental and health risks. In contrast, NaHDESs offer a safer and more sustainable alternative. This study explores the definition, properties, and applications of NaHDESs, with a particular focus on their use in extracting carotenoids. By examining various food and vegetable by-products, the research aims to evaluate the solvent’s efficiency and effectiveness in this application. The findings could pave the way for eco-friendly extraction techniques in the food industry, aligning with the principles of Green Chemistry and addressing the growing demand for natural and health-promoting products. Information © The Author 2024

A green and sensitive electromembrane extraction (EME) method for the determination of dialkylphosphates in maternal urine and amniotic fluid

Organophosphates compounds are extensively used pesticides, whose metabolites, dialkyl phosphates, are considered as bioindicators of human exposure. Recently, research has indicated that they can affect thyroid endocrine function. Pregnant women are a particularly vulnerable cohort to these effects due to concerns about prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants. For the first time an electromembrane microextraction method is proposed for the simultaneous determination of seven dialkylphosphate metabolites in maternal urine and amniotic fluid, which is compatible with mass spectrometry detection and achieves highly sensitive levels of quantitation. Dialkylphosphates were extracted from a 10 mL donor solution at pH 7 into a 50 µL acceptor solution at pH 12 using 1-octanol as the supported liquid membrane and applying 60 V for 10 min at 600 rpm. The obtained extracts were analysed by ion pair liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, using an Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 µm particle size) at 30 °C. Under optimal extraction conditions, the preconcentration factors were achieved were up to 178-fold, allowing for high sensitivity levels, in the order of ng mL−1. The limits of quantitation were within 0.075 ng mL−1 (diethyl thiophosphate) and 1.67 ng mL−1 (dimethyl phosphate) in maternal urine samples and within 0.015 ng mL−1 (diethyl thiophosphate) and 0.5 ng mL−1 (dimethyl dithiophosphate) in amniotic fluid samples. The comparative study revealed a significant improvement in terms of analysis time, sensitivity, greenness, and practicality. Finally, the applicability of the method for the determination of selected dialkylphosphates was demonstrated in paired maternal urine and amniotic fluid samples. These results suggest potential placental transfer to the offspring.

Developments and Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction Technique for Efficient Sample Preparation.

Despite advancements in the sensitivity and performance of analytical instruments, sample preparation remains a bottleneck in the analytical process. Currently, solid-phase extraction is more widely used than traditional organic solvent extraction due to its ease of use and lower solvent requirements. Moreover, various microextraction techniques such as micro solid-phase extraction, dispersive micro solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, and magnetic bead extraction have been developed to minimize sample size, reduce solvent usage, and enable automation. Among these, in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) using capillaries as extraction devices has gained attention as an advanced "green extraction technique" that combines miniaturization, on-line automation, and reduced solvent consumption. Capillary tubes in IT-SPME are categorized into configurations: inner-wall-coated, particle-packed, fiber-packed, and rod monolith, operating either in a draw/eject system or a flow-through system. Additionally, the developments of novel adsorbents such as monoliths, ionic liquids, restricted-access materials, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), graphene, carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanoparticles, and organometallic frameworks have improved extraction efficiency and selectivity. MIPs, in particular, are stable, custom-made polymers with molecular recognition capabilities formed during synthesis, making them exceptional "smart adsorbents" for selective sample preparation. The MIP fabrication process involves three main stages: pre-arrangement for recognition capability, polymerization, and template removal. After forming the template-monomer complex, polymerization creates a polymer network where the template molecules are anchored, and the final step involves removing the template to produce an MIP with cavities complementary to the template molecules. This review is the first paper to focus on advanced MIP-based IT-SPME, which integrates the selectivity of MIPs into efficient IT-SPME, and summarizes its recent developments and applications.

Utilizing pistachio green hull extract to produce sugar-free muffins with antioxidant and antidiabetic potential

The current study aimed to produce sugar-free muffins containing pistachio green hull extract (PGHE) as a natural source of antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds. The effects of PGHE substitution (1, 2, and 4% w/w) on the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging), inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, storage stability (peroxide value and TBA), physicochemical, and sensory properties of muffins were investigated. The antioxidant activity of samples containing 4 % PGHE, demonstrated a 22-fold increase compared to the control. Furthermore, muffins containing PGHE displayed higher oxidation stability over a 14-day storage period. PGHE could improve α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of muffins up to 7-fold and 2-fold, respectively. Texture analysis revealed that increasing the amount of PGHE decreased the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of muffins. Incorporation of PGHE into samples had a significant effect on the color. The muffins containing 2 % PGHE had an overall acceptance that was not significantly different from the control.

Development of a natural ingredient based on phenolic compounds from propolis extract and bentonite and its application in carrageenan hydrogels

Nowadays, there is an increasing consumer demand for more natural and environmentally friendly food additives. The current research aimed to produce and characterize a new additive based on bentonite and the phenolic compounds from green propolis extract, as well as to characterize the effect of this additive on the rheological properties of carrageenan hydrogels. The new additive (biohybrid) was obtained after the adsorption of phenolic compounds on the clay platelets. The adsorption mechanism was explained by Langmuir and Freundlich models, which suggested that adsorbed phenolic compounds form a monolayer and multilayers on the clay surface. Despite phenolic adsorption, the physico-chemical attributes of the bentonite remained unchanged. The incorporation of the biohybrid (BH) increased the sol-gel transition temperature of carrageenan hydrogels. This research reports for the first time the development and application of a new natural ingredient with potential food applications.

Acaricidal and anticholinesterase activities of ethanol extracts from low-quality green and roasted Coffea arabica beans

The acaricidal and enzymatic inhibition potentials of extracts from lower quality green (GC) and roasted (RC) coffee beans were analyzed. Coffee extracts were obtained using the solid-liquid reflux technique, in a 1:5 ratio. The extracts were characterized by HPLC and the compounds were identified by comparison with the retention times of the standards used. Acaricidal activity was assessed by the Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition was determined by monitoring the formation of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate. For every 100 g of plant material, yields equal to 3.44% and 13.34% were obtained for green and roasted coffees, respectively. Caffeic and chlorogenic acids were present in concentrations equal to 43.75 mg g-1 and 15.1 mg g-1 for green coffee, respectively, whereas concentrations equivalent to 4.5 mg g-1 and 0.019 mg g-1 were observed for roasted coffee. An efficient acaricidal activity was observed with all the doses of the extracts analyzed when compared with the water and Tween control groups, with a high mortality for all the individuals and a reduction in oviposition. Enzyme inhibition was observed at all the concentrations tested, with mean inhibitory concentrations equal to 0.2980 mg mL-1 for green coffee extracts and 0.1991 mg mL-1 for roasted coffee. Thus, green and roasted coffee extracts from lower quality beans can be used to develop new organic products.

Bioactivity and application potential of O/W emulsions derived from carboxylic acid-based NADES-extracted total saponins from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua

This study focuses on evaluating new methods for the green extraction of saponin compounds from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PCH). This study utilized a combination of carboxylic acid-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and various extraction techniques including conventional heat reflux-, ultrasound-, and microwave-assisted extraction. The primary objectives were to assess total saponin yield, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibition efficiency. Additionally, the solvents and extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions of NADES extracts were also characterized and analyzed for stability. Results indicated that three NADES systems were effective in extracting saponins, with choline chloride and lactic acid (ChCl-LA) system being the most efficient. The ChCl:LA extract exhibited antimicrobial and antioxidant activities superior to conventional organic solvent extracts. Additionally, it demonstrated maximum inhibitory activity (IC50 values: 0.98 ± 0.03 and 1.46 ± 0.07 mg/mL, respectively) against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The NADES extract as an aqueous phase significantly improved the stationarity of the O/W emulsion. Collectively, the study highlights the antimicrobial and technological advantages of NADES as a potential solvent for extracting saponin compounds from PCH.

Electron beam irradiation coupled ultrasound-assisted natural deep eutectic solvents extraction: A green and efficient extraction strategy for proanthocyanidin from walnut green husk

Proanthocyanidin (PAC) is recognized as a potent natural antioxidant that prevents various diseases. As societal awareness increases, eco-friendly and efficient natural product extraction technologies are gaining more attention. In this study, an electron beam irradiation (EBI) coupled with ultrasound-assisted natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) extraction method was developed to enable the green and highly efficient extraction of PAC from walnut green husk (WGH). NADES, prepared with choline chloride and ethylene glycol, demonstrated excellent extraction capacity and storage stability for PAC. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the high compatibility between NADES and PAC, attributed mainly to a higher SASA value (207.85 nm2), a greater number of hydrogen bonds (330.99), an extended hydrogen bonding lifetime (4.54 ps), and lower inter-molecular interaction energy. Based on these findings, the optimal conditions (13 kGy EBI, 42 mL/g liquid-solid ratio, 38 °C extraction temperature, 70 min extraction time) resulted in a maximum PAC extraction yield of 56.34 mg/g. Notably, this yield was 32.93 % higher than that observed in samples not treated with EBI and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Analysis of tissue morphology, extract functional groups and thermal behavior suggested a possible mechanism for the synergistically enhanced PAC extraction by the EBI-NADES-UAE method. Additionally, the PAC extracted using the NADES by the EBI coupled with ultrasound-assisted method exhibited outstanding antioxidant activity (comparable to Vc), digestive enzyme inhibition (IC50: 17–0.61 mg/mL), and anti-glycation capacity (IC50: 86.49 μg/mL). Overall, this work provided a green and efficient strategy for PAC extraction from WGH, elucidated the extraction mechanism and bioactivities, and offered valuable insights for potential industrial applications.

Evaluation of green kiwifruit juice extract on physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and tenderness of beef M. semitendinosus with in vitro digestion.

This study focused on the physicochemical properties and tenderness of vacuum-packaged beef M. semitendinosus as affected by various dilution ratios (DRs, 1:4, 1:2, and 1:1) of green kiwifruit juice extract (GKJE) with phosphate buffer during storage at 4°C for 7 days. In addition, the formation of peptides with antioxidant activity for GKJE ability to hydrolyze proteins present in beef was evaluated at different steps of in vitro digestion. Beef with GKJE showed higher tenderness than control (CTL, beef with brine solution alone) during storage, and the increased DR increased tenderness as compared to lower DRs. The addition of GKJE increased protein digestibility during in vitro digestion. To increase the antioxidant activity in the body, GKJE having a DR of 1:2 and 1:1 should be applied to the beef muscle with effective antioxidant activity. These results suggest that DRs of phosphate buffer and kiwifruit juice of 1:1 and 1:2 have the potential to be used as a meat-tenderizing agent and could increase the digestibility of meat as well as the antioxidant capability of bioactive peptides. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The dilution ratio of kiwi juice with phosphate buffer at 1:1 has the potential to be used as a meat-tenderizing agent during refrigerated storage and also increase the digestibility of beef.

Optimisation of soft camel cheese production coagulated with green carob extract using response surface methodology: Yield, physicochemical, microbial, sensorial, and rheological properties

This study addresses the processing limitations of camel milk for production of textured camel milk cheese by utilising the green carob extract (GCE) as a novel coagulant. The response surface methodology was employed to assess the impact of GCE on the cheese quality parameters. Maximal soft camel cheese yield (24.1%) was achieved using 12% (v/v) of GCE, coagulation at 53.6°C, and incubation time of 9 h 52 min. Compositional analysis revealed the richness of soft camel cheese in dry matter (33.8 ± 81.61%), carbohydrates (3.66 ± 0.45%), and calcium (632.83 ± 68.43 mg/100 g). The addition of GCE enhanced the cheese's flavour and texture.

Using natural deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruits

Traditionally used extraction methods are usually based on toxic and/or flammable solvents. Therefore, currently, increased attention has been focused on environmentally friendly green extraction techniques. We aimed to develop a green extraction procedure by using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to recover antioxidant compounds from cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.). Natural deep eutectic systems combined with maceration with shaking extraction were tested to recover of antioxidant compounds from cornelian cherry fruits. In this study, four different independent variables, namely solvent type (Glu-CA; Glu-Gly; LA-Glu), water concentration (30, 50, and 70 %; v/v), extraction time (30, 60, 90, and 120 min), and extraction temperature (25, 40, and 50 °C) were investigated. Glucose-glycerin (Glu-Gly; 1:1 M ratio) based solvent provided the best results. In addition, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) optimization showed that a temperature of 25 °C, 120 min of extraction time, and water concentration of 50 % (v/v) to be the best extraction parameters for Glu-Gly based NADES extraction. The developed method has been successfully applied for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from 13 different cornelian cherry cultivars. NADES can be used safely to extract phenolic compounds from cornelian cherry fruits compared to conventional extraction solvents (water and 80 % (v/v) ethanol).

Phytochemical characterization and biological evaluation of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts: A systematic experimental study

Lemongrass () is widely used in traditional medicine, with growing interest in its pharmacological properties. This study aims to systematically investigate the phytochemical composition and biological activities of lemongrass extracts, focusing on optimizing extraction methods and evaluating their therapeutic potential.Various extraction techniques were employed, including solvent-based methods (ethanol, methanol, and water) and green extraction approaches (ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction). Phytochemical profiling was conducted using qualitative and quantitative techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The biological activities of the extracts were assessed through in vitro assays for antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS), antimicrobial (agar diffusion), anti-inflammatory (COX inhibition), and cytotoxicity activities (on HeLa, MCF-7, and HEK-293 cell lines). Ethanol extracts showed the highest yield of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids. These extracts also exhibited significant antioxidant activity with DPPH and ABTS assays. The antimicrobial tests revealed strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, while the COX inhibition assay indicated notable anti-inflammatory effects. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated selective toxicity toward cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7) with minimal effects on normal cells (HEK-293). Lemongrass extracts, particularly those obtained via ethanol extraction, exhibit promising antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. These findings highlight its potential for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications, warranting further investigation in vivo and in clinical trials.

Dereplication of New Saponins from Agave bracteosa.

The genus Agave comprises over 400 species that are known for their diverse applications, which include being sources of fiber, food, and beverages. There has recently been increased interest in exploring the metabolic content of this genus, and in this respect, saponins are the main compounds of interest. Saponins for Agave bracteosa have not been described to date, and the current work addresses the dereplication of a saponin-rich fraction to identify the structures of six compounds. The dereplication methods involve the use of UPLC-MSE analysis, NMR spectroscopy and published data for Agave saponins. A green extraction and isolation provided ten pure saponins. Remarkably, nine of these saponins have not been reported previously, namely (25S)-cantalasaponin-1 and bractofuranosides A-H. These compounds were tested for cytotoxic activity. Bractofuranosides B (5) and G (10) displayed 57% and 53% cell viability on HeLa cells at 100 µM, respectively.

Effect of green extraction techniques on the quality and functional attributes of protein isolates from cereals and pseudo cereals: a review

SummaryCereals and pseudo cereals (CPC) constitute the main staple diet of the global population. These are great source of carbohydrate, however, ignored as a potential source of protein. Cereals and Pseudo cereals can provide adequate amount of protein if taken in right quantity. Concerns over foods security, nutritional deficiencies, chronic hunger, and sustainability have brought attention to sustainable and alternative sources of protein derived from food and its byproducts. This review explains the extraction of protein from different cereals and pseudo cereals sources, novel extraction techniques, e.g., microwave assisted, ultrasound, pulsed electric field or high‐pressure processing etc., as well as pre‐treatment efficiencies of the recovery of protein, effects of process parameters on the amount of protein extractions, its isolations and possible utilisation in diversified fields. Commercial attempts have been made to extract and use the protein from CPC, but they remain largely underutilised and generally applicable to a small‐scale level. According to the current investigation, protein extraction from CPC is not only an extensive integration of extraction perspectives, process parameters, yield potential and quality, but also should focus on the nutritional aspects, functionality and bioavailability of the separated protein as a desirable dietary component is in the near future.

Spectrophotometric determination for green hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction of Brilliant Blue FCF (E133) from beverages

In this study, a simple, sensitive, and rapid method called green hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-liquid microextraction was developed to extract Brilliant Blue FCF dye from beverages. This method utilizes hydrophobic DES obtained by forming tetrabutylammonium bromide and 1-octanol in a 1:5 ratio as green extraction solvent. The transition of Brilliant Blue FCF to the DES phase occurred on its own, without the need for any reagents such as added salt or tetrahydrofuran. Several crucial factors were tried to get the best extraction efficiency, including species, DES volume and molar ratio, solution pH, ultrasonication, and centrifugation time. Under optimum conditions, extraction recoveries were achieved in the range of 95.1–101.3 % with the method developed for Brilliant Blue FCF. The detection and determination limits were observed to be 4.1 μg l-1 and 12.1 μg l-1, respectively. In addition, the relative standard deviation values for the method's accuracy were found to be 2.23 % and 3.48 % within and between days, respectively. It has been established that the developed method is highly environmentally friendly thanks to the application of the Analytical GREENness (AGREE) and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools. This study shows that DES applications can be carried out without the use of emulsifiers and dispersants by prioritizing the use of hydrophobic DES compounds as environmentally friendly and green extraction solvents in food samples.

Green Tea and Green Coffee Therapy for Aortic Calcification Prevention in Metabolic Syndrome Model Rats: Effects on Expression of AKT, mTOR, RUNX2, and Osteopontin Levels

Metabolic syndrome (METS) consists of several independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of which is vascular calcification (VC). Increased oxidative stress is essential in the pathogenesis of CVD in METS. One of the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of VC is the AKT pathway. Green tea and green coffee have many health benefits, including treating METS risk factors. Although several benefits of green tea and green coffee are known, there is not much information regarding the effects of these 2 extracts for treating heart disease, which is often found in METS sufferers. This research explores the benefits of green tea and green coffee extracts in preventing VC in METS through the AKT/MTOR mechanism. This research focuses on the mechanism of CVD in the AKT-mTOR, RUNX activity, and osteopontin (OPN) expression as one of the downstream pathogenesis of CVD in METS. The research was conducted on METS model rat treated with metformin and green tea with green coffee extracts. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a diet high in fat and sugar until they met METS for 4 months, then given treatment for 9 weeks. After 9 weeks, the rat had their aortas isolated for staining with specific antibodies to AKT1, MTOR, RUNX2, and serum OPN levels were measured using ELISA-sandwich methods. There was an increase in the expression of AKT1 and MTOR and a decrease in RUNX2 and OPN2, which was better than rat not treated with green tea and green coffee (p < 0.05). A significant reduction was found in the green tea and green coffee therapy group, which was better than when given metformin alone (p < 0.05). The results of this research showed that there is good potential for therapy using green tea and green coffee extracts to prevent VC in metabolic syndrome models. HIGHLIGHTS Metabolic syndrome consists of several independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease, one of which is vascular calcification. Increased oxidative stress is essential in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in metabolic syndrome. This study explores the benefits of green tea and green coffee extracts in preventing vascular calcification in the metabolic syndrome model through the AKT/MTOR mechanism. This research focuses on the mechanism of CVD in the AKT-mTOR, RUNX activity, and osteopontin (OPN) expression as one of the downstream patogenesis of CVD in METS. The research was conducted on METS model rats treated with metformin and green tea with green coffee extracts. In conclusion, this study showed the potential for therapeutic use of green tea and green coffee extracts to prevent vascular calcification in rat models of metabolic syndrome by increasing AKT1 expression, decreasing MTOR and RUNX2, with the main implication of reducing the circular protein product, osteopontin. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Challenges and effective tracking down strategies of antibiotic contamination in aquatic ecosystem.

A growing environmental concern revolves around the widespread use of medicines, particularly antibiotics, which adversely impact water quality and various life forms. The unregulated production and utilization of antibiotics not only affect non-targeted organisms but also exert significant evolutionary pressures, leading to the rapid development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial communities. To address this issue, global studies have been conducted to assess the prevalence and quantities of antibiotics in various environmental components including freshwater, ocean, local sewage, and fish. These studies aim to establish effective analytical methods for identifying and measuring antibiotic residues in environmental matrices that might enable authorities to establish norms for the containment and disposal of antibiotics. This article offers a comprehensive overview of methods used to extract antibiotics from environmental matrices exploring purification techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, green extraction techniques, and concentration methods like lyophilization and rotary evaporation. It further highlights qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-tandem along with analytical methods such as UV-Vis and tandem mass spectrometry for detecting and measuring antibiotics. Urgency is underscored for proactive strategies to curb antibiotic contamination, safeguarding the integrity of aquatic ecosystems and public health on a global scale.

Unlocking the in vitro neuroprotection of sloe residues phenolic extracts by bioanalytical and chemometric strategies

Wild fruits, particularly the underutilized sloe (Prunus spinosa), are gaining interest as natural antioxidants, with residues from liqueur production being a source of bioactive compounds. This study proposes a sustainable approach for valorizing sloe residues, seeds and skins, by employing an innovative green extraction method. HPLC-ESI-QTOF and spectrophotometric techniques were used to explore the phenolic profile, highlighting the predominance of quercetin, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic and ferulic acids (9.7–57 μg·g−1). In addition, the presence of Cu, Zn and Ca was confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Simultaneously, their neuroprotective potential against Alzheimer's disease (AD) was studied by exploring the inhibition of beta-amyloid aggregation and oxidative stress cytoprotection in SH-SY5Y cell line, standing out 1 μg·g−1 and 10 μg·g−1 extracts of sloe skin. Phenolic composition was correlated with bioactivities by means of multivariate analysis. These results contributed to highlight the potential of this bio-residue as a neuroprotective agent against AD in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Recovery of bioactive compounds from oil palm waste using green extraction techniques and its applications

SummaryOil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a major oil crop that significantly contributes to the Indonesia's and Malaysia's economic growth. However, oil palm processing for oil extraction generates substantial waste, such as palm kernel cake, palm‐pressed fibre, oil palm empty fruit bunches and palm oil mill effluent, which pose noticeable environmental challenges. This review explores green extraction techniques for palm waste processing, which include microwave‐assisted extraction, deep eutectic solvents, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme‐assisted extraction and subcritical water extraction. The potential for industry scaling, mechanisms, applications and challenges of each technique used for oil palm waste are discussed. Microwave‐assisted extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are particularly promising for large‐scale production, while deep eutectic solvents paired with ultrasound‐assisted extraction show the potential to improve extraction efficiency. This review also reveals that green extraction techniques are sustainable alternative to conventional techniques by effectively recovering valuable compounds from waste with reduced environmental impact. Additionally, the diverse applications of bioactive compounds (vitamin E, phytosterols, phenolics, polyphenols and flavonoids) extracted from oil palm waste in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries are also presented. Valuable components such as cellulose, dietary fibres and bioactive peptides derived from the waste can be applied in food coatings, high‐protein products and drug delivery systems. Biosorbents, biofuels and biodegradable products derived from the waste would also provide environmental benefits. Future research should focus on optimising the green extraction techniques for industrial use to promote responsible production and circular waste management to foster health and environmental safety.

Deep eutectic solvent strategy for green extraction of chlorogenic acid from sea buckthorn: optimization and sustainability

BackgroundSea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), a deciduous species plant, is widely distributed around the globe, and native to the cold-temperate regions of Europe and Asia. This medicinal herb contains several bioactive constituents including chlorogenic acid. The conventional methods used for the extraction of phenolic antioxidants from natural herbs often result in low yields, high toxicity, and pose environmental hazards limiting their effectiveness and scalability. Therefore, green extraction techniques using deep eutectic solvents, composed of natural, non-toxic, and biodegradable components were applied for extraction of chlorogenic acid from sea buckthorn weed. Fourteen deep eutectic solvent mixtures were prepared and evaluated for extraction yield of chlorogenic acid. Parameters such as hydrogen bond donor-to-hydrogen bond acceptor ratio, liquid-to-solid ratio, shaking speed, and shaking time were optimized for the best mixture.ResultsThe combination of lactic acid and maltose (1:1) was found to give best extraction yield using response surface methodology. The deep eutectic solvent system under optimum conditions produced 12.2 g/100 g of crude extract sea buckthorn containing 174.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (mg GA)/g) of extract. Moreover, the optimized extract exhibited appreciable radical scavenging capacity (91%), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (11.2% of extract), and inhibition of peroxide in linoleic acid (80.6%). High-performance liquid chromatography-based characterization revealed the extracts contained chlorogenic acid (20.1 mg/g of extract) as the major constituent.ConclusionsIn summary, the adoption of DES for the extraction of bioactive phenolic constituents from sea buckthorn offers multiple benefits, including economic efficiency, enhanced extraction performance, and environmental sustainability. The findings of this study not only advance the understanding of DES in phytochemical extraction but also pave the way for broader application of green solvents in the natural products industry. Future research should focus on further optimizing DES formulations and scaling up the extraction process to fully realize the potential of this innovative extraction method in commercial applications.