Green Extraction Method Research Articles

Development of a new green analytical methodology for the determination of phthalates in single-use babies diapers using ultrasound-assisted extraction and polypropylene porous membrane

A green extraction strategy was developed and utilized for the extraction and determination of phthalates. The extraction is based on ultrasound-assisted extraction and a polypropylene porous membrane. The Box-Behnken model was performed to optimize the extraction condition. The optimal extraction conditions are 5.5 mL of ethyl acetate, 10 min of extraction time and 55 °C for extraction temperature. The developed green extraction method was successfully applied to extract target phthalate from baby's diapers. Under the optimal condition, the developed method provided acceptable recoveries in the range of 87 to 102% with a relative standard deviation lower than 13%. The developed method exhibited good linearity in the range of 0.05 to 10.0 µg g−1 with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.992 (R2). Applied the developed method coupled with the gas chromatography-mas spectroscopy (GC–MS) method, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) were found in some diaper samples. While low concentrations of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) were detected in almost all diaper samples. The greenness of the developed method was also evaluated. The developed method can be used as an alternative simple, green and efficient strategy for the determination of phthalates in baby diapers. In sum, the presented article is the first step in raising awareness about carcinogenic impurities to which infants and older children are exposed.

Ultrasonic extraction and purification of scutellarin from Erigerontis Herba using deep eutectic solvent

Nowadays, deep eutectic solvent (DES) was widely used in the extraction of bioactive in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an alternative to organic solvents. While as, it is still a challenge for the removal of DES solvents and recovery of the extracted product. In this study, a simple, efficient and green technique of preparing scutellarin from Erigerontis Herba(EH) was proposed, combining ultrasonic assisted-DES extraction with anti-solvent purification. Firstly, different types of DES were prepared and studied for their abilities to extract scutellarin from EH. DES composed of choline chloride and acetamide (1:4 mol/mol) with 30% water obtained the highest extraction yield. Anti-solvent was proved as an efficient method to recover scutellarin from the DES extract with a content of purification up to 71.2%. Moreover, microscopic structural analysis was carried out to investigate the extract process and explain the extraction principle. Furthermore, the antioxidative activities of the DES extracts were evaluated, indicated that the bioactive property of scutellarin were still remained by using DES as the extraction solvent. In conclusion, the proposed simple and green ultrasonic assisted DES extraction method will serve as an effective alternative strategy to extract bioactive compounds from TCM.

Unlocking the Full Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Spice: An Overview of Extraction Techniques, Bioactivity, and Future Opportunities in the Food and Beverage Industry

This review article provides an overview of the bioactive compounds of clove, their health benefits, and their potential application in food and beverages. Cloves are rich in phenolic compounds, mainly eugenol, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and wound-healing properties. Traditional methods of clove extraction, such as Soxhlet and maceration, have limitations. Green extraction methods, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction, have shown promising results. The potential application of clove extract in various food and beverage products are also discussed. Finally, future perspectives and challenges for clove extraction are highlighted. Overall, the review highlights the potential of clove extract as a natural source of bioactive compounds for various applications in the food and beverage industry.

Anthocyanins extract as a non-toxic and green fluorescent label for bioimaging of HER2-positive breast cancer cells

Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death among women. Fluorescent labeling is an essential research and diagnostic tool in the detection of cancer cells. The development of inexpensive and easily accessible fluorescent probes for the detection of cancerous cells is of great importance. Herein we report a green and inexpensive method for extraction of natural anthocyanin fluorophore from Red Cabbage and demonstrate its application for fluorescent bioimaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer cells using non-covalent conjugation of anthocyanin fluorophores to Trastuzumab antibody. In this work, the extracted anthocyanins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) and fluorescent spectroscopy. The anthocyanin extract showed proper fluorescent intensity for microscopic fluorescent cell imaging, negligible photobleaching and no sign of cytotoxicity (more than 90% viability). The presence of hydroxy and carboxyl functional groups in the structure of anthocyanins provided the opportunity for the non-covalent conjugation of anthocyanins to antibodies. The fluorescent probe made by non-covalent conjugation of the anthocyanin fluorophores to Trastuzumab antibody was used for specific fluorescent imaging of HER2 receptors on HER2 positive breast cancer cells. This green fluorescent probe may have several future applications in biological diagnosis and bio-imaging techniques.

Anti-MRSA activity of Stereospermum fimbriatum’s stem bark extracted using subcritical and supercritical carbon dioxide

Antibiotic resistance is a major challenge in healthcare, and this is further worsened by the presence of the dreadful Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. This has urged scientists to find new effective antimicrobial drugs. Earth is enriched with natural resources such as plants that have been used traditionally to cure diseases. Stereospermum fimbriatum or “Chicha” had been used traditionally to treat several illnesses such as stomachache, earache, itchy skin, and postpartum illness. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the antibacterial potential of S. fimbriatum’s stem bark against MRSA. Subcritical (Sub-CO2) and supercritical carbon dioxide (Sup-CO2) extractions were used to extract the stem bark, with and without the addition of co-solvent (ethanol). The antimicrobial assay was carried out using disc diffusion (200, 400 and 600 µg/disc), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. There was no anti-MRSA activity observed on both the Sub-CO2 and Sup-CO2 extracts without 10% ethanol. The most potent anti-MRSA was observed by the Sup-CO2 extract with 10% ethanol with the MIC value of 500 µg/mL. Therefore, the use of ethanol (10 %) in the extraction increased the antibacterial activity of the S. fimbriatum’s extract against MRSA. These research findings could potentially facilitate future investigations into the utilization of green extraction methods to uncover promising antibacterial agents that can effectively target MRSA, a formidable pathogen. Future studies on the other parts of S. fimbriatum, its potential toxicity, and the possible mechanisms of action are needed to investigate its promising therapeutic values on MRSA infections.

A simple and robust LC-ESI single quadrupole MS-based method to analyze polyphenols in plant extracts using deep eutectic solvents

Currently, the interest in polyphenols is increasing due to their significant properties in health. Polyphenols exist in a range of natural products, however their extraction as well as their characterization are important issues as they are mainly present in complex matrices. Therefore, sensitive and selective analytical methods based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry are essential. Nevertheless, access to such high-resolution techniques is quite rare. Thus, in this work we present a simple, selective and robust method based on a single-quadrupole (Q) MS technique) for the analysis of a wide range of polyphenols such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and anthocyanins.Specifically, we present:•A simple liquid chromatography electro-spray ionization (LC-ESI) single-quadrupole mass selective (MS) method for the analysis of 18 different polyphenols.•Application of the method to three plant-based extracts that are derived after green extraction methods.

Optimization of pH for extracting sinapates from mustard varieties using green technology

Mustard seeds contain higher levels of phenolic compounds, especially sinapine, compared to many other oilseeds. Due to their rich bioactive composition, mustard seeds have considerable potential in food and pharmaceutical industries as antimicrobials, antioxidants, and chemoprotective agents. The yields of phenolic compounds, particularly the formation of canolol, could be substantially enhanced by modifying the pre-treatment conditions and extraction techniques. To achieve this, there is a need for innovative green technology methods to minimize environmental damage. This novel approach involved pre-heating by sautéing, and adjusting the pH of the extract to acid, alkaline or neutral conditions using safe household ingredients, such as vinegar and sodium bicarbonate. The treated whole or crushed seeds were then extracted by pressurized heating at 115 °C at 10.2 psi, and the extractability of the phenolic compounds was assessed.Statistical analysis of selected mustard varieties showed an interesting trend in which pH affected the mustard endogenous phenolic compound profile, in which neutral pH proved to be superior to acid and alkaline treatment Among the selected varieties, both yellow and black mustard had competitive amounts of sinapine, sinapic acid, and canolol. Sinapic acid and canolol were predominant in crushed black mustard seeds (2.71± 0.0.8 and 2.61± 0.35 mg/g DW, respectively) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, crushed yellow mustard prevailed in sinapine concentration (385 ± 49.47 mg/g DW).Overall, on the basis of electrostatic interactions between the solvent and the extractants, using water with the combination of preheat treatment and pressure was an alternative green extraction method to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds from Oriental, black, and yellow mustard seeds.

Influences of Trypsin Pretreatment on the Structures, Composition, and Functional Characteristics of Skin Gelatin of Tilapia, Grass Carp, and Sea Perch.

Fish skin gelatin is an important functional product in the food, cosmetics, and biomedicine industries, and establishing a green and effective fish skin gelatin extraction method is an effective way to obtain high-quality gelatin and improve its production efficiency. In this study, a trypsin method was used to extract the skin gelatin of sea perch, tilapia, and grass carp, and the microstructures of skin gelatin of these three fish species were analyzed, with such functional characteristics as thermal stability, gel strength, and emulsifying properties measured. The study results show that the skin gelatin of sea perch and tilapia obtained through the trypsin method has a relatively big molecular mass, a dense network structure, and a stable trihelix conformation. In addition, the skin gelatin of these three fish species has a relatively high β-turn content in the secondary structure, good gel strength, and water absorption properties. The compositions of the collagen-associated proteins in the skin gelatins of these three fish species extracted with the trypsin method are significantly different from each other, with positive effects of decorin and biglycan on the stability of the network structure of gelatin and a certain damaging effect of metalloendopeptidase on the network structure of gelatin. The skin gelatin of tilapia has high thermal stability and good emulsifying performance. Therefore, this gelatin type has bright application prospects in such fields as food processing, cosmetics, and drug development. In contrast, the skin gelatin of grass carp has poor functional properties. Therefore, there are significant differences among the structures and functions of skin gelatin extracted from different kinds of fish through the trypsin method. This finding has provided a useful reference for the production of customized fish gelatin according to demand.

Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Thinned Young Kiwifruits and Their Beneficial Effects.

Fruit thinning is a common practice employed to enhance the quality and yield of kiwifruits during the growing period, and about 30-50% of unripe kiwifruits will be thinned and discarded. In fact, these unripe kiwifruits are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, the applications of thinned young kiwifruits and related bioactive compounds in the food and functional food industry are still limited. Therefore, to promote the potential applications of thinned young kiwifruits as value-added health products, the extraction, characterization, and evaluation of beneficial effects of phenolic compounds from thinned young fruits of red-fleshed Actinidia chinensis cv 'HY' were examined in the present study. A green and efficient ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UADE) method for extracting phenolic compounds from thinned young kiwifruits was established. A maximum yield (105.37 ± 1.2 mg GAE/g DW) of total phenolics extracted from thinned young kiwifruits by UADE was obtained, which was significantly higher than those of conventional organic solvent extraction (CSE, about 14.51 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g DW) and ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UAEE, about 43.85 ± 1.17 mg GAE/g DW). In addition, 29 compounds, e.g., gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside, were identified in the kiwifruit extract by UPLC-MS/MS. Furthermore, the contents of major phenolic compounds in different kiwifruit extracts prepared by conventional organic solvent extraction (EE), ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UEE), and ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UDE) were compared by HPLC analysis. Results revealed that the content of major phenolics in UDE (about 15.067 mg/g DW) was significantly higher than that in EE (about 2.218 mg/g DW) and UEE (about 6.122 mg/g DW), suggesting that the UADE method was more efficient for extracting polyphenolics from thinned young kiwifruits. In addition, compared with EE and UEE, UDE exhibited much higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, which were closely associated with its higher content of phenolic compounds. Collectively, the findings suggest that the UADE method can be applied as an efficient technique for the preparation of bioactive polyphenolics from thinned young kiwifruits, and the thinned young fruits of red-fleshed A. chinensis cv 'HY' have good potential to be developed and utilized as functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Green approach for polyphenol extraction from waste tea biomass: Single and hybrid application of conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction

Based on a green approach, the potential use of waste tea biomass (fiber and second sieving) with rich polyphenol content was investigated as an alternative source of polyphenol to achieve an economic added value. In addition, this study demonstrated a comparative approach to explore the most sustainable green extraction method by the assessment of single ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) at various frequencies (20, 35, and 200 kHz) and the hybrid operations of ultrasound (US) and thermal extraction (50 °C and 80 °C). As a result, it has been determined that waste tea biomass, with a polyphenol extraction rate of more than 80%, provides a higher recovery capacity than tea leaf (the highest polyphenol recovery rate of 72.5%) in almost all single operations. Among the single UAE, 20 kHz was expressed as the method succeeding with high recovery rates (84%) within 30 min for fiber waste. In contrast, the hybrid operation consisting of 20 kHz US (20 min) with heating at 80 °C (10 min) yielded the highest extraction efficiency with 92% in the same time interval more economically for second sieving waste tea biomass. Therefore, this study has shown that it is possible to utilize UAE alone or in combination with heat extraction from tea waste for environmentally friendly, rapid, and effective polyphenol extraction.

Comparison of ohmic heating- and microwave-assisted extraction techniques for avocado leaves valorization: Optimization and impact on the phenolic compounds and bioactivities.

Avocado tree pruning activities generate a substantial amount of residual biomass, which includes different parts of the plant, such as leaves, twigs, branches, and small fruits. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different green extraction methods of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ohmic heating-assisted extraction (OHAE) for the phenolic extraction of avocado leaves based on a statistical approach, central composite design (CCD), and response surface methodology (RSM). Water was preferred using as an environmentally and health-friendly solvent for both methods. The phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and antidiabetic potential of the extracts were identified and comparatively assessed. The developed models exhibited a high degree of reliability with optimal conditions for OHAE and MAE, which were determined as 9.38 V/cm voltage gradient, 6 min extraction time, at 60°C, 5 min, and 1 g dried leaf/100 mL water. Epicatechin was identified as the primary phenolic compound in OHAE extracts, while chlorogenic acid was the dominant compound in MAE extracts. The extracts obtained from OHAE and MAE were tested for their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase activity, with IC50 (mg/mL) values of 0.85 and 1.14, respectively. The DPPH radicals scavenging activity (IC50 mg/L) of OHAE and MAE were detected as 2.96 and 3.41, respectively. In conclusion, both methods yielded extracts rich in polyphenols that displayed high antioxidant activity, but OHAE was found to be superior to MAE in terms of TPC, DPPH, and antidiabetic activities. The results of this study have the potential to make significant contributions toward promoting the principles of a circular economy by facilitating the valorization of the avocado pruning waste.

Development of deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted extraction combined with temperature controlled ionic liquid-based liquid phase microextraction for extraction of aflatoxins from cheese samples.

In this study, for the first time, a deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted extraction was combined with ionic liquid-based temperature controlled liquid phase microextraction for the extraction of several aflatoxins from cheese samples. Briefly, the analytes are extracted from cheese sample (3g) into a mixture of 1.5mL choline chloride:ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent and 3.5mL deionized water by exposing to microwave irradiations for 60 s at 180W. The liquid phase was taken and mixed with 55μL 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. By cooling the solution in the refrigerator centrifuge, a turbid state was obtained and the analytes were extracted into the ionic liquid droplets. The analytes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detector. Low limits of detection (9-23ng kg-1 ) and quantification (30-77ng kg-1 ), high extraction recovery (66%-83%), acceptable enrichment factor (40-50), and good precision (relative standard deviations ≤ 5.2%) were obtained using the offered approach. These results reveal the high extraction capability of the method for determination of aflatoxins in the cheese samples. In this method, there was no need for organic solvents and it can be considered as green extraction method.

Preparation, development, and scale-up of standardized pentacyclic triterpenoid-rich extract from Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. and study of its wound healing activity

This pilot-scale study of an innovative green extraction method shows increased biomarker content in plant extracts. Moreover, green extraction methods decrease the effects on the environment and human health and promote industrial growth. This study optimized the process conditions to obtain a pentacyclic triterpenoid-rich extract (PRE) from Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., which contains asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside, and madecassoside, and evaluated its biological activities. PRE preparation was scaled up from laboratory to pilot scale. In the pilot scale, a combination of microwave-assisted extraction with an irradiation power of 4 kW and an ultrasonic-assisted extraction at 0.55 kW was used for C. asiatica extraction. The total pentacyclic triterpene content was 106.02 mg/g of crude extract. Then, the C. asiatica extract was fractionated by a macroporous resin (Diaion® HP-20). The PRE preparation method used 50% and 75% EtOH fractions. This PRE produced a high content of pentacyclic triterpenoids at 681.12 mg/g of crude extract. It presented a high anti-inflammatory effect with an IC50 value of 23.88 μg/mL for nitric oxide inhibition and induced wound healing processes (proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis) in human dermal fibroblast cells. The information gained from this study can advance the industrial extraction of physiologically active substances from various plant sources for use as medicines or components of supplemental food and cosmeceutical products.

The Influence of green extraction methods on the municipal onion extracts nano-capsules and their application in beef burger

The effect of green extraction methods on municipal onion was carried out. Traditional and green extracts were subjected to various chemical analyses for phytochemical constituents. Evaluated antioxidant activity by using DPPH at concentration of (500 mg/ml) proved that SCF-CO2 nano-capsules extracts recorded highest values followed by microwave extraction 46.88 and 43.87, respectively. Total phenolic contents showed that the TPC and TFC of SCF-CO2 extracts and their nano-capsules recorded highest values followed by microwave extraction Taxifolin as the largest phenolic compounds in CO2 extract 3463.45 followed by Gallic acid, querectin and kaempferol identified by HPLC. These nano-encapsulated extracts have many advantages as they are fast delivery to the targeted organs in the body. The encapsulated nano-capsules exhibited lethal inhibitory effect towards the examined human cell lines (i.e. HePG2, HCT116 and MCF7). SCF-CO2 of onion appeared more spherical regular shape makes it more feasible to encapsulation. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed an increase in their melting point for all nano-capsules comparing with the crude extracts and indicating the efficiency of the encapsulation in terms of heat stability.

Sequential Extraction of Valuable Bio-Products from Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio) Processing Discards Using Eco-Friendly Methods.

Green extraction methods using a combination of mechanical, enzymatic, and green chemical treatments were evaluated for the sequential extraction of carotenoid pigments, protein, and chitin from crab processing discards. Key objectives included avoiding the use of hazardous chemical solvents, conducting as close to a 100% green extraction as possible, and developing simple processes to facilitate implementation into processing plants without the need for complicated and expensive equipment. Three crab bio-products were obtained: pigmented vegetable oil, pigmented protein powder, and chitin. Carotenoid extractions were performed using vegetable oils (corn, canola, and sunflower oils), giving between 24.85% and 37.93% astaxanthin recovery. Citric acid was used to demineralize the remaining material and afforded a pigmented protein powder. Three different proteases were used to deproteinate and isolate chitin in yields between 17.06% and 19.15%. The chitin was still highly colored and therefore decolorization was attempted using hydrogen peroxide. Characterization studies were conducted on each of the crab bio-products isolated including powder X-ray diffraction analysis on the chitin (80.18% crystallinity index, CI, achieved using green methods). Overall, three valuable bio-products could be obtained but further research is needed to obtain pigment-free chitin in an environmentally friendly manner.

Deep eutectic solvent-ultrasound assisted extraction as a green approach for enhanced extraction of naringenin from Searsia tripartita and retained their bioactivities.

Naringenin (NA) is a natural flavonoid used in the formulation of a wide range of pharmaceutical, fragrance, and cosmetic products. In this research, NA was extracted from Searsia tripartita using an environmentally friendly, high efficiency extraction method: an ultrasound-assisted extraction with deep eutectic solvents (UAE-DES). Six natural deep eutectic solvent systems were tested. Choline chloride was used as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), and formic acid, ethylene glycol, lactic acid, urea, glycerol, and citric acid were used as hydrogen bond donors (HBD). Based on the results of single-factor experiments, response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design was applied to determine the optimal conditions for UAE-DES. According to the results, the optimal NA extraction parameters were as follows: DES-1 consisted of choline chloride (HBA) and formic acid (HBD) in a mole ratio of 2:1, an extraction time of 10 min, an extraction temperature of 50°C, an ultrasonic amplitude of 75 W, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1/60 g/mL. Extracted NA was shown to inhibit the activity of different enzymes in vitro, including α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. Thus, the UAE-DES technique produced high-efficiency NA extraction while retaining bioactivity, implying broad application potential, and making it worthy of consideration as a high-throughput green extraction method.

Comparison of the effect of extraction methods on the waste cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L ) flowers: metabolic profile, bioactive components, antioxidant, and α-amylase inhibition.

Waste cotton flowers, as a by-product of cotton cultivation, are enriched with bioactive substances that render them a promising natural source of health-promoting benefits. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE) and conventional extraction (CE) approaches were applied to extract bioactive compounds from waste cotton flowers, and metabolic profile, bioactive components, antioxidant, and α-amylase inhibition of different extractions were systematically analyzed and compared. It was observed that the UAE and CE extract had similar metabolic profiles compared with SWE. The flavonoids and amino acids and derivatives were more prone to be extracted by UAE and CE, while phenolic acids tended to accumulate in SWE extract. The UAE extract had the highest amounts of total polyphenols (214.07 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (33.23 mg RT/g DW) as well as the strongest inhibition on oxidation (IC50 =10.80 μg/mL) and α-amylase activity (IC50 =0.62 mg/mL), indicating that chemical composition was closely related to biological activity. Additionally, microstructures and thermal behaviors of the extract were investigated and highlighted the ability of UAE. Overall, it can be concluded that UAE is an efficient, green, and economical extraction method to produce bioactive compounds from cotton flowers, and the UAE extracts could be used in food and medicine industries because of their high antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activity. This study provides scientific basis for the development and comprehensive utilization of cotton by products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Microextraction by packed sorbent of some β-blocker drugs with chitosan@mof-199 bio-composite in human saliva, plasma, and urine samples

The current study introduces microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) to extract three beta-blocker drugs (propranolol, atenolol, and betaxolol) from biological samples. The separation and detection of the drugs were performed by high performance liquid chromatography followed by UV detection. A green approach was applied for synthesizing chitosan@MOF-199 bio-composite, which was packed into the initial part of a metal spinal (22 gage). The effective parameters on the adsorption and desorption efficiencies, including sample solution pH, eluent flow rate, cycle numbers, type and volume of eluent solvent were evaluated and optimized. Under optimal conditions linear ranges (LRs = 5–600 µg L−1), limits of detection (LODs = 1.5–4.5 µg L−1), and relative standard deviations (RSDs% = 4.7 −5.3% with three replicates and concentration of 100 µg L−1) were obtained. Relative recoveries (RR%) for plasma (77–99%), saliva (81–108%), and urine (80–112%) samples were obtained. In this study, the drug release profile of propranolol in urine was evaluated. The results showed that the highest amount of propranolol is released 4 h after taking the drug. Based on the obtained results, this is an effective, fast, sensitive, reproducible, green, and user-friendly method for beta-blocker drug extraction in biological samples.

A green extraction method based on carbon nitride sorbent for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated estrogens in milk

A green extraction method based on carbon nitride sorbent for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated estrogens in milk

A green sorptive extraction method (HiSorb-TD-GC-MS) for determining the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) aroma profile

Abstract A headspace high sorptive extraction (HS-HiSorb) Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) method was developed and optimized for the determination of the volatile profile of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The HS-HiSorb extraction parameters of temperature, sample mass, stirring rate, and adsorption time were optimized by applying the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. A total of 21 multi-varietal olive oil samples were collected from four different olive mills in Cyprus during the harvesting period 2020–2021. Seventy-six volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified and semi-quantified, belonging to several chemical categories such as hydrocarbons (31) three of which are terpenes, aldehydes (22), carboxylic acids (6), ketones (5), esters (4), alcohols (3), ethers (2), furans (2), and others (1). Aldehydes (40.20 %) and hydrocarbons (41.08 %) represented the main components of olive oil’s volatile profile. The overall concentrations of VOCs in the samples ranged from 8.73 to 39.81 mg/kg. The HiSorb-TD-GC-MS method was evaluated in terms of repeatability and linearity for selected VOCs. Repeatability was performed at three different concentrations (1, 10, and 100 ppbv), and the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 2.21 to 15.86 %. The calibration curves of (E)-2-hexenal, 1-penten-3-one, nonanal, and hexanal were developed to evaluate the linearity range. The results were satisfactory, with the correlation coefficient (R 2) greater than 0.98. Finally, the limitations of the method are mentioned and discussed.