Green Energy Initiatives Research Articles

A path to cleaner energy: The nexus of technological regulations, green technological innovation, economic globalization, and human capital

Ensuring environmental sustainability is paramount for achieving sustainable development and leaving a habitable world for future generations. In this regard, the transition to green energy plays a critical role by reducing environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel use and promoting environmentally friendly energy sources. Technological regulations, green technological innovation, economic globalization, and human capital are pivotal factors influencing the success of the green energy transition. Technological regulations can encourage the adoption of environmentally friendly practices through the establishment and enforcement of environmental standards. Economic globalization expands international trade and investment opportunities, supporting the transition to green energy. Human capital development ensures the availability of skilled labor and can foster knowledge creation to advance green energy initiatives. This study examines the influence of human capital, green technological innovation, technological regulations, and economic globalization on the green energy transition in 19 OECD countries from 1990 to 2019. According to the results, human capital reduces the transition in Germany and increases it in Poland; green technological innovation boosts the green energy transition in Belgium; technological regulations support it in Finland, Poland, and Panel; economic globalization reduces it in Italy. OECD countries should diversify their environmental policies with technological regulations to achieve SDG7.

Sustainable integration of mineral resources, low carbon transition, and economic resilience in China

Mineral sustainability has become a crucial topic for economists in recent decades. This study provides key insights into China's sustainability challenges, particularly regarding ferrous mineral production, economic resilience, and low-carbon transition goals. Using data from 1980 to 2022 analyzed with the ARDL technique, the research highlights significant negative impacts of ferrous mineral production, economic uncertainty, and carbon emissions on green energy progress. This underscores the need for urgent actions to enhance sustainability in the mineral sector and support green energy initiatives. Economic instability hampers long-term green energy development, making economic resilience essential. Sustainable population management is also crucial due to its effects on green energy advancement. Conversely, ICT advancements offer promise for sustainable development. China should implement a comprehensive policy framework focused on sustainable mineral use, carbon reduction, and economic stability, including measures such as promoting electric vehicles and improving green tax efficiency.

Assessing the performance of a monocrystalline solar panel under different tropical climatic conditions in Cameroon using artificial neural network

To implement the European Union (EU)-Africa Green Energy Initiative in Cameroon to boost the renewable energy sector, we model the performance of a 500 W monocrystalline solar panel in major cities of Cameroon located in different climatic zones to select the best location for the installation of a solar farm. We also evaluate the contribution of seasonal and weather variability to the amount and stability of power generated by the panel using the artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model was used to train and test the ERA5 hourly data for Bamenda. The model was then used to estimate Photovoltaic (PV) output in Douala, Yaounde, Ngaoundere, Garoua, and Maroua with a mean absolute error of 4.109 × 10−5, 4.699 × 10−5, 3.563 × 10−5, 3.106 × 10−5, and 3.083 × 10−5 kW, respectively. The results show that the ANN can capture the influence of weather variability on the generated output power. Cloud cover and rainfall are found to negatively affect the amount and stability of generated power in the lower latitude cities of Douala and Yaounde compared to the northern cities, with these effects being stronger in the rainy season than in the dry season. Garoua followed by Maroua are proving to be the best locations for installing a solar park in terms of the amount and stability of electricity generated throughout the year. The Cameroonian government, its EU partners, and other stakeholders involved in the development of solar energy in the country will be able to use the results of this study for better decision-making.

FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROSPECTS FOR CREATING GREEN ENERGY PROJECTS IN THE UKRAINE-POLAND COLLABORATION

This paper examines the economic and financial advantages of improving international collaboration between Ukraine and Poland in the development of alternative energy projects. It conducts a thorough evaluation of existing and forthcoming renewable energy generation technologies, using expert, Delphi, and methods based on statistics to identify the most promising and universally applicable solutions. The calculation of the payback period for small-scale green energy projects pays particular attention to the actual duration of the period in the case of small business ventures. The findings are summarized with a vision for the future Ukrainian-Polish cooperation in the scope of green energy cooperation and specific instruments and processes that could contribute to the success of the collaboration.The article outlines the potential approach that involves the isolation of the cooperation between Ukraine and Poland in green energy relying on the creation of investment and venture funds, public support for the manufacturing of a renewable energy component, and the establishment of non-volatile industrial complexes. Additionally, measures such as independent small alternative power plants and the initiatives for the development of the Ukrainian-Polish joint network of alternative energy are mentioned.The current war between Ukraine and Russia has drawn attention to the crucial need for energy security and diversification, making Ukraine-Poland collaboration on green energy projects all the more important. Ukraine may minimize its reliance on the Russian energy supply by focusing on renewable energy programs, while Poland can invest in sustainable energy to boost regional stability and economic progress. The article points out that the continuation and advancement of green energy initiatives require international cooperation. The paper offers detailed guidance on how the financial, economic, and technological opportunities and relations between Ukraine and Poland may be enhanced.

The environmental repercussions of financial development and green energy in BRICS economies: From the perspective of new composite indices

This study is significant because it fills the gap in future literature by looking at the panel of 5 Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) economies regarding the important role of financial development (FD) in environmental deterioration under the holistic measures of FD and environmental quality, something that has been largely overlooked in preceding studies. Consequently, this study explores the environmental effects of FD, employing a composite environmental quality proxy (CEQP) and a composite FD proxy (CFDP). In pursuit of this objective, the continuously updated fully modified (Cup-FM) and continuously updated bias corrected (Cup-BC) procedures are applied. These procedures enabled us to comprehensively explore the dynamic interactions between the combined index for FD and CEQP controlling agricultural activities, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and nonrenewable energy consumption (NREC) in the panel of 5-BRICS economies from 2005 to 2019. The empirical results show that CFDP appeases environmental deterioration and thus improves environmental quality. The agricultural activities intensify environmental deterioration. The analysis also reveals a U-shaped relationship between the CEQP and economic growth (inverted U-type environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis) for the BRICS nations. Additionally, renewable energy improves environmental quality, whereas NREC decreases it. As supported by the results of the study, BRICS policymakers should encourage the financial sector to support green energy initiatives and achieve environmental stability.

Towards Greener Airports: Landscape of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Based on RSV-P (Road Speed Bump’s Vibration Power Plant)

Abstract One potential that can be implemented at Ngurah Rai International Airport considering the number of passengers, parking capacity, and the implementation of Bali Governor Regulation No. 45 of 2019 concerning Clean Energy Bali and Bali Governor Regulation No. 48 of 2019 concerning the use of Battery-Based Electric Vehicles (BEVs), is the landscape of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations based on RSV-P (Road Speed Bump’s Vibration Power Plant). This research focuses on the landscape of a charging station based on RSV-P. This research activity was carried out by the authors using literacy study data collection techniques, field studies and sources of information using secondary data. The landscape is designed to incorporate local wisdom and cultural aspects of the Balinese community, making designs by simulating calculations based on previous research results, calculating the position of speed bumps, batteries storage, charging stations include solar panels, parking areas according to conditions at domestic terminals and considering the average influx of about 300 to 500 four-wheelers and six-wheelers (buses) every day RSV-P can be applied as an initial study for the management of Ngurah Rai Int Airport. The impact of this research is to provide a study option for implementing green energy towards a green airport, by prioritizing green energy initiatives at Ngurah Rai Int airport, we are not only investing in environmental sustainability, but also in a more efficient, innovative, and competitive airport future.

The Role and Forms of Financing from the Ebrd - Focusing on Kosovo During the Years 2013-2020

This paper analyzes the roles of European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) strategic financing in Kosovo from 2013 to 2020, focusing on economic impacts and development progress. Using a quantitative and comparative approach, this study uses secondary data analysis, supported by statistical tools in Microsoft Excel, to assess the effectiveness of EBRD investments in different sectors within Kosovo. Statistical and comparative data shows the sectors and amounts of support from the EBRD for Kosovo over the years, both before and after its admission to the EBRD. A retrospective of the history of the establishment of the EBRD, the operation process of its banking system, the way the bank finances projects and its impact on the economic development of a country, namely Kosovo, was also discussed. The findings reveal significant EBRD investments, mainly in SMEs and infrastructure, contributing to competitive gains and sustainable development. The study details the volume of investments and their distribution across different sectors, highlighting key impacts on employment and green energy initiatives. This research enriches the literature on the roles of international financial institutions in post-conflict economic development by providing a nuanced understanding of the EBRD's strategic priorities and operational outcomes in transition economies. The practical implications of the study provide policy makers and development agencies with insights into practical strategies for leveraging international finance for economic growth and sustainability. Recommendations are given to increase the focus on renewable energy and infrastructure, in line with the global goals of sustainable development.

Perceived Status and Sustainable Actions: How Subjective Socioeconomic Status Drives Green Energy Consumption in Chinese Households

Household energy consumption plays a critical role in the context of global climate change. Utilizing data from the 2018 China Social Survey (CGSS), this study empirically examined the impact of subjective socioeconomic status (SES) on household green energy consumption behaviors using probit and ordered probit models. The mechanism of influence was further analyzed through the mediated effect approach. The results found include the following: (1) Although the proportion of households participating in green energy policies is similar to those not participating, the proportion of households deeply participating in multiple policies is very low; (2) subjective SES significantly influences both the rate and depth of household participation in green energy policies; (3) internet usage and understanding of green energy policies serve as mediating mechanisms for the promotive effect of subjective SES; and (4) subjective SES showed significant heterogeneity in its effects on different gender and education level groups. These findings contribute to the understanding of the drivers of household green energy use decisions and provide an important reference for governmental policymaking to enhance participation rates and degrees in green energy participation. Implications of these findings highlight the potential for targeted policies that address internet accessibility and educational outreach, which could significantly enhance the effectiveness of green energy initiatives across diverse socioeconomic groups.

Optimized Decision-Making for Multi-Market Green Power Transactions of Electricity Retailers under Demand-Side Response: The Chinese Market Case Study

With the energy structure transition and the development of the green power market, the role of electricity retailers in multi-market green power trading has become more and more important. Particularly in China, where aggressive green energy policies and rapid market transformations provide a distinct context for such studies, the challenges are pronounced. Under demand-side response, electricity retailers face the uncertainty of users’ electricity consumption and incentives, which complicates decision-making processes. The purpose of this paper is to explore the optimization decision-making problem of multi-market green power trading for electricity retailers under demand-side response, with a special focus on the Chinese market due to its leadership in implementing substantial green energy initiatives and its potential to set precedents for global practices. We first construct a two-party benefit optimization model, which comprehensively considers the profit objectives for electricity retailers and utility maximization for users. Then, the model is solved by the Lagrange multiplier method and distributed subgradient algorithm to obtain the optimal solution. Finally, the effectiveness of the incentive optimization strategy under the multi-market to promote green power consumption and improve the profit of electricity retailers is verified by arithmetic simulation. The results of this study show that the incentive optimization strategy under multi-market, particularly within the Chinese context, is expected to provide a reference for electricity retailers to develop more flexible and effective trading strategies in the green power market and to contribute to the process of promoting green power consumption globally.

CODAS–Hamming–Mahalanobis Method for Hierarchizing Green Energy Indicators and a Linearity Factor for Relevant Factors’ Prediction through Enterprises’ Opinions

As enterprises look forward to new market share and supply chain opportunities, innovative strategies and sustainable manufacturing play important roles for micro-, small, and mid-sized enterprises worldwide. Sustainable manufacturing is one of the practices aimed towards deploying green energy initiatives to ease climate change, presenting three main pillars—economic, social, and environmental. The issue of how to reach sustainability goals within the sustainable manufacturing of pillars is a less-researched area. This paper’s main purpose and novelty is two-fold. First, it aims to provide a hierarchy of the green energy indicators and their measurements through a multi-criteria decision-making point of view to implement them as an alliance strategy towards sustainable manufacturing. Moreover, we aim to provide researchers and practitioners with a forecasting method to re-prioritize green energy indicators through a linearity factor model. The CODAS–Hamming–Mahalanobis method is used to obtain preference scores and rankings from a 50-item list. The resulting top 10 list shows that enterprises defined nine items within the economic pillar as more important and one item on the environmental pillar; items from the social pillar were less important. The implication for MSMEs within the manufacturing sector represents an opportunity to work with decision makers to deploy specific initiatives towards sustainable manufacturing, focused on profit and welfare while taking care of natural resources. In addition, we propose a continuous predictive analysis method, the linearity factor model, as a tool for new enterprises to seek a green energy hierarchy according to their individual needs. The resulting hierarchy using the predictive analysis model presented changes in the items’ order, but it remained within the same two sustainable manufacturing pillars: economic and environmental.

EBRD financing in Kosovo (2013-2020): Impact and strategies

Purpose: This paper analyzes the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's (EBRD) strategic financing roles in Kosovo from 2013 to 2020, focusing on economic impacts and developmental progress. Methodology: Employing a quantitative and comparative approach, this study utilizes secondary data analysis, supported by statistical tools in Microsoft Excel, to evaluate the effectiveness of EBRD investments in various sectors within Kosovo. Results: The findings reveal significant EBRD investments, primarily in SMEs and infrastructure, contributing to competitive gains and sustainable development. The study details the volume of investments and their distribution across different sectors, highlighting substantial impacts on employment and green energy initiatives. Theoretical Contribution: This research enriches the literature on international financial institutions' roles in post-conflict economic development, providing a nuanced understanding of the EBRD's strategic priorities and operational outcomes in transitional economies. Practical Implications: The study offers policymakers and development agencies insights into practical strategies for leveraging international finance for economic growth and sustainability. Recommendations are provided to enhance the focus on renewable energy and infrastructure, aligning with global sustainable development goals.

Green Energy Strategies for Cross-Border E-Commerce: A Sustainable Approach

Cross-border e-commerce has become a significant force in the global economy, with the continuous growth of online retail giants such as Amazon and Alibaba. the rapid expansion of this industry has also brought significant environmental impacts, especially in terms of energy consumption and carbon emissions. In response, a number of green energy initiatives have been put out and put into practice to support a sustainable strategy in international e-commerce. Using renewable energy sources is one of the main tactics. An increasing number of international e-commerce businesses are relying on clean energy sources like solar and wind power to run their businesses as a result of the advancement of renewable energy technologies. It not only reduces their carbon footprint but also helps to lower energy costs in the long run. Another strategy is the implementation of energy-efficient practices. It includes adopting energy-efficient lighting, heating, and cooling systems, using efficient transportation methods for logistics, and optimizing the route planning to reduce fuel consumption. These measures not only contribute to reducing carbon emissions but also help companies save on energy costs. In addition, cross-border e-commerce companies are also exploring green packaging solutions. It involves using sustainable materials for packaging, such as biodegradable or recyclable materials, to reduce the environmental impact of packaging waste. Some companies are also implementing innovative green packaging designs, such as reusable containers and packaging made from recycled materials. There are efforts to promote sustainable supply chain management in cross-border e-commerce. It includes incentivizing suppliers to adopt green energy and sustainable practices, as well as implementing strict sustainability criteria for selecting and monitoring suppliers. By promoting sustainability throughout the supply chain, cross-border e-commerce companies can reduce their overall environmental impact.

A FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF ZERO-CARBON EMISSION THROUGH ELECTRIC VEHICLE

The transition towards zero-carbon emissions represents a critical imperative in combating climate change and promoting sustainable development. This master thesis project explores the feasibility of achieving zero-carbon emissions through the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Framed within the context of entrepreneurship and innovation, the study examines the current trends, challenges, and opportunities surrounding EVs and green energy initiatives. A comprehensive literature review highlights the environmental, performance, and cost-related disparities between EVs and traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, while also identifying key barriers to adoption such as range anxiety and infrastructure limitations. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research synthesizes secondary and primary data sources to propose strategic interventions aimed at accelerating EV adoption, including the establishment of residential charging stations, mobile EV charging units, and discounted charging infrastructure. Furthermore, the study advocates for the development of a centralized application to streamline EV charging accessibility and utilization. By addressing these challenges and implementing targeted solutions, this thesis underscores the pivotal role of innovation and collaboration in realizing a future powered by zero-carbon emissions through electric mobility.

FINANCING GREEN ENERGY FOR ENHANCING ENERGY SECURITY IN UKRAINE

This paper examines the financing of green energy initiatives as a critical element in strengthening Ukraine's energy security, especially in the context of post-war reconstruction and the need for sustainable and resilient energy infrastructure. The study aims to assess the potential and challenges of investing in green energy in Ukraine, considering the destruction caused by Russian military actions in the winter of 2022-2023, and the need for recovery based on sustainable models. In this regard, the obtained results emphasize the importance of creating a reliable and decarbonized energy sector, driven by both domestic needs and international cooperation with the EU and other partners. The analysis shows that despite strong support for the green energy transition, the development of the sector is hindered by the high capital intensity required for green technologies, which are often not competitive without government subsidies. This requires a careful balance between innovation and commercial viability of green energy projects, highlighting the need for public and private investments in technologies that can compete with traditional sources of energy in the long term and developing new financing tools for Ukraine. The conclusions indicate that a multifaceted approach is needed to ensure Ukraine's energy future and minimize risks. Such an approach should include policy reforms, strategic investments in proven green technologies, and fostering partnerships to bridge the commercialization gap. Policymakers face the dual challenge of accelerating the energy transition while managing financial constraints exacerbated by military spending, highlighting the trade-off between rapid development and the risks associated with financing innovation. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of how green energy financing mechanisms can enhance Ukraine's energy security, suggesting broader implications for policy, investment, and technological innovation in the context of Ukraine's post-war recovery and future resilience.

Promoting sustainability in developing Countries: A Machine Learning-based approach to understanding the relationship between green investment and environmental degradation

The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of green investment on environmental degradation in developing countries using machine learning-based estimation combined with robustness tests of static and dynamic panel data modeling techniques. The scope of this study covers 30 developing countries for 2009–2019. This study introduces a new index of environmental degradation that uses the entropy method and includes green gas emissions and deforestation. The study addresses trade openness, the quadratic shape of economic growth, and urbanization in the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis (EKC) and the Ecological Modernization Theory (EMT), in addition to green investment. This study considers the kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS) approach, the static panel technique Driscoll & Kraay standards error method, and a dynamic panel technique system generalized moment techniques. The empirical findings from the machine learning method show that green investment significantly reduces environmental degradation with a higher coefficient resulting from the static fixed effect estimation. The study also reveals that the main hypotheses, such as EKC and EMT, are confirmed by all estimation techniques. Based on the results, the study recommends that policymakers take pragmatic steps toward green investments and increase the financing of green energy initiatives to combat environmental degradation.

Typical unit capacity configuration strategies and their control methods of modular gravity energy storage plants

Modular Gravity Energy Storage (M-GES) systems are emerging as a pivotal solution for large-scale renewable energy storage, essential for advancing green energy initiatives. This study introduces innovative capacity configuration strategies for M-GES plants, namely Equal Capacity Configuration (EC) and Double-Rate Capacity Configuration (DR), tailored to optimize energy storage efficiency and stability. Through comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink simulations, we demonstrate each configuration's distinct power characteristics and operational advantages. Our findings reveal that while the EC configuration offers enhanced power accuracy and stability, it requires a larger number of units. In contrast, the DR configuration, characterized by fewer but larger units, shows a trade-off with reduced power stability. This paper contributes significantly to the field by presenting a first-of-its-kind comparative analysis of these configurations, offering insights into their practical applications and scalability. The proposed strategies and findings lay a foundation for future research and development in gravity energy storage systems, marking a step forward in pursuing sustainable and reliable energy solutions.

Assessment of a Low-Cost Hydrogen Sensor for Detection and Monitoring of Biohydrogen Production during Sugarcane Straw/Vinasse Co-Digestion

In this work, hydrogen production from the co-digestion of sugarcane straw and sugarcane vinasse in the dark fermentation (DF) process was monitored using a cost-effective hydrogen detection system. This system included a sensor of the MQ-8 series, an Arduino Leonardo board, and a computer. For the DF, different concentrations of sugarcane vinasse and volumetric ratios of vinasse/hemicellulose hydrolysate were used together with a thermally pretreated inoculum, while the hydrogen detection system stored the hydrogen concentration data during the fermentation time. The results showed that a higher concentration of vinasse led to higher inhibitors for the DF, resulting in a longer lag phase. Additionally, the hydrogen detection system proved to be a useful tool in monitoring the DF, showcasing a rapid response time, and providing reliable information about the period of adaptation of the inoculum to the substrate. The measurement system was assessed using the error metrics SE, RMSE, and MBE, whose values ranged 0.6 and 5.0% as minimum and maximum values. The CV (1.0–8.0%) and SD (0.79–5.62 ppm) confirmed the sensor’s robustness, while the ANOVA at the 5% significance level affirmed the repeatability of measurements with this instrument. The RMSE values supported the accuracy of the sensor for online measurements (6.08–14.78 ppm). The adoption of this straightforward and affordable method sped up the analysis of hydrogen in secluded regions without incurring the expenses associated with traditional measuring instruments while offering a promising solution for biomass valorization, contributing to the advancement of rural green energy initiatives in remote areas.

Exploring the influence of sustainable regional planning on green economic growth: Evidence from Guangdong-Hong Kong- Macao Greater Bay Area and ASEAN+6

This study explores the influence of mining waste production on green economic growth in the ASEAN+6 and Guangdong-Hong Kong- Macao Greater Bay Area region spanning from 2000 to 2020. Employing ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) estimation and a comprehensive panel framework, the research reveals a notable adverse correlation: a 1% escalation in mining waste results in a 0.65% decline in green economic growth. Inefficient utilization of resources and inadequate waste management within the mining sector contribute to environmental deterioration, posing challenges to the sustainability of green industries. Furthermore, significant energy consumption from non-renewable sources during mining exacerbates the carbon footprint, obstructing advancements in green energy initiatives. The study also brings attention to a negative association between a 1% rise in inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) volume and a 0.39% decrease in green economic growth. To mitigate these unfavorable impacts, the research advocates for the promotion of sustainable FDI, the incentivization of green investments, and the implementation of rigorous environmental regulations.

Electromobility and Renewable Energy Sources: Comparison of Attitudes and Infrastructure in Poland and Germany

In the face of global challenges related to climate change and sustainable development, comparing attitudes and infrastructure in the field of electromobility and renewable energy sources in different countries becomes crucial. The question of differences and similarities between Poland and Germany in these areas sheds light on the unique challenges and opportunities that the two countries present to each other. The aim of the study is to understand these dynamics, which can contribute to the shaping of more effective policies and strategies for green energy and sustainable mobility. This study was conducted through a review of Polish and foreign literature, the use of the method of tabular comparisons, and the analysis of a questionnaire that was used. These complex methods combined both quantitative and qualitative analysis, which allowed for an in-depth understanding and comparison of attitudes and infrastructure related to electromobility and renewable energy sources in Poland and Germany. The study revealed significant differences and similarities between Poland and Germany in terms of electromobility and renewable energy sources. Germany shows a higher level of urbanization, a higher share of electric car ownership, and better charging infrastructure, while in Poland there is a strong belief in the key role of renewable energy sources. These findings may have implications for future green energy initiatives and policies in both countries. The study presents a complex picture of electromobility and renewable energy sources in Poland and Germany, showing clear differences in awareness, infrastructure, and attitudes. Germany seems to be more advanced in these areas, while Poland shows a strong commitment to renewable energy sources. These conclusions do not exaggerate the differences, but underline the need for a case-by-case approach to green energy strategies in both countries.

Discussing energy volatility and policy in the aftermath of the Russia–Ukraine conflict

The ongoing Russo–Ukrainian War has highly affected energy markets in the EU and worldwide, with different EU- and country-level emergency policy measures being advanced to tackle high energy prices. Despite the progress in green energy initiatives and the race toward climate neutrality by 2050, high energy prices are a matter of concern for all EU countries in the short-to-medium term. The current study investigates the energy price volatility in the aftermath of the Russia–Ukraine conflict, which is of high interest for designing effective government measures (such as monetary and energy policies) addressing the consequent changes occurring in employment, economic activity, commodity and food prices, and, ultimately, sustainable development. For the empirical analysis, we employed generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity models to capture the volatility of the following energy commodities: Brent crude oil, TTF natural gas, and UK natural gas. The empirical results reveal an elevated degree of persistence of the volatility, namely, that the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity term has a slow decay and pronounced fluctuations for all the energy products. The vulnerability of the EU’s energy policy to geopolitical factors is highlighted, especially for gas, which could be due to its dependence on Russian imports. Moreover, the sanctions imposed by the EU on Russia, namely the sixth package of sanctions, have a minimal immediate effect on stabilizing energy returns. The study offers several policy recommendations to improve the resilience of the EU’s energy sector.