Green Electronic Devices Research Articles

Biomass and Transparent Supramolecular Elastomers for Green Electronics Enabled by the Controlled Growth and Self-Assembly of Dynamic Polymer Networks.

Determining the optimal method for preparing supramolecular materials remains a profound challenge. This process requires a combination of renewable raw materials to create supramolecular materials with multiple functions and properties, including simple fabrication, sustainability, a dynamic nature, good toughness, and transparency. In this work, a strategy is presented for toughening supramolecular networks based on solid-phase chain extension. This toughening strategy is simple and environmentally friendly. In addition, a series of biobased elastomers are designed and prepared with adjustable performance characteristics. This strategy can significantly improve the transparency, tensile strength, and toughness of the synthesized elastomer. The synthesized biobased elastomers have great ductility, repairability, and recyclability, and they show good adhesion and dielectric properties. A biobased ionic skin is assembled from these biobased elastomers. Assembled ionic skin can sensitively detect external stimuli (such as stretching, bending, compression, or temperature changes) and monitor human movement. The conductive and dielectric layers of the biobased ionic skin are both obtained from renewable raw materials. This research provides novel molecular design approaches and material selection methods for promoting the development of green electronic devices and biobased elastomers.

Flexible, self-healing, and degradable polymeric dielectrics cross-linked through metal–ligand for resistive memory device

The ability to self-heal is a crucial feature in nature, where living organisms can repair themselves when subjected to minor injuries. With an increasing emphasis on environmental sustainability, the concept of biomimetic self-healing polymeric materials has emerged as a prominent trend, promising to significantly extend the lifespan and reliability of products. Studies have shown that one-third of proteins in living organisms require metal cofactors to function properly. It is known that protein-metal interactions can enhance the performance of certain biomaterials, and different choices of metals and ligands can create diverse material properties, influencing characteristics such as hardness, toughness, adhesion, and self-healing abilities. Gelatin is a natural polymer derived from the hydrolysis of collagen, and its unique amino acid structure has led to a wide range of applications. In this research, by introducing aluminum ions that form metal coordination complexes with the carboxyl groups in gelatin, an elastic network with self-healing properties was constructed. This gelatin-based material was utilized as an insulating layer in resistive switching devices. Furthermore, by employing a gelatin substrate of the same composition, the device demonstrated strong interfacial adhesion. The device based on the self-healing gelatin film exhibited excellent electrical performance and mechanical properties. Even after self-healing, it maintained a high ON/OFF ratio of up to 105 and a concentrated distribution of switching parameters. Supported by compelling physical and electrical evidence, this study showcases significant development opportunities for biomimetic materials in green electronic devices.

Biodegradable polylactic acid emulsion ink based on carbon nanotubes and silver for printed pressure sensors

Investigating biodegradable and biocompatible materials for electronic applications can lead to tangible outcomes such as developing green-electronic devices and reducing the amount of e-waste. The proposed emulsion-based conducting ink formulation takes into consideration circular economy and green principles throughout the entire process, from the selection of materials to the production process. The ink is formulated using the biopolymer polylactic acid dissolved in a sustainable solvent mixed with water, along with conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and silver flakes as fillers. Hybrid conductive fillers can lower the percolation threshold of the ink and the production costs, while maintaining excellent electrical properties. The coating formed after the deposition of the ink, undergoes isothermal treatment at different temperatures and durations to improve its adhesion and electrical properties. The coating’s performance was evaluated by creating an eight-finger interdigitated sensor using a Voltera PCB printer. The sensor demonstrates exceptional performance when exposed to various loading and unloading pressures within the 0.2–500.0 kPa range. The results show a consistent correlation between the change in electrical resistance and the stress caused by the applied load. The ink is biodegradable in marine environments, which helps avoiding its accumulation in the ecosystem over time.

Tailoring inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS composition toward green, wearable device fabrication.

Inkjet printing remains one of the most cost-efficient techniques for device prototyping and manufacturing, offering considerable freedom of digital design, non-contact, and additive fabrication. When developing novel wearable devices, a balanced approach is required between functional, user-safe materials and scalable manufacturing processes. Here, we propose a tailor-made ink formulation, based on non-hazardous materials, to develop green electronic devices aimed at interfacing with humans. We demonstrate that developed ink exhibits high-resolution inkjet printability, in line with theoretical prediction, on multiple wearable substrates. The ink's chemical composition ensures the pattern's enhanced electrical properties, mechanical flexibility, and stability in water. The cytocompatibility evaluations show no noxious effects from printed films in contact with human mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we fabricated a printed wearable touch sensor on a non-woven fabric substrate, capable of tracking human steps. This is a step toward the development of green wearable electronics manufacturing, demonstrating a viable combination of materials and processes for biocompatible devices.

Structural, Optical, and Electrical Characterization of Biological and Bioactive Propolis Films.

Natural substances are potential compounds for green electronic devices. So, scientists have to explore and optimize their properties to insert them as active layers in electronic heterostructures. In this study, microstructural, optical, and electrical properties of thin layers of the propolis are investigated. Propolis is a biological organic bioactive material produced by honeybees. A stable, bioactive, green, and low-cost thin layer of this biocompatible material was deposited on different substrates using a propolis alcohol solution. The morphological studies show that the propolis thin film is dense and well covers the substrate surfaces. Transmittance spectra show that propolis film cuts off blue and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which are responsible for food oxidation, nutrient losses, flavor degradation, and discoloration. Therefore, to prevent food deterioration, a propolis film can be used in food packaging. For red and near-infrared radiation (∼600-2700 nm), a propolis film is transparent. Between near-infrared and mid-infrared radiation (∼2700-3200 nm), a propolis film reveals significant photosensitivity and so can be used as a photosensor. The propolis film reveals an energy gap of 2.88 eV at room temperature, which enables potential optoelectronic applications in the UV and blue ranges. The electrical study shows that the propolis layer has semiconductor behavior and can be a potential active layer in biocompatible temperature sensors. In addition to its medical, pharmaceutical, and food industry applications, in light of this study, propolis presents amazing optical and electrical properties and is a promising candidate for food packaging, optoelectronics, transparent electronics, and bioelectronics.

Determinants of Green Electronic Devices Purchasing Decisions: with Special Reference to Young, Educated Consumers in Sri Lanka

Purpose: This research is to examine the determinants of green electronic purchasing decisions of young, educated consumers in Sri Lanka. 
 Design/methodology/approach: This novel study is a conclusive research and deductive methodology was deployed as the study approach. Primary data were collected from 200 university students living in Southern Province in Sri Lanka based on convenient sampling method through a 23-item self-administered questionnaire. After feeding data into SPSS 25.0, data were analysed using several statistical tools. In here, Multiple Regression analysis was used to measure the impact of each of the key determinant on green electronic purchasing decisions of young, educated consumers. 
 Findings: Results indicated that there is a statistically significant impact of four determinants namely, Environmental Concern, Supporting Environmental Protection, Social Influence and Environmental Friendliness of Businesses, on young, educated consumers’ green electronic purchasing decisions in Southern Province, Sri Lanka. Among the four, Environmental Concern is the strongest determinant of purchasing decisions of green household electronics. 
 Originality: This study contributes to the existing debates on green product purchasing decisions of young consumers. Although, number of studies are available on green purchasing decisions among young consumers, the determinants of green electronic purchasing decisions of young, educated consumers are not well documented both in Sri Lankan as well as in international contexts. So, findings of the present study fulfilled that current knowledge gap.
 Implications: The current study provides good insights for both practitioners and theoreticians who want to identify the young consumers as environmentally conscious individuals. The paper concludes that marketing professionals need to relate green electronic devices with functional, emotional and experiential needs of consumers. 
 Keywords: Young Educated Consumers, Green Electronic Devices, Determinants of Green Consumption, Southern Province, Sri Lanka.

The synthesis of polysaccharide crude nanoparticles extracts from Taif rose petals and its effect on eggplant seedlings under drought and salt stress

ObjectivesNatural biopolymer nanoparticles are an emerging area of research in green electronic devices and biomedical and agricultural fields. However, because drought and salt are two keys environmental aspects that affect agricultural crop yields around the world, a new strategy has been suggested to valorize the waste of Taif rose petals (Rosa damascenaMiller var.trigintipetala) in the production of polysaccharide material on the nanoscale. In this study, we explore the effects of drought and salinity stress on the physiology of eggplants. MethodsThe key objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of polysaccharide crude nanoparticles extract (PCE) in the alleviation of drought and salinity stress in eggplants. ResultsReduced chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and chlorophyll stability index (CSI) were seen in the plants that had been subjected to drought and salt stress. Under drought and salt stress, proline, total soluble protein, and sugar levels were all shown to be higher. However, polysaccharide crude nanoparticles extract reverses the negative effects of drought and salt stress and increases the chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and chlorophyll stability index (CSI) in the presence of drought and salt stress. When PCE was supplemented, the accumulation of lipid peroxidation was reduced, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POX, GR) were raised. ConclusionIn summary, the results suggest that exogenous PCE can mitigate the detrimental effects of drought and salt stress in eggplants by modulating antioxidant systems. Furthermore, the findings of this study give experimental proof that PCE can be used to increase drought tolerance as well as production in eggplant plants.

Designing ultratough, malleable and foldable biocomposites for robust green electronic devices

Nanoscale domains and entangled interfaces create ultratough, malleable and foldable polymer blends from common biodegradable plastics, which find applications in green flexible electronic devices.

Boosted Mechanical Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Barium Titanate Composite Porous Foam Based on Three-Dimensional Printing and Foaming Technology.

The popularity of intelligent and green electronic devices means that the use of renewable mechanical energy has gradually become an inevitable choice for social development. However, it is difficult for the existing energy harvesters to meet the requirement for efficient collection of discrete mechanical energy due to the limitation of traditional two-dimensional (2D) film deformation. In this research, a green and convenient supercritical carbon dioxide foaming (Sc-CO2)-assisted selective laser sintering method was developed, and piezoelectric energy harvesters with a 3D porous structure of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/barium titanate (BaTiO3) were successfully constructed. The 3D structure combined with the porous structure made full use of the normal space, amplified the stress–strain effect, and improved the piezoelectric output capability. Under the synergistic effect of BaTiO3, the foams exhibited high output with an output voltage of 20.9 V and a current density of 0.371 nA/mm2, which exceeded most of the known PVDF/BaTiO3 energy harvesters, and the prepared piezoelectric energy harvester could directly light up 11 green light-emitting diodes and charge a 1 μF commercial capacitor to 4.98 V within 180 s. This work emphasizes the key role of 3D printing and Sc-CO2 foaming in fabricating 3D piezoelectric energy harvesters.

Research progress in ionic liquid-based multifunctional green electronic devices

<p indent=0mm>Electronic technology that meets green standards is expected to avoid environmental hazards after discarding electronic products. Ionic liquids, serving as a natural liquid conductor, have shown great advantages in the field of recyclable green electronic devices. This review summaries many new ionic devices, such as ionic liquid-based sensors, logic circuits, and ionic thermoelectric devices. It proves the excellent flexible, stretchable, self-repairing and reconfigurable performance of ionic liquid devices. Besides, the challenges in the device packaging process, the construction of complex logic circuits and the biological toxicity of ionic liquids are also discussed, and possible solutions have been given. These provide a certain reference for the design and assembly of future environmentally friendly electronic products.

The Impact of Corporate Greenwashing Behavior on Consumers' Purchase Intentions of Green Electronic Devices: An Empirical Study in Vietnam

The Impact of Corporate Greenwashing Behavior on Consumers' Purchase Intentions of Green Electronic Devices: An Empirical Study in Vietnam

Biodegradable Materials and Green Processing for Green Electronics.

There is little question that the "electronic revolution" of the 20th century has impacted almost every aspect of human life. However, the emergence of solid-state electronics as a ubiquitous feature of an advanced modern society is posing new challenges such as the management of electronic waste (e-waste) that will remain through the 21st century. In addition to developing strategies to manage such e-waste, further challenges can be identified concerning the conservation and recycling of scarce elements, reducing the use of toxic materials and solvents in electronics processing, and lowering energy usage during fabrication methods. In response to these issues, the construction of electronic devices from renewable or biodegradable materials that decompose to harmless by-products is becoming a topic of great interest. Such "green" electronic devices need to be fabricated on industrial scale through low-energy and low-cost methods that involve low/non-toxic functional materials or solvents. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biodegradable materials and processing strategies for electronics with an emphasis on areas where green electronic devices show the greatest promise, including solar cells, organic field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, and other electronic devices.

Structure, optical and magnetic properties of new Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3- SrMnO3\u2212\u03b4 solid solution materials

The new Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-SrMnO3−δ solid solution materials were fabricated via sol–gel method. The random incorporation of Sr and Mn cations into host lattice of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 resulted in structural distortion and influenced on the reduction of the optical band gap from 3.07 eV to 1.81 eV for pure Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 and 9 mol% SrMnO3−δ solid solution into Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3. The magnetic properties of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 materials at room temperature were tuned via compensation of diamagnetic material with weak-ferromagnetism to ferromagnetism with low SrMnO3−δ content and combination of paramagnetism/antiferromagnetism-like and ferromagnetism with higher SrMnO3−δ content solid solution in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3. The tunable magnetic and optical properties of lead-free ferroelectric materials was promising for their application to green electronic devices.

A sustainable biomemristive memory device based on natural collagen

With the increasing demand for green electronic devices, the electronic devices based on biomaterials have been developed vigorously. Especially, the biomemristive memory device, which is prepared using biomaterials as functional layers, has shown great potential and application value in green and sustainable bioelectronic devices. In this work, the collagen, for the first time, was extracted from pigskin and utilized as the intermediate insulating layer for constructing two biomemoristive memory devices with Ag/Bio-film/ITO and Ag/Bio-film/Ti structures, in which it can be found that the high-resistance state/low-resistance state resistance ratio is ∼10 when the ITO was used as bottom electrode but it can be increased to ∼100 by using Ti as bottom electrode. Through further data analysis, we propose a mechanism of ions' redox and defect state filling to explain the switching mechanism of these devices. Our work indicates that the natural biomaterials which were derived from animals can be used to prepare the degradable and biocompatible bioelectronics devices.

Spontaneous Tin (Sn) Whisker Growth from Electroplated Tin and Lead-Free Tin Alloys Coatings: A Short Review

Since the environmental regulations of Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive came into effect in Europe and Asia on July 1, 2006, requiring the removal of any lead (Pb) content from the electronics industry, the issue of tin (Sn) whisker growth from pure Sn and SnPb-free alloys has become one of the most imperative issues that need to be resolved. Moreover, with the increasing demand for electronics miniaturization, Sn whisker growth is a severe threat to the reliability of microelectronic devices. Sn whiskers grow spontaneously from an electrodeposited tin coating on a copper substrate at room temperature, which can lead to well-documented system failures in electronics industries. The Sn whisker phenomenon unavoidably gives rise to troubles. This paper briefly reviews to better understand the fundamental properties of Sn whisker growth and at the same time discover the effective mitigation practices for whisker growth in green electronic devices. It is generally accepted that compressive stress generated from the growth of Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound (IMC) is the primary driving force for Sn whisker growth during room temperature storage. It is, therefore, important to determine that the relationship between IMC growth and Sn whisker growth. Reduction of stress in the IMC layer can therefore reduce the driving force for whisker formation and be used as a means for whisker mitigation. To date, there are no successful methods that can suppress the growth of Sn whisker as efficient as Pb addition. It is hoped that the Sn whisker growth mechanisms are understood better in the future, with better measuring and monitoring methodologies and systems being developed, the real solutions may be eventually developed to eliminate or mitigate the Sn whisker problems of green reliability lead-free electronic assemblies.