Green Cuttings Research Articles

Укореняемость черенков хвойных видов дендрофлоры Прибайкалья

The active development of production has a negative impact on the environment. Millions of cubic meters of forest are cut down annualy for production needs. These volumes need to be restored. Therefore, research in the field of reforestation is relevant and important. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the technology of rooting coniferous trees during summer grafting. Various terms of green cuttings of coniferous trees of the Pinaceae family were considered, common representatives in the region (Pinus sylvestris L., Picea obovata Ledeb., Picea obovata var. coerulea Malyschev, Pinus sibirica Du Tour) have been considered. The cuttings have been harvested in four terms, starting from the 3rd ten-day-period of June to the end of July. The grafting has been carried out in different conditions: in a green house with a fog plant and a climate chamber with manual watering. Several methods have been used to prepare the cuttings for planting: with and without needle removing on the lower part of the cutting. Before planting, the tested cuttings have been treated with the root formation preparation “Kornevin” (control grop – without treatment). As a result of the study, the optimal time for grafting coniferous trees for the Baikal region has been determined as the 3rd ten-day-period of June and July. The minimum rooting period for the cuttings has been figured out as 155 days. It has been noted that the cuttings whose lower part needles have not been removed, have taken root faster. Their rooting share is 10 % higher. The best rooting rate has been recorded in cuttings obtained from the plants Picea obovata Ledeb. and P. obovata var. coerulea Malyschev – 22–30%. The cuttings from Pinus sylvestris L. and P. sibirica Du Tour have a very low rooting share – less than 1 %. To determine the quality of rooting, biometric indicators of the formed roots have been obtained. The cuttings planted in the 3rd ten-day-period of June in cultivation beds with regulated fogging are characterized by powerful roots.

Разработка природоподобной технологии размножения низкорослых подвоев косточковых культур в закрытом грунте

Abstract. The creation of technologies in accordance with the directions for the introduction of environmentally friendly, resource-saving developments into agriculture is relevant. Accelerated reproduction of planting material of the "basic" and "proven" categories is considered equally important, which requires optimization of reproduction by green cuttings. Green cutting allows to significantly quickly increase the yield of cuttings from one mother plant, reducing the area of the mother plantations by 4-5 times. Its advantage is the genetic uniformity of own-root plants, contributing to the elimination of plant infection with diseases and pests, ensuring a shorter growing period, successful combination with other stages of recovery: microclonal reproduction, reproduction by green grafting. In the protected ground conditions, studies were carried out (2019-2023) to isolate the most effective drug for the reproduction of healthy mother rootstock bushes for small-stone crops: AI 5 B, 3-20, AI-1.10-18, 3-107 (FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding); VSL-2 (Crimean EBS breeding). The effect of the drugs was compared: plant growth regulators: Indolyl-3-butyric acid (IMC, SP), Phytactive Extraplus, CE; microbiological fertilizers: Sporex, Zh, Ultrex, Zh; Sporion, Zh, control (water). It was found that the treatment of BCI and the phytactive Extraplus reduced the period of appearance of primary roots by 4.5 and 5 days, depending on the rootstock. The largest percentage of rooted ones was obtained using the microbiological preparation Ultrex (3-47 % more than the control variant, depending on the rootstock genotype), also in this variant, due to its positive effect on root formation of more than 2 mm, increased stress resistance, more standard planting material was obtained by 90 % relative to the control ones. Key words: basic mother plantings, green cuttings, plant growth regulators, preparations based on microorganisms and their waste products, the percentage of yield of standard rootstocks for sweet cherries and cherries.

The Effect of Treated Wastewater Levels on the Rooting of Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) Green Cuttings

The world population is growing, leading to a gradual decrease in available water supplies. Reusing wastewater is seen as beneficial for environmental conservation and mitigating water contamination. Recycled wastewater includes essential nutrients for agricultural growth, and its reuse can lower the need for fresh water in dry areas. This study examined the impact of diluted treated wastewater at various ratios on the roots and shoot growth of blackberry green cuttings. For this purpose, Jumbo blackberry green cuttings located at the Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Agricultural Practice and Research Center were used in 2023. In September, cuttings were taken and treated with a control (0 ppm IBA) and a 4000 ppm dose of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The cuttings were then planted in rooting tables with perlite and bottom heat (22±2 °C). From the time of planting, the cuttings were irrigated with treated wastewater from the university's wastewater treatment facility, diluted in five different doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 %). In the cuttings removed from the rooting medium after 90 days, the following were determined: survival rate (%), rooting rate (%), callus formation rate (%), number of roots (per cutting), root length (cm), root diameter (mm), fresh and dry root weight (g), chlorophyll a (µg/g DW), chlorophyll b (µg/g DW), and total chlorophyll content (µg/g DW). At the end of the trial, the positive effects of treated wastewater on rooting had been determined. The rooting rate was determined to be best in the Control (0 ppm IBA)+TWW100 application (73%). The research suggests that blackberry cuttings can be rooted using treated wastewater without the need for IBA

Influence of humic preparations on the development of honeysuckle in the forest steppe of Western Siberia

Blue honeysuckle is a winter-hardy and unpretentious crop; in folk medicine, its berries and juice are used for hypertension, anemia, and intestinal disorders. The environmental situation and the general rise in prices of pesticides and mineral fertilizers stimulate the choice of alternative technologies and the use of biological plant protection products, growth stimulants, and bacterial fertilizers. In this regard, our research aimed to study the effect of various humic preparations on the growth and development of green cuttings of blue honeysuckle variety Berel. This variety has a medium ripening period, gives a high yield, is slightly crumbling, and is highly winter-hardy. The research was carried out in the Novosibirsk region on the territory of the Agro Seed Company in 2019 - 2021. The average annual growth and general condition of blue honeysuckle plants of the Berel variety were determined according to generally accepted methods. Data analysis showed that all studied indicators of honeysuckle plants are greatly influenced by the year’s conditions when the difference between years reaches 25 - 30%. In addition, it was found that all the studied drugs positively affect the growth and development of plants and, in particular, the survival rate and overwintering of green honeysuckle cuttings (up to 45%). Thus, the ZhT “Ekozhizn” preparation provided better survival and overwintering of plants. Cytohumate had a better effect on the development of vegetative mass, but in terms of survival and overwintering, it was inferior to using the ZhT “Ecozhizn” preparation.

Obtaining standard clonal rootstocks of the Maak cherry by green cuttings

The Maak cherry (Cerasus maackii Rupr.) has been studied for use as a scion in nursery production. The culture has such economically valuable features as resistance to diseases and pests, winter hardiness, fast regenerative ability, high rooting capacity of green cuttings. The article deals with the peculiarities of cultivation of the Maak cherry by green cuttings in the conditions of the Chelyabinsk region. The objective of the study was to evaluate the Maak cherry for the rooting ability and the possibility of obtaining a standard clonal scion. It has been found that using green shoots of the Maak cherry, 20, 30 and 40 cm long, the rooting capacity of cherry increases by 2.5; 12.5 and 19.1%, respectively, compared to the control variant (15 cm). The yield of standard rootstocks increases, when using longer cuttings 30–40 cm, when compared to the control (15 cm), or 2.5–3.4 times, respectively. Changes also occurred in the increase in the diameter of the conditional root neck, it increased by 9.3; 28.0 and 50.0% more than the control (3.2 mm). It has been proved by the experiment that at cutting length of green cuttings of the Maak cherry with the length of 40 cm, it is possible to get more than 150 pieces of clonal rootstocks suitable for winter grafting from 1m2 of the protected ground during one vegetation period. In green cuttings of the Maak cherry in a greenhouse equipped with a fogging unit, the length of green cuttings planted for rooting has a significant effect on rooting and yield of the uniform clonal rootstocks. When using 30–40 cm long annual shoots cut during the active growth period, rooting ability of the Maak cherry increased 1.3 times, the diameter of the conditional root neck – 1.5 times, the total yield of the suitable for grafting rootstocks – 3.4 times compared to the control variant (15 cm).

Cultivation and Study of Varieties, Forms of Pears and Quinces in Conditions of Artificial Fog

In this article, studies of green cuttings of varieties and clonal rootstocks of pear and quince were carried out using artificial fog. Experiments to study the rootability of green cuttings of pear varieties – Hera, Severyanka krasnoschekaya, Extravaganza, Autumn Yakovleva, Tenderness, Allegro, Yakovlev’s Favorite, Skorospelka from Michurinsk, clone rootstocks of pear PG 12 (k), PG 2, PG 17-16 and Northern quince, VA 29, No. 21, Provencal were carried out in a greenhouse with a fi lm a coating equipped with a fog-forming installation. In the future, the following were grown and studied: the number of rooted rootstocks; the average length of the increments; the diameter of the conditional root neck; the average number of roots; the length of the roots. As a result, clonal rootstocks of pears PG 12 (k), PG 2, PG 17-16, Northern quince were isolated, which had the highest rootability over 60.0%.

ОПЫТ РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ ГОРТЕНЗИИ МЕТЕЛЬЧАТОЙ (HYDRANGEA PANICULATA, SIEBOLD) МЕТОДОМ ЗЕЛЕНОГО ЧЕРЕНКОВАНИЯ В ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

This article describes the hydrangea paniculata common varieties green cuttings rooting results in the Voronezh region woody ornamental nursery. According to the final calculations, the leading rooting positions are held by the varieties: 'Wim's red' - 95 %, `Skyfall` - 84.4 %, `Mojito` - 80.7 %, `Polestar` - 80 % and `Phantom' - 75.8 %. The most winter-hardy varieties are: 'Wim's red' – 93.3 % and `Polar Bear' - 82.7 %. The best development of the root system is observed in the variety 'Wim's red': the total length of the roots of the first order is 245.7 cm and the average length of the roots of the first order is 5.4 cm. This variety is ahead of other varieties by 39-57 % in terms of average root length and by 39-76 % in total root length. In general, the characteristics of the experimental varieties are unevenly distributed, but most of them have a high reproduction coefficient (0.6 or more), which indicates the green cuttings method effectiveness for these varieties of hydrangea paniculata.

Development of methods to improve the technology of reproduction of lemon (Citrus limon L.) by green cuttings

The paper studies the effect of the form of preparation (powder and alcohol solution) and concentrations of auxin class phytohormone - indolyl-3- butyric acid (IBA) on morphometric parameters of root system development in green lemon cuttings at rooting under conditions of fog. The results of the study showed 100% rooting of Meyer lemon (C. meyeri) in all variants, and also revealed the advantage of using rooting powder with a concentration of 0.75% IBA. At rooting of ‘Novogruzinsky’ lemon variety (Citrus limon L.) 100% rooting ability was detected in all variants except for alcohol solution with concentration of 1.0%. According to the indicators of root system development the advantage of rooting powder with IBA concentration 1.0% and alcohol solution with IBA concentration 0.75% was revealed.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО УДОБРЕНИЯ И ПОДВОЕВ НА РОСТ И РАЗВИТИЕ САЖЕНЦЕВ ВИШНИ СОРТА ТРОИЦКАЯ

The growth and development of fruit crop seedlings depend on various factors that allow increasing the growth and the root collar diameter. The parameters are crucial for obtaining high-quality products. The application of mineral fertilisers allows the plant to fully feed on trace elements throughout the growing season, in conditions when the plant has a limited space for growth but experiences no deficiency in nutrients. Using rootstocks in growing stone fruit trees is critical for the development of seedlings and their resistance to adverse environmental conditions. The variety and rootstock response to mineral fertilisers is another important criterion for obtaining strong cherry seedlings [12, 14]. The Urea mineral fertiliser enhanced the growth of seedlings 1.5-fold on the rootstock of the Ashinskaya and Maak cherry varieties. The fertilisers also increased the root collar diameter: RCD enlarged 1.4-fold on the rootstocks of varieties Ashinskaya and Maaka. The Ashinskaya cherry tree variety has a high regenerative capacity, winter hardiness, rapid growth, high field resistance to pests and diseases [11]. The Maaka cherry tree variety has a monogenic resistance to coccomycosis, high winter hardiness, drought resistance, a high rooting rate of green cuttings and produces no overgrowth. The properties make variety Maaka valuable for rootstock use. The Troitskaya cherry tree variety has an average early ripening period, a high yield, annual fruiting, resistance to pests and diseases, it is a donor of large fruit. The experiment identified the best variant that involved applying the Urea mineral fertiliser at a dose of 5 g / l and, using the Maaka cherry tree variety as a rootstock. The variant demonstrated the highest values for the height of seedlings (68.6 cm) and the highest RCD values (6.9 mm) on average for three years

To the methodology for the study of intraspecific variability and selection of wild forms of Viburnum opulus L.

The methodological recommendation for the study of intraspecific variability and the selection of wild-growing promising for breedingforms of common Viburnumis written on the basis of a large amount of factual material obtained from the study of this species in the East Kazakhstan region. It includes an assessment of the current state of Viburnum opulus L. populations, with range mapping in ArcMap and ArcGis programs. The geobotanical, phytocenotic description is given. First, the forms are described according to 25 quantitative and qualitative features. Then, on the basis of this, the selection of promising forms, the collection of seeds and cloning with green cuttings is carried out. The distribution of Viburnum plants occurred according to the degree of flowering, fruiting, fruit length and diameter. The data were divided into classes with the smallest, average and largest values into five groups, by weight and number of fruits into four groups. The scoring system was applied to seven characteristics: the general condition of plants, winter hardiness, the degree of flowering and fruiting, color, taste, and the nature of the detachment of fruits. The study of endogenous variability of morphological and economic-biological characters is carried out in the crown of one individual. After studying the average indicator of the trait and the amplitude of its variation for different individuals, they proceed to the study of intra-population variability. After mathematical processing, a questionnaire is filled out for each plant according to the selected form, which will make it possible to better represent the studied form to study genotypic and phenotypic variability in the future. The use of this recommendation in research work will allow assessing the genetic potential of the species, the level of its intraspecific variability, and selecting promising forms.

Влияние стимулятора роста растений (янтарной кислоты), сроков черенкования на укореняемость зеленых черенков груши и айвы

The article highlights the research results on the rooting of green pear and quince cuttings in the first and second decades of June. Green cuttings were taken from mother shrubs and treated with the plant growth stimulator of succinic acid. As the pear and quince cuttings took roots, we determined the rooting ability of rootstocks, number of standard rootstocks, height of the rooted rootstocks, diameter of the conditional root neck, number of roots, length of the root system. The rootstocks of pear PG 12 (k), PG 2, PG 17-16, PG 333 and quince VA 29, Severnaya demonstrated the best indicators of rooting ability, number of standard rootstocks, diameter of the conditional root neck, number and length of roots.

КАЛЛУСООБРАЗОВАНИЕ КАК ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПРИЗНАК НЕДОСТАТКА АУКСИНА В СОСТАВЕ СТИМУЛЯТОРА РИЗОГЕНЕЗА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ УКОРЕНЕНИЯ IN VIVО ЧЕРЕНКОВ ХВОЙНЫХ КУЛЬТУР)

Characteristics of the effectiveness of rooting of coniferous crops are the percentage of rooting, the number of roots formed and their length. Callus formation often accompanies the rooting process, but research data on the relationship of this process with the effectiveness of rooting is contradictory. In the conditions of film cuttings equipped with heated substrate, studies were carried out on the relationship between the rooting of cuttings of coniferous crops and callus formation. To stimulate the rooting of semi-lignified cuttings of Juniperus scopulorum S. cultivar Skyrocket, growth powders Chrysatop and Rizapon 1% containing indolyl-3-butyric acid (IBA) in different concentrations were used. In the control treatment without a stimulant, all cuttings formed callus without rooting; when the bases of the cuttings were dusted with Chrysatop containing 0.25% IBA, callus formation decreased by 3.8 times, and the survival rate was 76%. In the variant with Rizapon powder containing 1% IMC, no callus formation was observed at all, the survival rate reached 81.4%. To stimulate the rooting of green cuttings of Juniperus scopulorum S. variety Blue Arrow, aqueous solutions of potassium salt IMC (IMC-K) were used in the concentration range from 0 to 150 mg/l when the bases of the cuttings were soaked for 16 hours. In the concentration range from 0 to 100 mg/l, an increase in survival rate by 1.89 and 3.87 times was observed, respectively, callus formation decreased by 3.38 times. To stimulate the rooting of semi-lignified cuttings of Thuja occidentalis L. variety Smaragd, Juníperus sabina L. species form and green cuttings of Thuja occidentalis L. variety Brabant, Kornevin growth powder containing 0.5% IBA was used. To obtain a concentration gradient, the powder was diluted with talc. Against the background of high survival rate of cuttings of Thuja occidentalis L. of both varieties – 82.85–96.9%, callus formation decreased from 92.9% in the control variant to 6.3% in the variant with pure Kornevin in cuttings of the Smaragd variety and from 71.88% in the control variant to 19.1% in variant Kornevin:talc 1:1 in cuttings of the Brabant variety. When rooting cuttings of Juniperus sabina L. with an increase in the concentration of IBA in the powder from 0 to 0.25% IBA, the survival rate increased from 10.71 to 89.29%, and the formation of callus on the cuttings decreased from 44.59 to 0%. The data obtained indicate that calus formation can serve as a sign of a lack of exogenous auxin in the rooting stimulator and, accordingly, an increase in the auxin content, all other things being equal, within the effective range is one of the ways to increase the percentage of survival of cuttings of coniferous crops.

Influences of Management Practices and Methodological Choices on Life Cycle Assessment Results of Composting Mixtures of Biowaste and Green Cuts

This paper presents an analysis that aimed to quantify the consequences of modelling choices in the life cycle assessment of composting by investigating the influence of composting management practices and the influence of the selected marginal product for substitution. In order to investigate the different influencing factors, a set of 11 scenarios were defined. The scenario results revealed that increasing the turning frequency of the input material leads to a Global warming potential (GWP) reduction of approx. 50%. However, there is a trade-off between GWP reduction and increases in other environmental impacts, including acidification potential (AP), ozone formation potential (OFP), and stratospheric ozone depletion potential (ODP). GWP and AP can also be reduced by optimal exhaust gas filter maintenance, although this causes OFP and ODP to increase. The most relevant factor for GWP is the choice of substituted products. When peat for horticulture can be replaced, GWP can be substantially lowered while hardly affecting other environmental impacts.

Phenotyping grapevine cultivars for resistance to Eutypa dieback

Eutypa dieback of grapevine is a trunk disease that affects vineyard productivity. Wood symptoms of this disease develop consistently in greenhouse-grown plants, after inoculation of woody stems with the causal fungus Eutypa lata. Wood symptoms are a common measure of host cultivar resistance and E. lata isolate virulence. Leaf symptoms of the disease also develop in the greenhouse, although reports of low correlations between severity of wood and leaf symptoms (for some cultivars and isolates) indicate that a definitive procedure is required for evaluating cultivar resistance. Three ‘phenotyping assays’, replicated with two E. lata isolates (BX1-10 and M14), were assessed for quantifying resistance of a set of Vitis vinifera cultivars (‘Black Corinth’, ‘Carignane’, ‘Husseine’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Muscat Hamburg’, ‘Palomino’, ‘Peloursin’, ‘Primitivo’, and ‘Thompson Seedless’). The methods were: Assay 1 (leaf and woody-stem symptoms measured 1 year post-inoculation on plants propagated from rooted, dormant cuttings); Assay 2 (green stem symptoms measured 4 months post-inoculation on plants propagated from rooted, green cuttings); and Assay 3 (leaf symptoms measured 6 weeks post-inoculation on plants propagated from rooted, dormant cuttings). High rates of mortality among some cultivars (‘Merlot’) in Assay 3 confounded results based on leaf symptoms. Results from Assays 1 and 2 were more consistent with each other, especially for the most resistant cultivars [‘Merlot’ and ‘Primitivo’ (aka ‘Zinfandel’)]’, than they were for these cultivars in Assay 3. Compared to resistant cultivars, there was more variation in the most susceptible cultivar, including ‘Black Corinth’, ‘Carignane’, ‘Husseine’, and ‘Thompson Seedless’, regardless of the assay. Assay 1 with isolate BX1-10 was the most repeatable and provided data on wood and leaf symptoms for cultivar comparisons. Assay 2 was the most rapid, and gave results similar to those from Assay 1. Assay 2 also accommodated germplasm that can only be propagated from green cuttings.

ОЦЕНКА БИОМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КЛОНОВЫХ ПОДВОЕВ ГРУШИ И АЙВЫ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ЗЕЛЕНЫХ ЧЕРЕНКОВ

Pear and quince belong to different botanical species, so most pear varieties have partial or complete incompatibility with quince. Quince is also a relative of pears, they have the same diseases and pests, so preventive treatments need to be carried out several times a season. Quince is not only planted next to a pear, it is also used as a rootstock for growing dwarf pear varieties. But the pear is more difficult to root without special plant growth regulators than the quince. Pear culture is very difficult to reproduce without specialized plant growth stimulants. Currently, there are a lot of different preparations for rooting various fruit and berry crops. Growth stimulants strengthen the root system of plants, accelerate the flowering process, promote earlier formation of fruits, increasing their size. Clonal rootstocks are plants obtained by vegetative propagation from green or lignified cuttings. The article presents the results of research on the use of various plant growth stimulants, with the help of which clonal rootstocks of pears and quinces were rooted and further studied. As substances stimulating the processes of root formation, an aqueous solution was used: indolyl butyric acid (BCI) - 50 mg/l for 24 hours, epin-extra - 1.0 mg/l for 24 hours, succinic acid - 200 mg/l for 24 hours. Water was used as a control. It was found that the greatest rooting result of green cuttings treated with β-indolyl-3-butyric acid was characterized by Northern quince (66.7%), also pear forms PG 12 (k) (57.6%), PG 2 (58.4%), PG 17-16 (59.3%). When processing varieties, forms of pear and quince with succinic acid, Northern quince (60.0%) and pear forms PG 17-16 (58.7%), PG 12 (k) (55.7%), PG 2 (56.7%) had the greatest rooting result. When using epin-extra, the greatest rooting results were: Northern quince (55.0%), pear forms PG 12 (k), PG 2, PG 17-16, (50.0%, 52.3% and 54.0%, respectively). Without treatment with plant growth stimulants, the best result was observed in Northern quince (51.7%). When treated with plant growth stimulants with β-indolyl-3-butyric acid, succinic acid, epin-extra and without the use of plant growth stimulants, Northern quince had the highest plant height, the diameter of the conditional root neck, the number of roots, and the length of the roots.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE AREA OF THE LEAF LABEL ON THE ROOTING OF THE GREEN VIRLAND TREES

According to the research results, it was found that rooting and further development of rooted green viburnum cuttings of the usual variety depends on the area of the leaf blade. Analyzing the influence of the size of the leaf surface on the rooting of cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety in the studied period of cuttings, it should be noted the high rooting of cuttings in the variant without shortening of the leaf surface. A gradual decrease in the area of the leaf plate led to a significant decrease in the rooting of green cuttings. Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of mass flowering from the basal part of the shoot with whole leaf plates were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the medial and apical parts.Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of intensive growth of shoots from the medial part of the shoot with whole leaf plates were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the basal and apical parts. Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of slow growth of shoots from the apical part of the shoot with whole leaf plates were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the basal and medial parts. Rooting and subsequent growth and development of rooted viburnum cuttings of the ordinary Velikoplidna variety depends on the area of the leaf surface. A decrease in the area of the leaf plate leads to a significant decrease in rooting and negatively affects the development of the adventitious root system. The best indicators are characterized by green cuttings from the basal part, harvested during the period of mass flowering, during the period of intensive growth of shoots, cuttings harvested from the medial part of the shoot, during the period of slow growth of shoots - from the apical part of the shoot.

Fate of Horizontal-Gene-Transfer Markers and Beta-Lactamase Genes during Thermophilic Composting of Human Excreta

Thermophilic composting is a suitable treatment for the recycling of organic wastes for agriculture. However, using human excreta as feedstock for composting raises concerns about antibiotic resistances. We analyzed samples from the start and end of a thermophilic composting trial of human excreta, together with green cuttings and straw, with and without biochar. Beta-lactamase genes blaCTX-M, blaIMP, and blaTEM conferring resistance to broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, as well as horizontal gene transfer marker genes, intI1 and korB, were quantified using qPCR. We found low concentrations of the beta-lactamase genes in all samples, with non-significant mean decreases in blaCTX-M and blaTEM copy numbers and a mean increase in blaIMP copy numbers. The decrease in both intI1 and korB genes from start to end of composting indicated that thermophilic composting can decrease the horizontal spread of resistance genes. Thus, thermophilic composting can be a suitable treatment for the recycling of human excreta.

Growing a low-growth clone planting material of cherry from green cuttings

We dealt with the study of the ability of different varieties of cherries, cherries and vegetatively propagated rootstocks to reproduce by green cutting explants in artificial substrates in buildings with a controlled microclimate inside. As varieties in the experiment, such varieties of cherries as Shpanka black, Podbelskaya, Shubinka and Lyubskaya, cherries Revershon, Bakhor, and Drogana yellow were used. Of the vegetatively propagated rootstocks, the following were studied: P-1, P-2, P-3, PN, VTS-13, VP-1, ORP-2, ORP-3, VSL-2 (Krymsky 5), SAV-6R. Of the used cherry varieties, the best rooting of green cuttings was possessed by such cherry varieties as Shpanka black, Podbelskaya and Shubinka, with a quality index of cuttings rooting in the substrate of 70.1 to 83.5%. In sweet cherry varieties, this indicator was 2.5 times lower and generally did not exceed 30.2%. Vegetatively propagated rootstocks provided high quality results of rooting of cuttings explants. In almost all of these rootstocks, the rooting rate of green cuttings did not decrease below 72%. The average rooting rate of rootstock cuttings was 85.7%. This indicates that these rootstocks can be used for industrial cultivation of stone fruit seedlings.

Совершенствование технологии размножения жимолости синей (Lonicera caer ulea L.) одревесневшими черенками

Sweet-berry honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L) is a promising berry crop that can be marketed throughout the summer due to the diversity of cultivars with different ripening periods. The area occupied by honeysuckle in Russia is 700 hectares. To increase industrial plantations, it is necessary to provide farms with high-quality planting material. One of the ways of obtaining seedlings is through wood cuttings. The aim of our work is to select a root formation stimulator for woody honeysuckle cuttings. The experiment was carried out in the Moscow region. The honeysuckle cultivars “Volkhova”, “Nimfa” and “Pavlovskaya” and the preparations “Kornevin” and “EcoFus” were used as research objects. The experience is presented in four variants, with 100 cuttings in each variant. Two-factor analysis of variance showed no influence of cultivar characteristics on the rooting of cuttings, root volume, the number and length of shoots in seedlings. The rooting percentage of the cultivars varied from 73 to 81%, root volume (4.12–4.64 ml), number (2.63–2.81 pcs) and shoot length (4.32–6.16 cm) also differed insignificantly. A significant effect of the growth regulators on the traits studied was observed. The best development of the above-ground and underground parts of seedlings was observed with the combined application of the preparations “Kornevin” and “EcoFus”, and the rooting ability was also at a high level (81%), which indicates the feasibility of using the studied preparations. According to the results of other studies on such crops as balsam, gloxinia and cyclamen, the effectiveness of using the “EcoFus’ preparation has been proven. The number of leaves increased by 35–40% depending on the plant species. Studies on the combined use of the preparations “Zircon”, “Siliplant” and “EcoFus” showed a positive effect on the vegetative reproduction and productivity of wild garlic. The preparations “Siliplant”, “EcoFus”, and “Cytovit” showed high efficiency on the yield of the grape cultivars “Ranniy Magaracha” and “Karaburnu”. The rooting of forsythia cuttings with “EcoFus” showed negative results. In this experiment, the multiplication factor could be affected by the concentration of the preparation and the duration of exposure, as the green cuttings have unripened tissues, that could have a negative effect. It is also necessary to take into accou nt the characteristics of the culture itself. Further research is needed in this area.

Влияние различной обработки на укореняемость зеленых черенков клоновых подвоев сливы ОП 23-23 и ВСЛ 2 в условиях искусственного тумана

The technology of plant propagation by herbaceous cuttings is one of the most promising methods of vegetative reproduction. Herbaceous cuttings make it possible to obtain own-root plants in sufficient quantities. Such scientists as M.T. Tarasenko, V.V. Faustov, F. Ya. Polikarpova, E.G. Samoshchenkov, V.K. Bakun, V.A. Maslova, L.P., Skali and others made a great contribution to the development of this technology. The basis of the technology of herbaceous cuttings is the natural ability of plants to restore lost organs or parts – regeneration, it gives an opportunity to obtain plants from leafy stem cuttings after the formation of their adventitious roots. The manifestation of regeneration is not uniform and largely depends on various factors, such as life form, genetic characteristics, age and condition of the mother plant, rooting conditions, etc. Herbaceous cuttings allow obtaining high results only when using proven techniques for growing different crops, while the industrial reproduction of promising varieties and rootstocks for them still remains an urgent task requiring the search for new solutions. The aim of the work was to study the effect of different types of pre-planting treatments of green cuttings of clonal rootstocks OP 23–23 and V 2 and substrate on the rooting ability of cuttings (number of 1st order roots, pcs. and length, cm) and their growth indices (length, cm) under conditions of artificial fog. As a result of the research, new data were obtained on ways to increase the rooting ability of herbaceous cuttings. The best results were obtained by treatment of cuttings with IBA, disinfection of substrate (fungicide Maxim – 2 ml/l), treatment with antitranspirants, disinfection of cuttings before planting (UV – 24 hours, Belizna 50 – ml/l), soaking in fertiliser solution (Extrasol – 10 ml/l, Humate+7 Iodine – 1 g/l), pre-lighting with red light. The positive effect of encapsulating the basal part of the cuttings on increasing the yield of planting material has been demonstrated. The only disadvantage of this technique is the need for manual labour, which can be solved quite successfully with the right organization of the process.