Green Coverage Ratio Research Articles

Gender Differences in Cognition in China and Reasons for Change Over Time: Evidence from Charls

In this paper, we model gender differences in cognitive ability in China using a new sample of middle-aged and older Chinese respondents. Modeled after the American Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), CHARLS respondents are 45 years and older and are nationally representative of the Chinese population in this age span. Our measures of cognition in CHARLS relies on two measures that proxy for different dimensions of adult cognition – episodic memory and intact mental status. We relate these cognitive measures to adult health and SES outcomes during the adult years. We find large cognitive differences to the detriment of women that were mitigated by large gender differences in education among these generations of Chinese people. These gender differences in cognition are especially concentrated in the older age groups and poorer communities within the sample.We also investigated historical, geographical, and cultural characteristics of communities to understand how they impact cognition. Economic development and environmental improvement such as having electricity, increase in wage per capita and green coverage ratio generally contribute to higher cognition ability. Women benefit more from the fruits of development – electricity and growth of green coverage ratio are conducive to lessening female disadvantage in cognition.

テラスハウス周辺の緑被率と周辺気温低減効果に関する定量的把握

The aim of this study is to investigate environmental situation surrounding terraced houses with greenery patterns, and to accumulate objective data and features in the new developed residential area in Malaysia. A computer microclimate simulation technique is applied by combining stored digital spatial data on GIS as main tools. As a results, i) There is almost no temperature changes between the current building shape and after changing the building aspect ratio without additional greening. However after green space added, some contributions for reducing surrounding temperature can be observed. ii) The relatively higher cooling effects of greenery in the surrounding building and block can be observed in the afternoon and evening. iii) Increasing approximately 11% green coverage ratio make effects of reducing about 0.5°C above the green spaces and about 0.3°C on the surrounding area.

서울시 가로경관 특성화 및 녹량증진을 위한 가로녹지 개선 방안

본 연구에서는 서울시에 있는 가로를 토지이용별로 분류하여 녹량 특성과 경관특성을 구체적으로 분석하고 이에 따른 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구 대상 가로는 서울시에서 이용률이 높은 가로이면서 보도가 넓어 녹지량을 증진시킬 수 있는 잠재성이 큰 가로인 광로만으로 한정하였다. 가로 유형별 녹량 및 경관 현황을 종합하여 보면 가로유형에 상관없이 양버즘나무와 은행나무가 대표 가로수종으로 식재되었고 가로별 녹시율은 주거지역 51.6%, 녹지지역 50.4%, 상업지역 45.2%, 업무지역 43.7% 순으로 나타났다. 주거지역을 제외한 지역에는 가로 띠녹지가 거의 없었고 가로별 녹피율은 업무지역 71.0%, 녹지지역 64.0%, 주거지역 37.3%, 상업지역 36.2% 순이며 녹지용적계수는 평균 <TEX>$1.9m^3/m^2$</TEX>로 나타났다. 연구결과를 바탕로 주거지역가로는 풍부한 녹의 커뮤니티공간과 4계절 화관목 경관제공을 목표로 하였고, 상업지역가로는 화목류와 단풍으로 상가 이미지 부각을 하되 서비스행위 및 보행에 지장을 주지 않도록 제안하였다. 업무지역가로는 녹량과 녹시율 증가 및 도심이미지에 어울리는 가로공간 연출을 목표로 하였고, 녹지지역가로는 자생종 위주의 다층식재 및 주변산림과 연계를 통한 야생동물 은신처, 서식처 제공을 위한 가로공간 조성을 목표로 하였다. This study attempts to specifically analyze green volume and scenery characteristics by classifying the streets in Seoul and suggest improvements accordingly. The subject streets for research were limited to those that have high occupancy ratio and are wide enough to have a big potential in improving green volume. In terms of green volume and scenery according to the types of streets, Platanus occidentalis and Ginkgo biloba were most common regardless of the street type, and the green ratio was 51.6% in residential areas, 50.4% in commercial areas, and 43.7% in business areas. Apart from the residential area, there was almost no green areas, and the ratio of green coverage was 71.0% in business areas, 64.0% in green areas, 37.3% in residential areas, and 36.2% in commercial areas, while the green volume coefficient was <TEX>$1.9m^3/m^2$</TEX> on average. Based on the study results, it was set as a goal to provide the residential areas with a green community space and flowering trees throughout the year for scenery, and commercial areas with flowering trees and maples to emphasize the stores' image while not interfering with service and walking. For business areas, the goals were to improve green ratio and create streets that suit the urban image, and to set up spaces to provide habitat for wild animals with multi-layer planting and link to surrounding forests.

Measurement of Comfort in Urban Landscape Using the Ratio of Vertical Green Coverage by Chromaticity

Interest in the ratio of vertical green coverage has increased now. This paper aims to quantify the psychological effects of the ratio of vertical green coverage and to clarify the relationship between the color environment and the ratio of vertical green coverage. In this study, 27 urban landscape images were presented as simulations to 26 subjects, and the change in psychological feelings was examined by various indexes. The images were analyzed by the chromaticity diagram CIE1976u’v’. The results were as follows. As the correlation between the ratio of vertical green coverage by attributes (for example, leaves, flowers, stems, and branches which were components of the plant) increased, the ratio of vertical green coverage by chromaticity was a more accurate indicator. In the ratio of vertical green coverage, Stevens’ power law was more effective in explaining the relationship between physical quantities and psychological evaluations. In a multiple regression analysis using opposite color components, the number of colors and the comfort evaluation, the regression equation using red, green and yellow components as the explanatory variables demonstrated the greatest explanatory power. The coefficients of this equation were -278 (red), +55 (green) and +47 (yellow). Therefore, in quiet residential areas and crowded city centers, the required level of the ratio of vertical green coverage may be different. Increasing the ratio of vertical green coverage can be expected to improve the color environment easily.

Validity of green cover ratio as an indicator of the environment for the mitigation against urban heat island problem

Validity of green cover ratio as an indicator of the environment for the mitigation against urban heat island problem

빗물활용 옥상녹화 식재지반에 따른 한라구절초의 생육 변화

본 연구는 빗물 활용 옥상녹화에서 식재기반 차이에 따른 한라구절초의 생육 변화를 살펴보고, 적합한 토심과 토양배합비를 제시함으로써 옥상조경 식물소재로 활용성을 높이고자 한다. 토심(15cm, 25cm)과 토양배합비(SL, <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>)를 각각 다르게 실험구를 조성하였으며, 내건성과 관상가치가 뛰어난 한라구절초를 식재한 후 초장, 녹피율, 엽록소 함량, 생체중과 건조중, T/R율 등을 측정하였다. 토심 15cm처리구에서 토양배합비에 따른 한라구절초의 초장의 경우 통계적 유의성은 발견되지 않으나, 전반적으로 PPL배합토인 <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>가 사양토인 SL보다 높았다. 토심 25cm처리구의 경우, SL < <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX> < <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX> 순으로 초장이 길었다. 녹피율의 경우 토심 15cm처리구에서는 초장과 같이 토양배합비에 의한 차이는 뚜렷하지 않았으나, 수치적으로는 SL처리구에서 가장 낮았다. 토심 25cm처리구의 전체적으로 86~89%의 높은 피복률을 나타냈다. 엽록소 함량은 토심 15cm처리구에서 SL이 가장 높게, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX>이 가장 낮았으며, 토심 25cm처리구에서는 <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>과 SL에서 가장 높은 값을, <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>에서 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 생체중과 건물중의 경우 배합비보다는 토심에 따른 차이가 더 뚜렷하여 토심 25cm처리구가 15cm처리구보다 높았다. 따라서 빗물활용 옥상녹화 식재지반에 있어 한라구절초의 생육은 토심 25cm가 토심 15cm보다, PPL배합토, 특히, 피트모스함량이 높은 <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>이 사양토보다 더 적합한 생육환경을 제공해 주는 것으로 분석되었다. This study aims to suggest a suitable soil thickness and soil mixture ratio of a green roof system by verifying the growth of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum as affected by different green roof systems using rainwater. The experimental planting grounds were made with different soil thicknesses(15cm, 25cm) and soil mixing ratios (SL, <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>) and with excellent drought tolerance. Ornamental value Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum was planted. The change in plant height, green coverage ratio, chlorophyll content, fresh weight, dry weight, and dry T/R ratio of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum were investigated from April to October 2009. For 15cm soil thickness, the plant height of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum was not significantly different as affected by the soil mixing ratio. However, it was found to be higher in the amended soil mixture, <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX> and <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX> than in the sandy loam soil, as it was SL overall. For 25cm soil the plant height differences were in order to SL < <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX> < <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>. The green coverage ratio was observed not to be different by soil mixing ratio with soil thickness of 15cm, but, the lowest green coverage ratio in the SL. In the 25cm soil thickness, the green coverage ratio was 86-89% with a good coverage rate overall. The change in chlorophyll contents with 15cm soil thickness was found to be the highest in the SL treatment and the lowest in the <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX> treatment. For 25cm thickness, the highest value was in the <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX> and SL, and the lowest in the<TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>. Fresh weight and dry weight were larger in soil with 25cm thickness. Therefore, the growth of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum as affected by a different green roof system for using rainwater was higher in soil with 25cm thickness than 15cm, and in PPL amended soil than in sandy loam.

Recovery of Greenery in a Suburban Detached Housing Area —— Aspects of Greenery Landscapes ——

Greenery is on the increase with the growth of trees in urban areas. It is important to clarify levels and limiting factors of greenery for satisfaction of the residents. The purpose of this study was to examine the growth of greenery as the percentage of greenery in the field of vision. It is difficult to measure changes in tree height overtime by the ratio of green coverage. Visible greenery is measured by photographs. We can determine the area of vegetation by differences in the wave lengths in two photographs, near-infrared and visible light photos, because chlorophyll absorbs visible light wavelengths and reflects near-infrared light wavelengths. We surveyed housing estates in the present. It was difficult to make long-term observations and surveys from previous years so we made a comparative analysis of a number of areas that differed in the age of development. As a result, the percentage of visible greenery increased where housing estate areas were developed. Visible greenery percentage is affected by the ratios of housing and building areas. In addition, roadside trees or public parks contribute to the percentage of regional visible greenery. We verified that visible greenery is affected by urban land utilization, but the passage of time contributes to greenery more than urban land utilization. At present, green recovery lies in the hands of the growth of greenery in urban areas. Residential estates were developed from around 1960, about 50 years ago, so this period isn't long enough to survey the growth of greenery. We propose that high trees, plant fences, trees planted as a wall or fences that allow people on the street to see private gardens can contribute to greenery in the field of vision.JFL Classification: O18, O21, P28

Identification of drought-tolerant plants for roadside greening—An evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator to screen for drought tolerance

Drought is a major limitation to plant growth and development so the identification of suitable screening techniques and quantifiable traits associated with drought tolerance can potentially help reduce the impact of water deficit on plant replacement needs and allow for remedial action where necessary to be undertaken. Twelve species of flowering plants ( Excocecaria cochinensis Lour., Russelia equisetiformis Schlecht. & Cham., Lantana montevedensis (Spreng.) Briq., Phyllanthus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng., Evolvulus pilosus Syne., Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd., Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet, Chlorophytum cosmosum (Thunb.) Jacques., Elephantopus scaber L., Periscaria hydropiper (L.) Spach., Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter.) Kuntze. and Tradescantia pendula (Schnizl.) Hunt.) commonly planted along streets and roads for aesthetic purposes were examined here using the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio ( F v/ F m – a measure of photochemical efficiency) and digital image analysis of green foliage coverage. Both have been confirmed to be reliable indicators in the identification of drought tolerant and susceptible species. Plants were initially allowed to establish for 60 days under adequate irrigation following containerization (establishment phase). This was followed by another 60 days of drought (drought phase). For the last 60 days of the experiment, plants were re-watered and allowed to recover (recovery phase). Based on fluctuations in photochemical efficiency over the different phases, five species were identified as susceptible to drought whilst another five were considered to have the ability to resist water stress and two were identified as drought intermediate species – exhibiting reduced sensitivity to drought conditions where a decline in values of F v/ F m were only observed in the recovery phase. One of the drought intermediate species ( T. triangulare) exhibited little to no relationship between chlorophyll fluorescence and soil moisture content. Plants were deemed drought tolerant through stable F v/ F m values and lower leaf senescence as recorded by a greater extent of green foliage at the end of the drought and recovery phase. The identification of drought tolerant and susceptible species was further confirmed through regression analysis of F v/ F m and soil moisture content where linear relationships were observed between leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and soil moisture for most of the plants examined in this study. Results of this study strongly suggest that evaluation of whole shrubs using chlorophyll fluorescence is capable of providing a means to identifying the susceptibility of plants to water stress.

Urban planning indicators, morphology and climate indicators: A case study for a north-south transect of Beijing, China

Eleven sites, representing different urban morphologies across central Beijing, are used to simulate urban heat island effects and explore the relationship between urban planning indicators and climate indicators such as daily maximum and minimum surface temperatures. The results indicate that mesoscale urban planning indicators can explain the majority of the urban climate differences among the sites. For example, green cover ratio and floor area ratio can explain 94.47–98.57% of the variance for daily maximum surface temperature, green cover ratio and building height can explain 98.94–99.12% of the variance for daily minimum surface temperature, and floor area ratio, green cover ratio and building density together can explain 99.49–99.69% of the variance for time of peak surface temperature. Furthermore, green cover ratio is identified as the most significant urban planning indicator affecting the urban thermal environment.

무관수 옥상녹화시스템의 차이에 따른 들잔디 적응성 평가

This study proposes a guideline of a green roof system suitable for the local environment by verifying the growth of Zoysia japonica in a shallow, extensive, green roof system under rainfed condition. The experimental soil substrates into which excellent drought tolerance and creeping Z. japonica was planted were made with different soil thicknesses(15cm, 25cm) and soil mixing ratios(SL, <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>). The plant height, green coverage ratio, fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll contents of Z. japonica were investigated. For the soil thickness of 15cm, the plant height of Z. japonica was significantly as affected by the soil mixing ratio and it was shown in the order SL= <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX> < <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX> = <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX> < <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>. For the soil thickness of 25cm, the plant height was increased in order to SL < <TEX>$P_7P_1L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_6P_2L_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$P_5P_3L_2$</TEX> < <TEX>$P_4P_4L_2$</TEX>. The green coverage ratio was not observed by soil the mixing ratio or soil thickness. However, the green coverage ratio was 86~90% with a good coverage rate overall. The chlorophyll contents of Z. japonica were not significantly affected by the soil mixing ratio in the soil thickness of 15cm, but were higher in the natural soil than in the artificial soil at 25cm soil thickness. The fresh weight and dry weight of Zoysia japonica were heavier in the 25cm thickness than in the 15cm thickness and in the artificial soil mixture than in the natural soil. The result indicated that the growth of Zoysia japonica was more effective in the 25cm soil thickness with artificial soil than in the 15cm soil thickness with natural soil in the green roof system under rainfed condition.

植物の葉の色度領域を用いた緑視率の新たな計測手法に関する基礎的研究

The ratio of vertical green coverage has generally been used in landscape evaluations. Until now, measurements of this ratio were calculated manually by researchers. However, it was difficult to obtain accurate data by this method due to the excessive time and effort required in the measurements and human error. This paper aims to clarify a new method of measuring the ratio of vertical green coverage using leaf colors. First, the author focused on leaf colors (in particular, chlorophyll) and specified the region of those colors in the CIE1976u’v’ chromaticity diagram in a sample survey of urban parks. Using the minimum value and maximum values from the CIE1976u’v’ chromaticity values of the leaf colors in photographs taken at the same points, the region for calculation was decided as an inside ellipse formed by the u’ axis (0.14 – 0.23) and v’ axis (0.49 – 0.56), excluding the area of gray in the field of the categorical color. The effectiveness of the approach using this region was validated in a 1-year field test. The results of a correlation analysis of 23 samples from these image data for the values calculated by this method and the values obtained manually showed a very high correlation coefficient (0.981). In conclusion, the use of this measurement method will enable easy, objective, correct, and useful calculation of the ratio of vertical green coverage, reflecting the differences of tree species and seasons.

Green space relations with residential values in downtown Tokyo – implications for urban biodiversity conservation

This study examines the relationship between biodiversity and the housing value of residential areas in downtown Tokyo, and reviews the history of green space planning and surveys of present residential attitudes towards green space in the metropolitan area. Throughout the research, biodiversity is operationally represented by a “green coverage ratio”, while standardised data on land and rent prices are used to assess the value of residential areas. The results confirm that the green coverage ratio and housing value are correlated. The study concludes that there is a need for development of a more accurate and integrated policy database that will provide explicit definitions of management targets, locations and clients for promotion of green space in Tokyo.

A STUDY ON EFFECTS OF SCENIC DISTRICT IN BUILT-UP RESIDENTIAL AREA FOCUSING ON RATIO OF GREEN COVERAGE IN TOKYO WARDS

This study aims to specify the result of addressing Scenic District in a Built-up Residential Area and how the Land and Buildings effects the Ratio of Green Coverage by using passing year transition, Use District, Aerial Photograph, and the housing map.1)Ratio of Green Coverage, inside and outside of Scenic District, is both decreasing. There is no specific effect of Scenic District that can be seen from the amount of green in the area.2)The decline in Ratio of Green Coverage is thought to be influenced by causes such as housing. Securing unoccupied land to be greened may be the possible cause of the increse in the Green coverage ratio.3)It should be ascertained whether Scenic District can be maintained with government ordinance of Scenic District that is a numeric standard of the uniform whole country.

Quantitative Research on Vigor of Ginkgo Trees hit by Typhoon 0613 with Ground-based Digital Image Analysis

The center of typhoon No.13 (Typhoon 0613) in 2006 passed through the Japan Sea and shaved the southwest corner of Yamaguchi Prefecture with characteristics of strong wind and less rainfall in Yamaguchi City. Many ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) trees showed leaf discoloration and defoliation after its hit in Yamaguchi City, Japan. The crown of them can be clearly divided into green part and non-green part so that they were misrecognised as special ornamental trees. In order to quantitatively study this phenomenon, the indices of green coverage ratio of crown (GCRC), crown coverage (CC), vigor index (VI), and so on were used to analyze the vertical sideward profile of ginkgo trees by ground-based digital image analysis. They reflected leaf discoloration and defoliation of the crowns, and positively related to the distance from coastline (DC). Logistic functions between DC and these indices were obtained, with square correlative coefficients being 0.913, 0.622, and 0.882, respectively for GCRC, CC and VI. There is indication that ground-based digital image analysis can be an effective tool used in evaluating the vigor status of ginkgo trees hit by Typhoon 0613. In the paper, combined with analysis of meteorological data, the reason for damage to ginkgo trees was considered as water stress induced by Typhoon 0613. Based on multi-analysis of the research, there were significant differences of vigor status between coast and inland ginkgo trees after hit by Typhoon 0613.

緑被率，緑視率及び騒音が高校生の環境問題の認識に与える影響

緑被率，緑視率及び騒音が高校生の環境問題の認識に与える影響

Analysis of Land Use Zoning Regulations and Green Coverage Ratio

The purpose of this study is to make clear the relation between Land Use Zoning Regulations and Green Coverage Ratio in Japanese urbanized city. It is probable that Land Use Zoning Regulations has an influence on Green Coverage Ratio for its restrictions to building form and use. However, this relation is not clear. For creating and protecting green area in urbanized city, it is important to consider the influence brought by land use zones. The study area was selected in Sakai City, Osaka, Japan. Green Coverage Ratios of past 3 terms in the study area were estimated by satellite remote sensing data (LANDSAT5-TM data), and its changes were analyzed statistically using GIS. The results of this study show that there are some tendencies of Estimated Green Coverage Ratio′s change in each land use zones. And this means the possibility to take control of Green Coverage Ratio in urbanized city and give supports to the establishment of the green area-related laws by Land Use Zoning Regulations.

用途地域が緑被率に与える影響に関する研究 : NVIと緑被率の相関性を用いて

用途地域が緑被率に与える影響に関する研究 : NVIと緑被率の相関性を用いて

市街地形態の異なる街区の温熱環境比較に関する実測研究

The thermal environments of the three types of urban blocks were observed on the street in Osaka in the summer season. Air temperature and surface temperature of each urban block were high in comparison with Osaka Castle Park. Temperature differences of urban blocks in the daytime were bigger than those in the early morning. MRT was influenced by the sky and green cover ratio strongly, and in the street whose sky cover ratio was small that it was surrounded by a high-rise building MRT became small. And in the street whose green cover ratio was big by the street trees MRT was small compared with other streets. SET each urban block takes the influence of MRT strongly, SET of small, and it was improved as a thermal environment because the comparatively big amount of ventilation was secured in the street whose width was big like OBP (Osaka Business Park) in the daytime.

阪神・淡路大震災における地震火災規模と緑被率,建ぺい率等市街地特性との相関解析

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of urban structure and the size of the seismic fires in the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake at Jan. 17, 1995. Satellite remote sensing data was used to estimate the urban green coverage ratio around all break out points of seismic fires. As a comparison, the characteristics of the urban structure which were estimated by using (a) aerial photograph which covers the disastrous area before the earthquake and (b) the summing data of town information for each street in Kobe city were used. The results of the investigation were mainly as follows. (1) Indices of flammability (wooden building ratio and old building ratio) showed a weak correlation with the size of fires. (2) Floor area ratio and population density, which were indices of urban density, had almost no correlation with the size of fires. (3) There was almost no correlation between the urban green coverage ratio and the size of fires. (4) 93.6% of the disastrous fires broke out in the few green covered urban area (green coverage ratio was under 13.7%). (5) 44.4% of the out break points of the seismic fires in the part of the urban area with few green coverage spreads to conflagrations.

大規模施設の緑被面積と接道緑被長さの施設用途別特性について

For the planning of urban greening it's useful to clarify the relationship between the green coverage areas and the total site area at large scale facilities in the city, and also between the length of roadside green and the length of roadside of various facilities. On the study of urban greening we inquired into site area, green coverage area, length of roadside green with many other factors related to the greening of facilities, at 546 sites in Kumamoto city. With this data, the ratio of green coverage and the ratio of green length at roadside, compared with each type and size of the large scale facilities, are analyzed and interpreted.