Green Research Articles

Aromatic ring compounds with different conjugation degrees in a boronic acid matrix to realize multicolor phosphorescence for time division colorful multiplexing.

Long lifetime multicolor phosphorescence materials possess excellent optical properties and have important application prospects in the fields of advanced anti-counterfeiting and information encryption. However, realizing long lifetime and color-tunable room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) carbon dot (CD) materials has proved challenging. In this study, the organic precursor molecules 2-phenethylamine (2-Ph), 9-aminophenanthrene (9-Ph) and 1-aminopyrene (1-Py) with different degrees of conjugation were selected to synthesize RTP CD composites: 2-Ph@BA, 9-Ph@BA and 1-Py@BA were synthesized by mixing with a boric acid (BA) matrix under high temperature pyrolysis. During high temperature pyrolysis, CDs form effective covalent and hydrogen bonds with the BA matrix to promote RTP activity and obtain a stable triplet state, which suppresses nonradiative transitions and leads to long lifetime RTP. Besides, as the conjugation of the organic precursor molecules 2-Ph, 9-Ph and 1-Py gradually increases, it results in a gradual decrease of the triplet state energy T1. Thus, 2-Ph@BA, 9-Ph@BA and 1-Py@BA RTP emission showed a significant redshift, leading to green, yellow and red phosphorescence colors, respectively. Finally, RTP CD composites are used in information security and time division colorful multiplexing based on the synthesized samples with different phosphorescence colors and lifetimes.

A photodetector for red and green with balanced negative and positive photocurrent for imaging is realized

A dual-polarity, photovoltaic photodetector for red-green dual-wavelength detection is demonstrated, operating in the self-powered mode. It is based on a core-shell n-InGaN nanowire/p-Cu2O heterostructure with inner upward energy band bending and near surface downward energy band bending. This produces negative photocurrent for red light illumination and positive photocurrent for green light illumination. Balanced negative and positive photocurrents are obtained by optimizing the Cu2O layer thickness. The imaging capability is experimentally demonstrated for real-life red and green color recognition on a mobile phone display.

Polarization-independent full-color holographic movie with a single metasurface free from crosstalk.

Metasurface holograms offer advantages, such as a wide viewing angle, compact size, and high resolution. However, projecting a full-color movie using a single hologram without polarization dependence has remained challenging. Here, we report a full-color dielectric metasurface holographic movie with a resolution of 512 × 512. Eight frames were multiplexed across blue (445 nm), green (532 nm), and red (633 nm) color channels, achieving a maximum reconstruction rate of 5.6 frames per second. The superposition of the three wavelengths was achieved by adjusting the resolution and position of each target image while maintaining a constant pitch of the meta-atoms. Additionally, we identified the positions of crosstalk images generated that occur due to fabrication errors and proposed and demonstrated conditions and corrections to ensure they do not overlap with the intended images. The superimposition of phase distributions for each wavelength was achieved using the least squares error method, based on a library of over 20,000 types of meta-atoms. These results are anticipated to advance the future development of three-dimensional metasurface holographic movies.

Comparison of Pheromone Lures and Sticky Pad Color for Capturing Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has gained the status of major pest globally. Integrated pest management (IPM) consists of different control methods. This field study was conducted to evaluate the influence of different pheromone-based traps to attract the male population and the potential of sticky pads of four different colors in capturing the adults in the absence of pheromone lures. The trials were conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) for two consecutive years, 2020 and 2021. The Delta trap with rubber septum type lure was significantly more attractive in both years, with mean number of capturing 76.0 and 86.17, as compared to polymer wax (32.83 and 28.2) and polymer vial (10.37 and 11.77), lures. The highest mean number of capturing of T. absoluta adults were noted as 17.93 and 21.73 with black color sticky trap without pheromone, whereas the lowest number of adults, i.e., 1.33 and 1.47, were captured during the first and second year of the study, respectively, with yellow color sticky traps. However, a significant difference was found in pheromone lures and among black, red, green, and yellow color sticky pads. Hence, Delta traps equipped with rubber septum pheromones lures and black colored sticky pads were more useful for the control of T. absoluta than any other colored sticky pads and pheromone lures alone. These findings could be helpful for the integrated management of T. absoluta.

Chromite and Its Thin Kosmochlor and Cr-Omphacite Cortex in Amphibolite from the Myanmar Jadeite Deposits

Chromite in the amphibolites of the Myanmar jadeite deposits has not been well studied. Mineralogical studies on chromite and related kosmochlor and Cr-omphacite in the amphibolite of the Myanmar jadeite deposits were conducted. Compared to the chromite in the adjacent serpentinized peridotite, the chromite had higher Cr2O3 (45.67–54.25 wt.%) and MnO (1.82–1.90 wt.%) but lower MgO (1.00–1.96 wt.%) and Al2O3 (1.05–15.09 wt.%), similar to the published chromite compositions in jadeitite. Serpentinite was derived from a highly depleted mantle peridotite. There were at least two stages of metasomatism during the transformation of serpentinite + chromite to magnesio-katophorite + chromite + thin kosmochlor (and/or Cr-omphacite cortex). The first stage was the Ca-rich metasomatism of serpentinite, resulting in sodic-calcic amphibole (magnesio-katophorite), which preceded the formation of jadeite. The second stage of Na-rich metasomatism was produced by the Na-Al-Si-rich fluids with the magnesio-katophorite + chromite (contemporaneous with the formation of jadeite). The composition of the fluid was altered by a reaction with magnesio-katophorite, increasing the Ca-Mg content and resulting in the formation of kosmochlor rich in Ca-Mg and/or peripheral Cr-omphacite. This kosmochlor–Cr-omphacite belongs to the Jd-Kos-Di ternary join, which differs from the kosmochlor–Cr-jadeite (which belongs to the Jd-Kos join in jadeitite). The formation of jadeitite with chromite + kosmochlor + Cr-jadeite occurs when large amounts of Na-Al-Si-rich fluids have wrapped the pieces of chromite-bearing amphibolite. This also explains the proverbial “moss spray green” given that amphibole (with chromite) brings out the green color in jadeitite.

A Study on the Mechanism of Cellulose Nanocrystals to Enhance the Stability of Hydrophobic Phthalocyanine Green in Water and the Functional Characteristics of Colour Pastes.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis were added to phthalocyanine green colour pastes with a surfactant to improve stability. The particle size, zeta potential, absorbance, and microstructure of the colour pastes were analyzed and characterized. The mechanism of CNCs to enhance the stability of hydrophobic phthalocyanine green in water was investigated. The functionalized application of the colour pastes was explored by mixing colour pastes with coating-forming substances to prepare phthalocyanine green paint. The results show that CNCs could enhance the stability of phthalocyanine green in water and form a binary system with non-ionic surfactants in colour pastes. The system could make phthalocyanine green colour pastes have very good dispersion and stability and mix well with coating-forming substances. The phthalocyanine green paint had excellent performance. As a renewable and naturally degradable biomass resource, CNCs have the potential to be applied for the dispersion and stabilization of hydrophobic pigments by compounding with surfactants.

Metabolite Profiling and Association Analysis of Leaf Tipburn in Heat-Tolerant Bunching Onion Varieties.

The bunching onion is an important leafy vegetable, prized for its distinctive flavor and color. It is consumed year-round in Japan, where a stable supply is essential. However, in recent years, the challenges posed by climate change and global warming have resulted in adverse effects on bunching onions, including stunted growth, discoloration, and the development of leaf tipburn, threatening both crop quality and yield. Furthermore, as bunching onion belongs to the Allium genus, which includes globally significant vegetables such as onion and garlic, studying the impact of climate change on bunching onion serves as an ideal model. The insights gained can also be applied to other crops and regions. This study investigates the effects of different summer growth conditions on the metabolite profile of heat-tolerant bunching onions with dark green leaf blade coloration and examines their association with leaf tipburn. Pigment compound quantification, functional component analysis, leaf tipburn rate assessment, and widely targeted metabolome profiling were performed across two commercial F1 varieties, one purebred variety, and six Yamaguchi Prefecture-bred F1 lines under different growing conditions. The results obtained were subjected to comparative analyses based on the varieties and groups classified by high and low leaf tipburn rates. The results revealed that β-carotene accumulation peaked with May sowing and July harvest, while the highest accumulation of other pigment compounds was observed with May sowing and September harvest. Additionally, metabolome analysis related to leaf tipburn rates identified several organosulfur compounds, with gamma-glutamyl-propenyl cysteine sulfoxide emerging as one of the key compounds. Based on the intensity data, the fold change of this metabolite was calculated to be 1.66, indicating an increase in the leaf tipburn group compared to the control group. In the control groups, organosulfur compounds appeared to undergo turnover in preparation for stress response. In contrast, in the leaf tipburn groups, it is hypothesized that organosulfur compounds were converted into precursors of pungency, resulting in inadequate responses to stress. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which organosulfur compounds transition into pungent compounds and to develop varieties with improved resistance to leaf tipburn.

Electrospinning Encapsulation of Chlorophylls Microwave-Extracted from Spinach Waste and Utilization as Coloring Agent in Yogurt

AbstractNatural colorants have become a developing market because of consumer preferences, and more cost-effective and stable production is necessary. In the present study, a natural green colorant was obtained via microwave-assisted extraction from spinach waste to produce affordable, environmentally-friendly, and innovative colorants. The extracts were encapsulated with zein via uniaxial and coaxial electrospinning techniques to overcome the stability issues associated with their natural green color. The encapsulation efficiencies of uniaxially encapsulated chlorophyll extracted from spinach waste by microwave were 63.50 and 57.18 for chlorophyll a and b, respectively. The efficiencies of chlorophyll a and b by coaxial electrospinning were found 49.53% and 88.58%, respectively. The microwave-assisted extraction and the addition of eumelanin may contribute positively to the antioxidant activity and thermal stability of electrospun samples. The stability test against light revealed that 61% of chlorophyll a could be preserved by uniaxial electrospinning. In addition, when chlorophyll-loaded nanofibers were incorporated into yogurt, a more stable green color was achieved during storage.

Utilization of Spirulina (Arthrospira Plantesis) in the Substitution of Taro Flour and Mocaf Flour in Dry Noodles as an Anti-Stunting Food Innovation

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that affects children's physical and cognitive development. This research aims to develop dry noodles made from taro flour, mocaf and spirulina as an alternative nutritious food for the prevention of stunting. Variations in the composition of taro flour and mocaf (60%:40%) with the addition of spirulina (2%) produced the best product with a protein content of 10.72%, carbohydrate content of 74.91% and moisture content of 6% according to SNI standards for dry noodles. Organoleptic tests showed that the sample was the most preferred by the panelists based on taste, texture, aroma, colour and crispness. Spirulina fortification contributed significantly to increasing the protein content and giving the product its characteristic green colour. This innovation is expected to help meet the nutritional needs of stunted children, support local food sustainability and reduce dependence on imported ingredients

Evaluation of Some Quality Parameters of Pumpkin Seeds and Oil After Roasting with Marjoram.

Consumers include pumpkin seeds in their diet as a snack in raw form or minimally processed by roasting. This process enables the seeds to develop a characteristic aroma and color. Herbs and spices are also distinguished by a pleasant and delicate aroma. Among them, marjoram is particularly suited to drying, retaining its flavor better than other dried herbs. Marjoram can be used to impart flavor and aroma to food products and extend their shelf life because it can prevent lipid autoxidation. In this study, pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo) were roasted with and without dried marjoram at 110 and 160 °C for 10 and 30 min, after which the oils were extracted. The results showed that with increasing temperature and roasting time, the moisture content and water activity of pumpkin seeds decreased. Furthermore, roasting pumpkin seeds with marjoram, particularly at 110 °C, enriched their aroma profile with terpenes characteristic of the marjoram aroma. Whether pumpkin seeds were roasted with or without marjoram, the fatty acid composition of the oils obtained was dominated by palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. However, the presence of marjoram during pumpkin seeds roasting resulted in lower peroxide values and specific extinction coefficients K232 and K270 in the oils obtained compared to their counterparts roasted without this spice. In addition, all the oils showed the ability to scavenge DPPH· radicals and were characterized by a higher proportion of yellow (positive value of the b* parameter) and green (negative value of the a* parameter) color. In comparison with the oil extracted from unroasted pumpkin seeds, the oil obtained after roasting exhibited a lower chlorophyll and a higher carotenoid content. Thus, roasting pumpkin seeds with spices may enrich their aroma profile with additional components, and the oils obtained may be characterized by better quality parameters.

Study on its application and unstable risk subarea estimation method of mountainous traffic engineering’s spoil ground

Residues disposal areas with different quantities and scales are produced with the traffic engineering construction in mountainous areas construction, whose environment security threats need to be termly estimated. Countermeasures are adopted by estimated results, and safety risk management and control of waste dump engineering are realized. Based on field research and data access, stage characteristics of the process is summarized. Then force equilibrium and moving balance equation of waste dump sliding body at different stages are formed. So, risk grades and subarea labeled by red, yellow and green colors based on different moving distances are established. Finally, traditional way and the failure risk subarea assessment method are compared in practice, which proves feasibility of the method. Main conclusions are as following. 1) Fail process of mountainous highway waste slag slope is divided into initial limit equilibrium stage, speed-up downslide stage on slipping surface in which the sliding friction coefficient continues to decrease with acceleration, and speed-down downside stage on ground surface in which the sliding friction coefficient continues to increase with the deceleration. 2) Force balance equation at initial stage, downslide force formula at speed-up downslide stage and anti-slide force formula at speed-down downslide stage are presented by sliding body mechanical model on slipping surface and ground surface. Maximum moving velocity formula at the toe of the slope is established. And moving distance of waste dump sliding body is induced by energy balance equation. 3) Minimum and maximum of moving distance are computed under maximum and minimum of sliding friction coefficient conditions. According to these distances, safety threats of fail waste dump are classified into three grades: red region being high risk locates, yellow region being middle risk locates, green region being low risk. Relying on practical residues disposal area, disadvantage and advantage of the method and traditional method are compared. Found that mechanical mechanism of the method is simple, forces and parameters are all unified in balance equations, which meets to practical waste dump fail process. And the method does good to guiding mountainous residues disposal area unstable risk assessment.

Effectiveness of oregano essential oil vapor on shelf life extension of kai lan (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra).

This study compared the antimicrobial activity of several essential oils (EOs) vapor against food spoilage microbiota and further investigated the potential of EO vapor in extending the shelf life of leafy green vegetables. Oregano EO vapor showed stronger antimicrobial activities than basil and clove EO vapors against common spoilage-causing microorganisms in fresh produce, including Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas cichorii, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Pantoea ananatis, Pseudomonas marginalis, Alterneria bassicicola, and Botrytis cinerea. When oregano EO vapor was applied to leafy greens, phytotoxic effects were observed on butter lettuce and iceberg lettuce but not on kai lan and kale. On the contrary, the green color and total chlorophylls of kai lan were preserved by oregano EO vapor. With the use of oregano EO vapor generated by 10µL oregano EO in a 1.8-L container, the shelf life of kai lan extended from 3 days to at least 7 days when stored at 25°C and from 5 days to at least 14 days when stored at 7°C. The antimicrobial effect was studied with the plating counting method to reflect the dose-dependent amicrobial effect of oregano EO vapor on kai lan. High-throughput 16S/18S DNA sequencing method was applied to evaluate the microbial ecological changes of kai lan under oregano EO vapor treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that oregano EO vapor could be used to extend the shelf life of kai lan. However, the dose of usage must be optimized with care, and one must realize the effectiveness might vary essentially when applying the EO vapor on other types of leafy green vegetables.

Peningkatan Ketahanan Pakan Ternak Melalui Pembuatan Silase di Desa Pesantren, Kecamatan Blado, Kabupaten Batang

Silage is forage processing done by fermentation using lactic acid under anaerobic conditions. Silage is an alternative animal feed that can fulfil animal feed needs when it is difficult to obtain. The rich nutrient content in silage, such as protein, carbohydrates and minerals can fulfil the nutritional needs of animals and support optimal productivity. This activity aims to provide in-depth knowledge and skills to farmers regarding silage making techniques as quality animal feed. Activities start from information gathering; preparation and making of silage materials, concepts, and samples; preparation and procurement of silage material tools; implementation of socialisation; opening of silage results, and evaluation of activities that have been carried out. This test consists of several variables including; aroma, texture, colour and the presence of fungi. The results of the activity showed an increase in farmers' knowledge about silage making, there were 82% of farmers who understood the material presented and 55% of farmers were very satisfied with the activities that had been carried out. The silage results that have been made show some characteristics that are less in accordance with the category of good quality silage at the top of the silage, but the silage results at the bottom are still in the category that can be accepted by livestock. Good quality silage can be determined through its physical quality, so an organoleptic test is carried out to see the physical quality of silage. The quality of the silage produced based on organoleptic tests has a brownish green colour, a slightly smelly aroma, a slightly watery mushy texture and the presence of fungi in the top layer. Thus, making silage has the potential to be a solution to overcome the problem of feed availability in the dry season and increase the capacity of farmers in managing feed.

Overview of Water Quality in Maintening Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in Floating Net Cages in Lihung Village, Karang Intan, Banjar District, South Kalimantan

Water quality is the quality characteristics required for certain uses of various water sources. The research aims to analyze water quality conditions, water physics (temperature, water color, depth, brightness, and current), water chemistry (pH, BOD, DO, ammonia, and phosphate), and water biology (plankton) in river flows in the village Lihung, diamond coral. This research was conducted in the river waters of Lihung Village, Karang Intan District, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Determination of sampling points was carried out using purposive sampling. Physical and chemical parameters in the Lihung Village River that support the development of aquaculture are, temperature, pH, water color, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, while parameters that do not support the development of aquaculture are, brightness, depth, current, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia. Physical and chemical parameters still support the survival of fish, although they are still supportive, there are several parameters whose values exceed the water quality standards that have been set. Judging from the pollution index value, the Lihung River is a lightly polluted body of water. So overall the Lihung River is still good for developing fisheries cultivation. The biological parameters of plankton in the Lihung River are 3 genus variants, namely, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Copepada, with the dominant plankton in the waters being the genus Bacillariophyceae, which is a class of plankton that is good for aquaculture in rivers, with a brownish green river color. Cluster 1 contains stations II and III which are similar in all water quality parameters (temperature, water color, depth, brightness, water flow, pH, DO, ammonia, BOD, phosphate and plankton). From the results of these observations, good water quality results were obtained at both stations. This cluster 2 contains station I which has significant differences in water quality from stations II and III, station I has BOD, ammonia, brightness, depth, and currents that do not support fish cultivation.

Effects of Phenoxazine Chromophore on Optical, Electrochemical and Electrochromic Behaviors of Carbazole-Thiophene Derivatives.

Phenoxazine, as an organic-small-molecule chromophore, has attracted much attention for its potential electrochromic applications recently. To develop appealing materials, phenoxazine chromophores were introduced at the N-position of carbazole-thiophene pigment, yielding two novel monomers (DTCP and DDCP), whose chemical structures were characterized by NMR, HRMS and FTIR. The results of the optical property study indicate that little influence could be observed in the presence of the phenoxazine chromophore. Corresponding polymer films on the surface of an ITO/glass electrode were obtained through electropolymerization. The electrochemical features displayed were various due to the introduction of the phenoxazine group. The spectroelectrochemical results demonstrate that the color of the polymer films could be changed. Compared with the PDDC films, the PDDCP films exhibited three different colors (tangerine, green and purple colors) in different redox states, which could be attributed to the synergistic effect between the carbazole-thiophene conjugate chain and the phenoxazine group. Moreover, fast switching time could be seen due to the presence of the phenoxazine chromophore. This study could provide a reference for obtaining high-performance electrochromic materials.

Profiling of agronomic traits and folic acid in five dessert bananas (Musa spp.)

Many varieties of Musa spp. have been used as edible fruits around the world. Bananas belong to the genus Musa, whose fruits contain high calories and nutritional values. There is little data on agronomic traits and folic acid (FA) concentrations of different types of dessert bananas in Vietnam. This study aimed to determine such information in the fruits of five banana varieties, including Cau, Xiem, Gia Huong, Com, and Dole. Agronomic characteristics were considered, including fruit size and weight, peel colour and pulp firmness, while FA concentrations were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed significant differences among agronomic values and FA contents. Dole had the heaviest weight (175.48 g), followed by Xiem (123.71 g), Gia Huong (121.77 g), Com (103.12 g) and Cau (52.07 g). The size (length × width) of 5 cultivars has significant differences, including Dole (16.22 × 4.17 cm), Xiem (11.78 × 4.44 cm), Gia Huong (15.44 × 4.22 cm), Com (11.59 × 3.88 cm) and Cau (9.00 × 3.79 cm). For the colour results, most banana cultivars had yellow peels, except Gia Huong which remained green colour at ripening stages (b/a<0). The pulp firmness is expressed with the hardest value from Xiem (0.59 N), then Dole (0.36 N), Com (0.32 N), Cau and Gia Huong (0.29 N). The FA concentrations ranged 3-12 μg /100 g fresh weight. The cultivar Cau had the highest level of FA per 100 g fresh weight (12.04 μg), followed by Gia Huong (8.76 μg), Dole (6.00 μg), Xiem (4.62 μg), and Com (3.14 μg). The FA contents were positively correlated with the colour brightness L, performed by Pearson value, with r = 0.755 (p<0.001). On the other hand, an inverse correlation was found between FA concentration and the fruit weight (r = -0.542, p<0.001) and the pulp firmness (r = -0.337, p<0.05). In conclusion on 5 varieties of dessert bananas, measured values of agronomic traits and FA have been recorded, and Pearson analysis shows a positive relation between FA and colour brightness and a negative one between FA and fruit weight/firmness.

Nutritional Value Addition of Bread, Pasta, and Noodles by Incorporating Leaves of Moringa oleifera.

The growing demand for natural, health-promoting food products has led to increased interest in integrating nutrient-rich ingredients into everyday foods. The addition of Moringa oleifera leaves may increase nutrient profile, including essential amino acids, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals in edible products. The study aimed to optimize the addition of M. oleifera leaves in bread, noodles, and pasta and evaluate sensory attributes using a nine-point hedonic scale and nutritional analysis. The incorporation of M. oleifera leaves imparted a distinctive green coloration and speckling to the products. Sensory evaluations indicated that moderate enrichment (5.0% in bread, 7.5% in noodles, and 7.0% in pasta) generally enhanced sensory attributes. Nutritional analysis revealed significant improvement in the nutritional profiles of all the three products having M. oleifera leaves. The addition of5.0% M. oleifera leaves in bread increased % levels of energy (carbohydrates, protein, fat, ash, iron, calcium, and vitamin C). Noodles with 7.5% Moringa exhibited higher carbohydrates, protein, crude fiber, iron, and calcium, whereas pasta with 7.0% Moringa showed increased carbohydrates, protein, and crude fiber but decreased energy and ash content. Moderate addition of Moringa leaves is optimal for maintaining sensory quality and overall acceptability, while excessive concentrations may negatively impact sensory attributes.

Maize hybrids’ genetic variability based on qualitative and quantitative traits

Genetic variability was a prerequisite to doing a plant breeding program. A broad genetic variability allows plant breeders to select a desired genotype. This research aims to assess the maize hybrid's genetic variability based on qualitative and quantitative traits. This research was conducted in the Bone district, south Sulawesi, from November 2022 to March 2023. Fifteen maize hybrids were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The variables observed are qualitative and quantitative traits. Principal component (PCA) and cluster analyses assessed the genetic variability. The result indicated that based on a loading factor greater than 0.70, the qualitative traits such as intensity of green color, anthocyanin coloration of brace roots, length of lateral branch, intensity anthocyanin coloration of silk, and degree of zigzag displayed high variability. quantitative like days to anthesis, days to silk, leaf length, 1000 seeds weight, yield, ear diameter, number of row seeds per ear, ear height, ear length, and number of seeds per row also exhibit high variability. Cluster analysis shows a broad genetic variability on qualitative and quantitative traits demonstrated by Euclidean levels 6.68-10.93 and 3.43-5.08, respectively, and generated the dendrogram that divides genotypes into four main clusters for qualitative and five for quantitative traits.

Morphological and Histological Study of The Liver and Gallbladder in the Iraqi Pin-Tailed Sandgrouse Pterocles alchata (L.1766)

A morphological and histological study was conducted on the liver and gallbladder in the Iraqi pin-tailed sandgrouse Pterocles alchata. Which were collected from the local market in the city of Baghdad, there were 8 samples and their ages ranged from 11 months to a year ،the organs were extracted for the purpose of Study after the animals were anaesthetized by inhaling Chloroform. The study showed that the liver is located at the upper part of the thoracic cavity; its weight is (0.14±7.63) gm, its length is (0.13 ±35.13) mm and its width is (0.68 ±31.00)mm. The liver consists of two large parts: The right lobe with a length (0.13±35.13) mm, and the left lobe with a length (0.3 3±28.50) mm and is characterized with a reddish-brown colour. The gallbladder is located at the visceral side of the right lobe of the liver, its length is (0.38±12.38) mm and its width is (0.31 ±5.88) mm. Further, it appears in oval or pear shape and has green colour; it consists of the head, body and neck. The liver parenchyma consists of hepatocyte cells arranged in the form of cords known as hepatic cords arranged radially towards the central vein, spread within the parenchyma of the liver portal area, surrounded by connective tissue. Besides, it includes the hepatic portal area, branch hepatic artery, bile duct lymphatic vessels, which are scattered within the connective tissue surrounding the portal area. The gallbladder consists of the mucous tunic consisting of elongated columnar cells with basal oval nuclei located, below them is the lamina propria, then a layer of smooth muscle fibers arranged to form the tunica muscularis, followed by the tunica serousa or adventitia, which consists of loose connective tissue.

Widespread distribution of chlorophyll f-producing Leptodesmis cyanobacteria.

Chlorophyll (Chl) f was reported as the fifth Chl in oxygenic photoautotrophs. Chlorophyll f production expanded the utilization of photosynthetically active radiation into the far-red light (FR) region in some cyanobacterial genera. In this study, 11 filamentous cyanobacterial strains were isolated from FR-enriched habitats, including hydrophyte, moss, shady stone, shallow ditch, and microbial mat across Central and Southern China. Polyphasic analysis classified them into the same genus of Leptodesmis and further recognized them as four new species, including Leptodesmis atroviridis sp. nov., Leptodesmis fuscus sp. nov., Leptodesmis olivacea sp. nov., and Leptodesmis undulata sp. nov. These cyanobacteria had absorption peaks beyond 700 nm due to Chl f production and red-shifted phycobiliprotein complexes under FR conditions. All but L. undulata produced phycoerythrin and showed varying degrees of a reddish-brown to dark green color under white light conditions. However, the phycoerythrin contents were sharply decreased under FR conditions, and these three Leptodesmis species appeared green. In summary, the Leptodesmis genus contains diverse species with the capacity to synthesize Chl f and is likely a ubiquitous group of Chl f-producing cyanobacteria.