Green Bottle Research Articles

Influxed Insects as Vectors for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Danish Broiler Houses

The vector potential of flies (Diptera: Brachycera) for spread of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli on 5 Danish broiler farms was evaluated in a longitudinal field study from April to November 2004. First, the prevalence of C. jejuni- and C. coli-positive flies was determined in 2,816 flies captured from farm surroundings. Each individual fly was macerated, preenriched in Bolton broth for 24 h at 42°C, streaked onto modified Campylobater blood-free selective agar and incubated under microaerobic conditions for 48 h at 42°C. Second, the influx of insects to broiler houses was estimated by trapping of insects (n = 5,936) in ventilation vents. In total, 31 flies (28 of which were of the Muscidae family) caught in farm surroundings were Campylobacter spp.-positive (C. jejuni, n = 7; C. coli, n = 23; other Campylobacter spp., n = 1). Musca domestica (L) (house fly) was more frequently (P < 0.0376) positive than other fly species collected. Other positive fly species were Stomoxys calcitrans (L) (stable fly; n = 4), Muscina stabulans (Fallén) (false stable fly; n = 1), Mesembrina meridiana (L) (noon fly; n = 1) and Hydrotaea sp. (black dump fly; n = 1). One Lucilia caesar (L) (green bottle fly) of the Calliphoridae family and 2 flies of unidentified species were also positive. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp.-positive flies varied from 0.0 in April to a peak of 16.3% in July and decreasing to 2.0% in October on a farm with pig production. On 4 broiler farms without other livestock, the prevalence was constantly below 1.0%. The average influx of insects per broiler rotation was estimated to be 30,728 ± 2,443 SE (range 2,233 to 180,300), of which 21.4% were flies. The influx of insects correlated with the flow (m3/h) of ventilation air (P < 0.0078) and with the outdoor temperature (P < 0.0032). We conclude that the influx of large numbers of flies to broiler houses constitutes a considerable risk for infection of broilers with C. jejuni and C. coli.

CEREBRAL MYIASIS ASSOCIATED WITH ANGIOSARCOMA OF THE SCALP

Primary human cerebral myiasis is an exceedingly rare condition and is almost never encountered by physicians in developed countries. The case report summarizes a case of extensive cerebral myiasis in a periurban community in the United States. After a minor motor vehicle accident, police brought a 75-year-old man to the emergency room because he was observed to have a large cranial lesion. Examination revealed a 15 x 17 cm frontal bone defect with eroded frontal dura, exposed cortex, and massive cortical maggot infestation. The patient was empirically treated with intravenous antibiotics for meningitis. Maggots (Phaenicia sericata, or the green bottle fly) were removed by suction, attrition, and gentle contact exposure to a mild bleach solution. Biopsy of the scalp and cranium revealed angiosarcoma, for which operative treatment was refused. The patient was transferred to a skilled nursing facility for palliative care where he died 3 months later. This is the first published case of cerebral myiasis in the United States. Although human cerebral myiasis is rare, conditions do exist in this country that permit myiasis.

Use of sterile maggots in an unusual trauma injury

Sterile larvae of the common green bottle, Lucilia sericata, have been shown to be a highly cost-effective alternative to conventional treatments for the debridement and cleansing of all types of chronic wounds. (Thomas, 2006). One or two treatment cycles each lasting approximately 3 days are often sufficient to achieve complete debridement of such wounds, provided sufficient numbers of maggots are applied on each application. Maggots are less commonly used in traumatic injuries, although in these wounds their remarkable wound cleansing properties could be of considerable value.

Isolation and characterization of a novel uronic acid-containing acidic glycosphingolipid from the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi

A novel uronic acid-containing glycosphingolipid (UGL-1) was isolated from the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. UGL-1 was prepared from chloroform-methanol extracts and purified by the use of successive column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, Florisil, and Iatrobeads. Chemical structural analysis was performed using methylation analysis, gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and 1H-NMR spectra. The chemical structure of UGL-1 was determined to be a glucuronic acid-containing glycosphingolipid, Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcAbeta1-1Cer. The ceramide component was composed of C16:0 and C18:0 acids and C16-, C17-, and C18-phytosphingosines as major components.

Formation of boldenone and boldenone-analogues by maggots of Lucilia sericata

Current evidence suggests that neo formation of the anabolic steroid boldenone (androsta-1,4-diene-17-ol-3-one) occurs in calves’ faecal material, making it difficult to distinguish between illegally administered boldenone and its potential endogenous presence. This strengthens the urgent need to elucidate the pathway leading to boldenone formation. In our laboratory, the invertebrate Neomysis integer (Crustacea, Mysidacea) was used since 2004 as an alternative model for the partial replacement of vertebrate animals in metabolisation studies with illegal growth promotors and veterinary drugs, e.g. boldenone. The present study evaluates the metabolic capacity of other invertebrates, the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana and maggots of the greenbottle fly Lucilia sericata. The first results indicate that maggots of L. sericata are able to convert phytosterols and –stanols, nowadays in substantial amounts added to animal feed, into androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), the precursor of boldenone, at a yield of 0.10–0.14% (p<0.001, significance compared to endogenous excretion of maggots) but not to boldenone itself. Furthermore, β-testosterone, an endogenous hormone, was transformed into androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AED), ADD and β-boldenone at a significant (p<0.001, significance compared to endogenous excretion of maggots) yield of circa 13%, 0.80% and 2.2%, respectively. In future studies these results are of value to further evaluate the use of maggots of L. sericata as an invertebrate model in metabolisation studies.

Responses of Diabrotica speciosa to a semiochemical trap characteristics

Responses of Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to a semiochemical trap characteristics were investigated in the field. The trap consisted of plastic bottles with several perforations (0.5 cm diameter and 2.0 cm distance each other) and containing Lagenaria vulgaris L. (Cucurbitaceae) powder as cucurbitacin (arrestant and phagostimulant) source (0.28%). In common bean fields, transparent green traps caught significantly more males and females beetles than yellow, transparent and white traps. Yellow traps caught significantly more females than white traps. Transparent green and yellow traps baited with the volatile attractant 1,4-dimethoxybenzene caught 4.08 and 2.72 times more beetles than unbaited, respectively. Higher number of beetles was caught by 2L bottle traps than 1, 0.5 and 0.25 mL. In corn fields, transparent green bottle traps caught significantly more beetles in Campo Mourão and similar captures were found in Londrina field.

Promotion of Human Dermal Fibroblast Migration, Matrix Remodelling and Modification of Fibroblast Morphology within a Novel 3D Model by Lucilia sericata Larval Secretions

Lucilia sericata larvae, or green bottle fly maggots are applied to chronic wounds to aid healing. Previously, our laboratory has characterized the enzymatic activities present within maggot excretions/secretions (ES). Since then, we have related these to the degradation of extracellular matrix components, alteration of human, dermal fibroblast adhesion to surfaces and the stimulation of fibroblast migration within a two-dimensional in vitro assay. In this study, we developed a novel three-dimensional in vitro assay in which to observe fibroblast migration and morphology in response to maggot ES. Here, primary human foreskin fibroblasts were embedded within collagen gels containing fibronectin. Phase contrast and confocal microscopy were used in conjunction with image analysis software to examine and quantify aspects of fibroblast behavior. Our results showed that maggot ES stimulated fibroblast migration through the matrix and induced altered cell morphologies. Remodelling of the extracellular matrix located between individual fibroblasts was also induced, providing a mechanism by which cells may detect each other's presence over considerable distances. Thus, mechanisms by which maggots enhance tissue formation within wounds may be via the promotion of fibroblast motility, acceleration of extracellular matrix remodelling and coordination of cellular responses.

Maggot Therapy: The Science and Implication for CAM Part I—History and Bacterial Resistance

It is now a universally acknowledged fact that maggot therapy can be used successfully to treat chronic, long-standing, infected wounds, which have previously failed to respond to conventional treatment. Such wounds are typically characterized by the presence of necrotic tissue, underlying infection and poor healing. Maggot therapy employs the use of freshly emerged, sterile larvae of the common green-bottle fly, Phaenicia (Lucilia) sericata, and is a form of artificially induced myiasis in a controlled clinical situation. In this review article, we will discuss the role of maggots and their preparation for clinical use. Maggot therapy has the following three core beneficial effects on a wound: debridement, disinfection and enhanced healing. In part I we explore our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying these effects.

Maggot Therapy: The Science and Implication for CAM Part II—Maggots Combat Infection

Maggot therapy employs the use of freshly emerged, sterile larvae of the common green-bottle fly, Phaenicia (Lucilia) sericata, and is a form of artificially induced myiasis in a controlled clinical situation. Maggot therapy has the following three core beneficial effects on a wound: debridement, disinfection and enhanced healing. In part II of this review article, we discuss clinical infections and the evidence supporting the potent antibacterial action of maggot secretions. Enhancement of wound healing by maggots is discussed along with the future of this highly successful, often controversial, alternative treatment.

Antibacterial properties of larval secretions of the blowfly, Lucilia sericata

The antibacterial properties of secretions aseptically collected from larvae of the greenbottle fly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were examined. These investigations revealed the presence of small (<1 kDa) antibacterial factor(s) within the larval secretions, active against a range of bacteria. These include the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Streptococcus pyogenes and to a lesser extent the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These secretions were shown to be highly stable as a freeze-dried preparation and, considering the activity against organisms typically associated with clinical infection, may be a source of novel antibiotic-like compounds that may be used for infection control and in the fight against MRSA.

Maggots and wound healing: an investigation of the effects of secretions from Lucilia sericata larvae upon the migration of human dermal fibroblasts over a fibronectin‐coated surface

Lucilia sericata larvae, or greenbottle fly maggots, placed within chronic wounds have been observed to remove necrotic tissue and infection. They are also believed to actively promote granulation tissue formation. Interactions between fibroblasts and the surrounding extracellular matrix play a crucial role in tissue formation, influencing fibroblast proliferation, migration, and tissue remodeling. For example, the strength of cell adhesion to surfaces coated with extracellular matrix influences cell motility. L. sericata larval excretory/secretory products having previously been shown to modify fibroblast adhesion to collagen and particularly fibronectin, it was hypothesized that these products would alter fibroblast migration. This was investigated using a two-dimensional in vitro wound assay, time-lapse digital photography, enzyme class-specific substrates and inhibitors, and gel electrophoresis. Results showed that L. sericata excretory/secretory products promoted fibroblast migration upon a fibronectin-coated surface. This was related to the degradation of fibronectin by serine proteinases within maggot excretion/secretions. The presence of a metalloproteinase activity may also have played a role. Thus, a possible mechanism by which maggots enhance tissue formation within wounds may be via the promotion of fibroblast motility, providing for a wider distribution of viable fibroblasts.

Geochemistry of Wistarburgh glass (ca. 1739-1777): implications for batch recipes and distinction from other south Jersey wares

The Wistarburgh factory was America's first successful glassworks. Since it operated largely prior to the American Revolution, little is known about its products, and confusion surrounds the authenticity of some of the objects attributed to this factory. However, analysis of alkali-lime glass sherds from the glassworks site shows that green Wistarburgh bottle glass is much more calcic and is enriched in various trace elements (notably the rare-earth elements) compared with later south Jersey glass for which analytical data are available. The compositional data indicate that Wistarburgh's proprietors made use of a batch recipe containing approximately 68 wt.% local sand, 24% dolomitic limestone, and 3% each of soda ash and potash. In addition to green bottle glass, blue, aquamarine, and colourless potash–lead glass and colourless potash glass were also recovered from the Wistarburgh factory site, suggesting that a range of specialized glasswares was produced by this factory.

Composition of the surface hydrocarbons from the vitelline membranes of dipteran embryos

Hydrocarbons were the major lipid class extracted by hexane from the vitelline membrane surface of dechorionated eggs of the house fly, Musca domestica, the New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, the secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria, the green bottle fly, Phaenicia sericata, the sheep blow fly, Lucilia cuprina and the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens. The length of time the embryos must be exposed to hexane with or without a small amount of alcohol in order to attain permeability was species-dependant. Long-chain n-alkanes comprised the major lipid class removed from vitelline membranes of all species except A. ludens where 2-methylalkanes were the major class. The range in size by the total number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbons was: C23–C49 in C. hominivorax, C27–C33 in C. macellaria, C24–C35 in L. cuprina, C25–C36 in M. domestica, C25–C33 in P. sericata and C21–C51 in A. ludens. The major hydrocarbon component, expressed as percent of the total hydrocarbons, was n-nonacosane (C29) in C. hominivorax (40%), C. macellaria (43%), L. cuprina (38%), M. domestica (39%) and P. sericata (60%). However, in A. ludens, 2-methyloctacosane (32%) was the major hydrocarbon. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, monoenes (16%) and dienes (11%), were abundant only in A. ludens. Since prior studies indicated that the length of time the embryos must be exposed to hexane with or without a small amount of alcohol in order to attain permeability is species dependant, we suggest that the differences in hydrocarbon composition may contribute to this variation in lipid extractability.

Maggots and wound healing: an investigation of the effects of secretions from Lucilia sericata larvae upon interactions between human dermal fibroblasts and extracellular matrix components.

Through clinical observation, Lucilia sericata (greenbottle fly) larvae are credited with exerting the following beneficial effects upon a chronic nonhealing wound: removal of necrotic tissue ('debridement'), disinfection of the wound and active promotion of granulation tissue formation. As a major cellular component of granulation tissue, fibroblasts play an extensive role in healing. The composition of extracellular matrix (ECM) located in the wound is another important factor, partaking in a dynamic feedback loop with the fibroblasts that produce it. Fibroblast-ECM interactions therefore exert considerable influence upon new tissue formation. To investigate the effects of L. sericata larval excretory/secretory products (ES) upon the behaviour of fibroblasts, seeded upon ECM component surfaces. ES were collected by washing freshly hatched larvae in phosphate-buffered saline. Human dermal neonatal fibroblast cells were seeded upon fibronectin- or collagen-coated surfaces, together with untreated (or 'native') ES, heat-treated ES, or no ES (ES blank). Following incubation, fibroblast adhesion was determined using an adenosine triphosphate assay and, for confirmation, a total nucleic acid content assay. Cell spreading was observed using microscopy. The effect of ES upon fibronectin structure was observed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Peptide sequencing of suspected fibronectin fragments was performed using an 'electrospray' type time of flight mass spectrometer and 'Peptident' database search. ES significantly reduced fibroblast adhesion to both fibronectin and, to a lesser extent, collagen. Cell spreading was also reduced, yet cells remained viable. For both spreading and adhesion, heat-treated ES exerted significantly less activity than native, untreated ES. However, they still exhibited significant activity when compared with the ES blank. ES appeared to modify fibroblast adhesion indirectly via proteolytic fragmentation of the fibronectin protein surface. L. sericata larval secretions modify fibroblast adhesion and spreading across ECM protein surfaces, while keeping cells viable. Proteolytic activity of the ES played a significant role. If transferred to the wound situation, such alteration of fibroblast-ECM interactions may enhance new tissue formation.

Degradation of extracellular matrix components by defined proteinases from the greenbottle larva Lucilia sericata used for the clinical debridement of non-healing wounds.

Larvae of the greenbottle fly Lucilia sericata are used routinely for the clinical treatment of difficult necrotic and infected wounds. Degradation by proteinases contained in larval excretory/secretory (ES) products is thought to contribute to wound debridement by removal of dead tissue. However, proteinase activity may also affect host tissue remodelling processes. To identify proteolytic enzymes derived from L. sericata ES products with activities against fibrin and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Larval proteinase activities were assayed in vitro using class-specific substrates and inhibitors. Their action against fibrin and ECM components was examined using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three classes of proteolytic enzyme were detected in the secretions using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled casein as a model substrate. The predominant activity belonged to serine proteinases (pH optima 8-9) of two different subclasses (trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like), with a weaker aspartyl proteinase (pH 5) and a metalloproteinase (pH 9) with exopeptidase characteristics also present. Using skin-relevant ECM components as substrates L. sericata ES products solubilized fibrin clots and degraded fibronectin, laminin and acid-solubilized collagen types I and III. Hydrolysis of ECM macromolecules was inhibited by preincubating ES products with phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride but not 4-amidinophenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride, indicating that degradation was due to the 'chymotrypsin-like' serine proteinase. These data suggest that a combination of L. sericata ES proteinases involving chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like activities could potentially influence wound healing events when maggots are introduced into necrotic and infected wounds, with the chymotrypsin-like activity involved in the remodelling of ECM components.

Synthetic studies on glycosphingolipids from the Protostomia phyla: syntheses of arthro-series glycosphingolipids

Glycosphingolipids isolated from larvae of the green-bottle fly, Lucilia caesar, have quite unique structures containing GlcNAcβ-(1→3)-Man and GalNAcβ-(1→4)-GlcNAcβ-(1→3)-Man. We have synthesized two glycosphingolipids, β- d-GlcNAc p-(1→3)-β- d-Man p-(1→4)-β- d-Glc p-(1→1)-Cer and β- d-GalNAc p-(1→4)-β- d-GlcNAc p-(1→3)-β- d-Man p-(1→4)-β- d-Glc p-(1→1)-Cer. A key reaction in the synthetic sequence is the application of the intramolecular aglycon delivery (IAD) approach for the synthesis of the β-mannopyranosidic linkages.

“The lizard in the green bottle”: “aging out” of problem drinking among Navajo men

The Navajo exhibit a number of indicators suggesting the extent of significant problems associated with drinking and alcohol abuse. Measures of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity provide stark testimony regarding the shape and magnitude of problem drinking among the Navajo. While these measures highlight patterns of drinking that often result in social, physical, and psychological pathology, there are other, less noted patterns of Navajo drinking. This paper describes a salient, if often overlooked, pattern of Native American drinking by examining the aging out phenomenon among Navajo men. Using narratives collected from former problem drinkers, this paper describes the factors and motivations associated with this sometimes dramatic change in drinking behavior. Several themes emerge from these narratives that help explain the aging out process. These themes include health concerns, religious involvement, living a traditional Navajo way of life, and the responsibilities and life changes associated with child rearing. This paper not only provides detail on a category of drinker and drinking phenomena that is largely ignored in accounts of Native American drinking, but also illustrates some of the values and meanings attached to drinking cessation and highlights the relation between changes in drinking behavior and stages in life course among Navajo men.

'If One Green Bottle...': Audrey Thomas Looks Back on the Cauldron of History

Audrey Thomas's first published short story, 'If One Green Bottle ...' — later to be included in her first book, Ten Green Bottles (1967) — initially appeared in the Atlantic Monthly (June 1965), where it immediately served to announce the arrival of a strikingly original talent. In fact the story, some thirty-five years later, has proven to be seminal to the now considerable body of work by this major Canadian writer. For it is here, in this early work, that one initially glimpses the startling results of her experiments with the short-story genre — experiments that were later to be carried forward into her novels.

Larval therapy in the management of wounds: clinical update

Larval therapy (LT) involves the introduction of sterile blowfly larvae into a wound. Although much remains to be learned about LT, its role in wound management is being increasingly recognized. LT is currently used on a variety of wounds in a number of hospital and community settings throughout the UK. This article reviews the literature on LT and a brief description of the life cycle of the greenbottle fly (Lucilia sericata) is outlined. The method of application of LT to wounds and the mechanism by which this treatment works is described. Current work on the clinical management and effectiveness of LT in the treatment of wounds in the UK is presented.

The traditional use of maggots in wound healing, and the development of larva therapy (biosurgery) in modern medicine.

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary MedicineVol. 2, No. 4 Perspectives: BiosurgeryThe Traditional Use of Maggots in Wound Healing, and the Development of Larva Therapy (Biosurgery) in Modern MedicineJohn C.T. ChurchJohn C.T. ChurchSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:7 Jan 2008https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.1996.2.525AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byProline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptides in Medicinal Maggots of Lucilia sericata Interact With Bacterial DnaK But Do Not Inhibit Protein Synthesis24 April 2020 | Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11Changing attitudes toward maggot debridement therapy in wound treatment: a review and discussionJournal of Wound Care, Vol. 29, No. Sup2cSarconesin: Sarconesiopsis magellanica Blowfly Larval Excretions and Secretions With Antibacterial Properties28 September 2018 | Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 9Maggot debridement therapy for an electrical burn injury with instructions for the use of Lucilia sericata larvaeJournal of Wound Care, Vol. 26, No. 12A Case Report of the At-Home Application of Maggot in Treatment of Infected Wound in A Diabetic Patient25 July 2017 | International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 1The effect of Lucilia sericata - and Sarconesiopsis magellanica -derived larval therapy on Leishmania panamensisActa Tropica, Vol. 164A Jonah-like chymotrypsin from the therapeutic maggot Lucilia sericata plays a role in wound debridement and coagulationInsect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 70Maggot Debridement Therapy in Disaster Medicine9 December 2015 | Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Vol. 31, No. 1Next Generation Sequencing Identifies Five Major Classes of Potentially Therapeutic Enzymes Secreted by Lucilia sericata Medical MaggotsBioMed Research International, Vol. 2016Antimicrobial Peptides Expressed in Medicinal Maggots of the Blow Fly Lucilia sericata Show Combinatorial Activity against Bacteria9 February 2015 | Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 59, No. 5Maggot excretion products from the blowfly Lucilia sericata contain contact phase/intrinsic pathway-like proteases with procoagulant functions1 December 2017 | Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Vol. 114, No. 08Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) excretions and secretions have potent antibacterial activityActa Tropica, Vol. 136Lucimycin, an antifungal peptide from the therapeutic maggot of the common green bottle fly Lucilia sericataBiological Chemistry, Vol. 395, No. 6In vitro antibacterial activity and physicochemical properties of a crude methanol extract of the larvae of the blow fly Lucilia cuprina8 May 2013 | Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Vol. 27, No. 4Maggot Therapy29 April 2013Maggot Debridement Therapy for Peripheral Arterial DiseaseAnnals of Vascular Diseases, Vol. 6, No. 2Insect natural products and processes: New treatments for human diseaseInsect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 41, No. 10From Traditional Maggot Therapy to Modern Biosurgery20 October 2010The Physiology of Wound Healing by the Medicinal Maggot, Lucilia sericataSeptic injury-inducible genes in medicinal maggots of the green blow fly Lucilia sericataInsect Molecular Biology, Vol. 18, No. 1Maggot-therapy in veterinary medicineResearch in Veterinary Science, Vol. 85, No. 2The biosurgical wound debridement: Experimental investigation of efficiency and practicabilityWound Repair and Regeneration, Vol. 15, No. 5Maggot Debridement Therapy of Infected Ulcers: Patient and Wound Factors Influencing Outcome – A Study on 101 Patients with 117 WoundsThe Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, Vol. 89, No. 6Choosing the right dressing for different woundsNursing and Residential Care, Vol. 7, No. 10Antibacterial properties of larval secretions of the blowfly, Lucilia sericataMedical and Veterinary Entomology, Vol. 19, No. 3The use of maggot therapy in the treatment of a malignant foot woundBritish Journal of Community Nursing, Vol. 9, No. Sup1Making a meal of MRSA—the role of biosurgery in hospital-acquired infectionJournal of Hospital Infection, Vol. 56, No. 1Perspectiva histórica en el abordaje de las úlceras y heridas como problema de salud pública. El manejo tradicional y su relación con la medicina modernaPiel, Vol. 18, No. 3Maggot Debridement Therapy for Chronic Wounds29 June 2016 | The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, Vol. 1, No. 2Traditional approaches to wound healingClinics in Dermatology, Vol. 17, No. 1 Volume 2Issue 4Dec 1996 InformationCopyright 1996, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:John C.T. Church.The Traditional Use of Maggots in Wound Healing, and the Development of Larva Therapy (Biosurgery) in Modern Medicine.The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.Dec 1996.525-527.http://doi.org/10.1089/acm.1996.2.525Published in Volume: 2 Issue 4: January 7, 2008PDF download