Green Bay Research Articles

A Comparison of Three Paired Modified Fyke Nets for Characterizing Fish Assemblages in the Nearshore Zone of Lake Michigan

AbstractWe performed a gear comparison between three types of paired fyke nets used to monitor fish communities in the nearshore zone of Lake Michigan. Our objective was to identify a single net design that would maximize species diversity and catch. The three types of paired fyke nets included a small frame model with 3‐mm bar mesh (Mini‐fyke), a larger‐framed model with 13‐mm mesh (Fyke), and a large frame model with 13‐mm mesh recommended by the American Fisheries Society (AFS‐fyke). We set all three gear types in triplicate on similar nearshore littoral habitat at 16 sites in Green Bay, an embayment of Lake Michigan. Total catch was dominated by Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum, Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus, Spottail Shiner Notropis hudsonius, Trout‐perch Percopsis omiscomaycus, and Yellow Perch Perca flavescens, which represented 99.3% of all individuals captured. We found that Mini‐fyke nets selected for smaller individuals, caught relatively few species, and had the highest catch per unit effort; this was largely driven by high catches of Spottail Shiner and Gizzard Shad. Fyke nets captured the largest individuals, had the lowest catch per unit effort, and the greatest diversity of species. Results for AFS‐fyke nets were typically intermediate between Mini‐fyke and Fyke nets for most parameters. Species accumulation curves indicated that Fyke nets acquired more total species at a higher rate than the other two net types. Given the need to balance effort, gear bias, and sampling efficiency, we found that AFS‐fyke nets recommended by the AFS effectively characterized the nearshore fish community of lower Green Bay, especially if used in conjunction with complementary sampling gears.Received November 28, 2016; accepted May 25, 2017Published online August 4, 2017

Packer Fan May Give Green, Gold Another Win Over Bears

A Green Bay Packers fan filed suit against the Chicago Bears in federal court for the Northern District of Illinois on June 16, alleging that the Bears violated his First Amendment rights by barring him from wearing clothing supporting an opposing team while attending on-field events. While fan expression is a long-standing tradition and expected part of sports, the First Amendment rights of fans has become a widely debated issue. This dispute, in large part, is due to the fact that there have been very few precedential cases that deny, interpret or establish fans’ rights. The issue becomes further complicated when it involves stadiums and arenas constructed with some public financing or built on state land or land operated by a municipal authority.

Reducing excessive police incidents: Do notices to owners work?

Many municipalities throughout the United States have enacted ordinances that allow cities to charge property owners fees or fines for excessive police calls for service to the property. However, there are few studies of the outcomes of such ordinances. This study examines the impact on the count of police incidents of a notice of potential future fees or fines to property owners in Anchorage, Alaska and Green Bay, Wisconsin. It was found that police incidents are reduced by 24–28 per cent after a notice of potential fines, with two-thirds of properties experiencing a decline in police incidents post-notice. The implications for policy and practice are discussed.

Study on Nanophase Minerals and Their Associated Trace Elements in Freshwater Ferromanganese Nodules From Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Study on Nanophase Minerals and Their Associated Trace Elements in Freshwater Ferromanganese Nodules From Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Evaluation of diversity through genetic variability and correlation in gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrida) genotypes

Evaluation of diversity through genetic variability and correlation studies on vegetative and floral characters of gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrida) genotypes were undertaken at experimental farm, KVK, Sangsanggiri, Tura, West Garo Hills District, Meghalaya during 2014–16.Twenty two gladiolus cultivars, viz. The Queen, Red Majesty, Applause, Charm Glow, Candyman, Interpid, Eight Wonder, Pacifica, Tiger Flame, Souvenier, American Beauty, Oscar,White Prosperity, Wedding Bouquet, Poppy Tears, Morocco Beauty, Summer Sunshine, Wing Wang Sang, Her Majesty, Green Bay, Priscilla and Red Ginger were selected for their evaluation. The range of variation was high in days taken for floret opening (77.53-119.47). However, highest phenotypic (408.38), genotypic variances (404.45), PCV (53.62) and GCV (53.36) were associated with corm weight. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. Maximum heritability was also noticed in corm weight (99.38), whereas minimum was observed in number of tillers/plant (40.34).The high heritability with genetic advance as percentage of mean for corm weight indicates the possible role of additive gene action. The magnitude of genotypic correlation was higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation for most of the traits, indicating a strong inherent linkage between various traits under study. At genotypic and phenotypic level, days for sprouting of corms exhibited highly significant and positive correlation with days for spike initiation and days for floret opening.Vase life was highly significant and positively correlated with rachis length, number of florets/spike, fresh weight of spike, spike girth and field life.

Soil Evolution par for the [golf] Course

Soil Evolution par for the [golf] Course

Corrigendum to “Estimating summertime epilimnetic primary production via in situ monitoring in an eutrophic freshwater embayment, Green Bay, Lake Michigan.” [J. Great Lakes Res. vol. 42 (2016) pages 1026–1035

Corrigendum to “Estimating summertime epilimnetic primary production via in situ monitoring in an eutrophic freshwater embayment, Green Bay, Lake Michigan.” [J. Great Lakes Res. vol. 42 (2016) pages 1026–1035

Aquifer Drawdown and Recovery in the Northeast Groundwater Management Area, Wisconsin, USA: A Century of Groundwater Use

The Northeast Groundwater Management Area of Wisconsin, USA contains two major cones of depression in a confined sandstone aquifer. Each cone is centered near cities that have used groundwater for over 100 years. Near one of these cities (Green Bay), episodic changes in the development of groundwater and surface water resources during this period have resulted in major changes to the potentiometric surface. On two occasions, roughly 50 years apart, reductions in groundwater withdrawals have resulted from the construction of pipelines drawing surface water from Lake Michigan. In each case, rapid recovery of the potentiometric surface by as much as 70 m has occurred in the northern of the two pumping cones. The most recent switch occurred during 2006 and 2007 when eight communities stopped pumping groundwater, reducing daily withdrawals by approximately 46.37 million liters. The rate of water level recovery has diminished in some areas, with a return to a flowing artesian state for some municipal and residential wells. Although the northern portion of the groundwater management area has returned to a sustainable condition in the confined aquifer, the portion with the southern cone of depression remains in a state of prolonged drawdown.

Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan, Fasilitas, Lokasi, dan Harga Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Apartemen Green Bay di Jakarta Utara

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the quality of service, facilities, location, and price to customer satisfaction of Green Bay Apartment in North Jakarta. Method of data collection was done by distributing questionnaires to 94 respondents. Sampling technique using Simple Random Sampling. The results showed that the quality of service, facilities, location, and prices has significant effect on customer satisfaction with the level of probability of 90%.

An integrated approach for identifying priority contaminant in the Great Lakes Basin - Investigations in the Lower Green Bay/Fox River and Milwaukee Estuary areas of concern.

Environmental assessment of complex mixtures typically requires integration of chemical and biological measurements. This study demonstrates the use of a combination of instrumental chemical analyses, effects-based monitoring, and bio-effects prediction approaches to help identify potential hazards and priority contaminants in two Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs), the Lower Green Bay/Fox River located near Green Bay, WI, USA and the Milwaukee Estuary, located near Milwaukee, WI, USA. Fathead minnows were caged at four sites within each AOC (eight sites total). Following 4d of in situ exposure, tissues and biofluids were sampled and used for targeted biological effects analyses. Additionally, 4d composite water samples were collected concurrently at each caged fish site and analyzed for 132 analytes as well as evaluated for total estrogenic and androgenic activity using cell-based bioassays. Of the analytes examined, 75 were detected in composite samples from at least one site. Based on multiple analyses, one site in the East River and another site near a paper mill discharge in the Lower Green Bay/Fox River AOC, were prioritized due to their estrogenic and androgenic activity, respectively. The water samples from other sites generally did not exhibit significant estrogenic or androgenic activity, nor was there evidence for endocrine disruption in the fish exposed at these sites as indicated by the lack of alterations in ex vivo steroid production, circulating steroid concentrations, or vitellogenin mRNA expression in males. Induction of hepatic cyp1a mRNA expression was detected at several sites, suggesting the presence of chemicals that activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. To expand the scope beyond targeted investigation of endpoints selected a priori, several bio-effects prediction approaches were employed to identify other potentially disturbed biological pathways and related chemical constituents that may warrant future monitoring at these sites. For example, several chemicals such as diethylphthalate and naphthalene, and genes and related pathways, such as cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (CHRM3), estrogen receptor alpha1 (esr1), chemokine ligand 10 protein (CXCL10), tumor protein p53 (p53), and monoamine oxidase B (Maob), were identified as candidates for future assessments at these AOCs. Overall, this study demonstrates that a better prioritization of contaminants and associated hazards can be achieved through integrated evaluation of multiple lines of evidence. Such prioritization can guide more comprehensive follow-up risk assessment efforts.

Survival, growth, and production of Hexagenia bilineata mayflies in fluidized sediment from lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Abstract Organic pollution in lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan over the past century was accompanied by the local extirpation of Hexagenia (primarily H. limbata ) mayflies. Recoveries were made in other systems where population crashes had occurred (e.g., western Lake Erie); however, an active recovery does not appear to be taking place in Green Bay. Excessive primary production has caused substantial benthic organic matter accumulation resulting in a fluidized “sludge-like” substrate as the majority of the sub-littoral habitat. Fluidized substrate potentially hinders Hexagenia nymphs' abilities to construct and maintain burrows critical to their life cycles. In this study, Hexagenia bilineata nymphs were collected from an Upper Mississippi River backwater where their presence at high densities in relatively fluid sediment had been observed, and reared in oxygenated aquaria containing lower Green Bay or Upper Mississippi River sediment. Their survival, growth, secondary production, and biomass turnover were calculated for a 166 day period. Seventy-five percent of nymphs survived or metamorphosed into winged sub-imagos in lower Green Bay substrates compared to 40.6% in Upper Mississippi River substrates. Nymph dry weight more than tripled in Green Bay substrates and more than doubled on Upper Mississippi River substrates. Production was notably higher in lower Green Bay substrates. Differences in survival and production between the two treatments were statistically significant (P 0.05). Based on these results, the high fluidity of lower Green Bay substrates did not appear to hinder burrow construction or maintenance.

Abstracts for the PSA Panel at MLA 2017

Abstracts for the PSA Panel at MLA 2017

XRD and TEM Studies on Nanophase Manganese Oxides in Freshwater Ferromanganese Nodules from Green Bay, Lake Michigan

AbstractFreshwater ferromanganese nodules (FFN) from Green Bay, Lake Michigan have been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), micro X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The samples can be divided into three types: Mn-rich nodules, Fe-Mn nodules, and Fe-rich nodules. The manganese-bearing phases are todorokite, birnessite, and buserite. The iron-bearing phases are feroxyhyte, goethite, 2-line ferrihydrite, and proto-goethite (intermediate phase between feroxyhyte and goethite). The XRD patterns from nodule cross sections suggest the transformation of birnessite to todorokite. The TEM-EDS spectra show that todorokite is associated with Ba, Co, Ni, and Zn; birnessite is associated with Ca and Na; and buserite is associated with Ca. The todorokite has an average chemical formula of Ba0.28p2+(Zn0.14p+2Co0.05p3+Ni0.02p2+) (Mn4.99p4+Mn0.82p3+Fe0.12p3+Co0.05p3+Ni0.02p2+) O12·nH2O. Barium is the main cation in the structural tunnels of the todorokite. The average chemical formula of birnessite and Ca-buserite are: Na0.14p+Ca0.19p2+(Mn1.48p4+Mn0.52p3+0.52) O4·nH2O and Ca0.27p2+(Mn1.46p4+Mn0.54p3+)O4·nH2O, respectively. Most nodules have a concretionary structure of alternating Fe/Mn layers, commonly with a core of reddish feldspar containing phyllosilicates and hematite micro-crystals. Other cores consist of goethite, cristobalite, tridymite, hercynite, hematite-bearing quartz, coal, and chlorite-bearing rock fragments. The hexagonal or hexagonal-like structures of hematite micro-crystals and clay minerals in the cores may serve as heterogeneous nucleation sites for the Mn-oxides and Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides. The alternating Fe/Mn layers in FFNs might be caused by oscillatory redox condition fluctuations at the sediment-water interface due to changes in water level.

Estimating summertime epilimnetic primary production via in situ monitoring in an eutrophic freshwater embayment, Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Abstract Quantifying rates of primary production and respiration is fundamental to understanding ecosystem function. This study utilized high-frequency time series, buoy-based sensor data to estimate daily primary production and respiration rates during the summers of 2012–2015 in southern Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Highly coherent diel oscillations of dissolved oxygen concentrations in epilimnetic waters were commonly observed for much of the summer via 30-min time intervals from the GLOS buoy (NOAA 45014) sensor array. Corrections for air–sea exchange based upon wind speed-derived gas exchange coefficients and saturation state, when combined with mixing depth, allow calculation of daytime net oxygen production and nighttime respiration. Thermistor string observations at 1-m intervals over the 13 m water depth showed the onset of thermal stratification, development of the thermocline, and occasional mixing events. For the summers of 2014 and 2015, during which a nearly continuous sensor record exists, gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (R) were estimated to be 342 ± 117 and 318 ± 83 mmol O2 m− 2 day−1 for GPP and − 325 ± 120 and − 306 ± 66 mmol O2 m− 2 day−1 for R, respectively. These results indicate that during most of the summer, southern Green Bay tends towards net autotrophy with production on average exceeding respiration by 9 ± 6% (SD). Cumulative net ecosystem production from June through September was estimated to be 3.2 and 1.3 mol C m− 2 in 2014 (118 days) and 2015 (113 days), respectively, and is sufficient to drive a significant portion of benthic respiration, the principal cause of seasonal bottom water hypoxia.

Study on nanophase iron oxyhydroxides in freshwater ferromanganese nodules from Green Bay, Lake Michigan, with implications for the adsorption of As and heavy metals

Nanophase Fe-oxyhydroxides in freshwater ferromanganese nodules (FFN) from Green Bay, Lake Michigan, and adsorbed arsenate have been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Z-contrast imaging, and ab initio calculations using the density functional theory (DFT). The samples from northern Green Bay can be divided into two types: Fe-Mn nodules and Fe-rich nodules. The manganese-bearing phases are todorokite, birnessite, and buserite. The iron-bearing phases are feroxyhyte, nanophase goethite, two-line ferrihydrite, and nanophase FeOOH with guyanaite structure. Z-contrast images of the Fe-oxyhydroxides show ordered FeOOH nano-domains with guyanaite structure intergrown with nanophase goethite. The FeOOH nanophase is a precursor to the goethite. Henceforth, we will refer to it as “proto-goethite.” DFT calculations indicate that goethite is more stable than proto-goethite. Our results suggest that ordering between Fe and vacancies in octahedral sites result in the transformation from feroxyhyte to goethite through a proto-goethite intermediate phase. Combining Z-contrast images and TEM-EDS reveals that arsenate ( ![Formula][1] ) tetrahedra are preferentially adsorbed on the proto-goethite (001) surface via tridentate adsorption. Our study directly shows the atomic positions of Fe-oxyhydroxides with associated trace elements. The methods can be applied for identifying structures of nanophases and adsorbed trace elements and heavy metals. [1]: /embed/mml-math-1.gif

Study on nanophase iron oxyhydroxides in freshwater ferromanganese nodules from Green Bay, Lake Michigan

The study of Lee et al. (2016) examined the adsorption of arsenate on various Fe-hydroxides with a combination of classical techniques (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and chemical modeling. The results of their study may have an impact on future environmental studies as their applied techniques allow the characterization of selective adsorption of contaminants on mineral surfaces composed of multiple phases. Iron-(hydr)oxide minerals are among the most prominent groups of minerals in soils, sediments, and anthropogenic environments such as tailings and slag piles (Cornell and Schwertmann 1996). Their large surface area and reactivity makes them effective sorbents for many contaminants in the environment. This is …

Street-scale green infrastructure and physical activity

Introduction: Urban roadside nature, an important component of ecosystem services, provides the opportunity for individuals to experience the natural world while going about their everyday lives. Despite mounting evidence that green space can improve health and health determinants, these studies are often limited with respect to the spatial resolution of analysis. This study examines the association between green infrastructure with active transportation and recreational activity using fine-scale estimates of the urban green environment. Methods: Percent green space and tree cover along walkable roads was calculated using 1-meter resolution land cover data within 500 and 1000 meter network buffers around study participants’ homes. Data on self-reported physical activity were from a prospective cohort of survey respondents residing in Milwaukee and Green Bay, WI (n=752). Logistic regression was used to assess the association between neighborhood environment and physical activity, adjusting for socio-demographics, duration of residence, intersection density, and neighborhood destinations and economic hardship index. Results: Greater than 35% green space along walkable roads within 500 and 1000 meter buffers doubled the odds of recreational physical activity at least once within a 30 day window (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.0, p=0.03, 95% CI: 1.1, 3.9 and AOR=2.2, p=0.04, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.6 respectively). Study participants with greater than 15% tree cover along walkable roads within 500 and 1000 meters of their homes had approximately 1.5 times greater odds of choosing active transportation once than those with less tree cover (AOR=1.5, p=0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8, 2.9 and AOR=1.5, p=0.35, 95% CI: 0.7, 3.3 respectively). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the proximate neighborhood environment may influence an individual’s decision to exercise for recreation and potentially transportation, however, more work on neighborhood preference is needed.

Cyanobacteria blooms in three eutrophic basins of the Great Lakes: a comparative analysis using satellite remote sensing

ABSTRACTBlooms of harmful cyanobacteria (cyanoHABs) were mapped for three eutrophic basins (western basin of Lake Erie, WBLE; Green Bay, Lake Michigan, GB; and Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, SB) in the Great Lakes from 2002 to 2013 using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ocean colour imagery. These blooms were examined in relationship to basic meteorological and environmental parameters. Annual cyanoHAB extent trends were generated using two modified remote-sensing approaches. The first approach was a modified bio-optical chlorophyll retrieval algorithm enhanced with empirical relationships to estimate water column cyanoHABs (MCH), whereas the second approach uses near-infrared (NIR) reflectance to quantify the surface scums of cyanoHABs (SSI). The development and application of the SSI are unique products in the Great Lakes and may have generic application to ecological and public health issues. Satellite-derived cyanoHAB estimates agreed well with in situ observations (89% accuracy). The annual cyanoHAB trends (MCH and SSI) for WBLE, SB, and GB were not similar for the 2002–2013 analysis period. A recent trend of increasing cyanoHABs was noted in WBLE but not in GB or SB. Moreover, extensive and persistent surface scums were observed in WBLE but not in GB or SB. Meteorological parameters were similar among the basins; however, significant differences in spring discharge of the dominant river were observed among basins. Spring discharge was a significant predictor of cyanoHAB occurrence in WBLE but not in GB and SB. Wind-induced sediment re-suspension events were common during the bloom period in WBLE but not in GB or SB and these events were highly correlated with cyanoHAB occurrence. The differences among basins in the role of riverine discharge and re-suspension suggest local factors are more important than regional factors in controlling cyanoHAB dynamics within these three basins in the Great Lakes.

Phylogeography of the freshwater mussel species Lasmigona costata: testing post-glacial colonization hypotheses

Understanding genetic diversity across large spatial scales helps to reveal patterns of population structure. Mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci were used to analyze the phylogeography of a common unionid species (Lasmigona costata) from the Laurentian Great Lakes and historically connected river drainages. Phylogeographic patterns were assessed to determine colonization routes into the Great Lakes following glacial recession. A suite of seven microsatellite loci were genotyped and a fragment of the mitochondrial gene COI was sequenced. Multiple analyses using microsatellite allele frequencies suggest at least two distinct genetic populations for L. costata. A total of seven hypothesized post-glacial dispersal scenarios were compared using isolation by distance to test the various dispersal models. Evidence was strongest for two post-glacial dispersal routes into the Great Lakes: one utilizing a connection between the Wabash and Maumee River watersheds, and one utilizing a connection between the Wisconsin River and Green Bay watersheds. A highly differentiated and monophyletic population of L. costata was identified in the Ozark Highlands, which may constitute a unique taxonomic entity.

Spatiotemporal variations in the abundance and composition of bulk and chromophoric dissolved organic matter in seasonally hypoxia-influenced Green Bay, Lake Michigan, USA

Green Bay, Lake Michigan, USA, is the largest freshwater estuary in the Laurentian Great Lakes and receives disproportional terrestrial inputs as a result of a high watershed to bay surface area ratio. While seasonal hypoxia and the formation of “dead zones” in Green Bay have received increasing attention, there are no systematic studies on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its linkage to the development of hypoxia. During summer 2014, bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis, UV–vis spectroscopy, and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) coupled with PARAFAC analysis were used to quantify the abundance, composition and source of DOM and their spatiotemporal variations in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Concentrations of DOC ranged from 202 to 571μM-C (average=361±73μM-C) in June and from 279 to 610μM-C (average=349±64μM-C) in August. In both months, absorption coefficient at 254nm (a254) was strongly correlated to bulk DOC and was most abundant in the Fox River, attesting a dominant terrestrial input. Non-chromophoric DOC comprised, on average, ~32% of bulk DOC in June with higher terrestrial DOM and ~47% in August with higher aquagenic DOM, indicating that autochthonous and more degraded DOM is of lower optical activity. PARAFAC modeling on EEM data resulted in four major fluorescent DOM components, including two terrestrial humic-like, one aquagenic humic-like, and one protein-like component. Variations in the abundance of DOM components further supported changes in DOM sources. Mixing behavior of DOM components also indicated that while bulk DOM behaved quasi-conservatively, significant compositional changes occurred during transport from the Fox River to the open bay.