Greek Translation Research Articles

Концепт «res publica» и его рецепция в византийском праве: транслитерации

The problem of reception of the concept “res publica” is complex and multifaceted. It has been thoroughly studied in relation to the period of the Middle Ages. The task of the author is to demonstrate, that the possibilities of applying the information approach to the field of cognitive surveying to reveal the content of receptions and LatinGreek transliterations of the concept “res publica” with the help of the Expert System “Byzantine Law and Acts”. The comparisons of Greek translations and compilations with their Latin prototypes of Byzantine law prove: their compilations did not necessarily follow their prototypes in conveying the notion of “res publica”. It, as a rule, was replaced by other Greek concepts and word-combinations. For them, as well as their Latin prototypes, a certain semantic ambiguity is evident. Accordingly, the mediaeval Byzantine jurists felt the need to use the direct reception of the Latin concept “res publica”, in particular “rei publicae causa”. It served as the subject of attention and professional lawyers used this concept to interpret and explain the content of the sources of medieval Byzantine law. Noticeable discrepancies in the recording forms of the identified receptions and Greek transliterations of the concept “res publica” are probably due to individual characteristics of Medieval Byzantine lawyers and their professional qualifications. The direct borrowings of the concept “res publica causa” or its transliterations, revealed in medieval Byzantine law monuments, were purely terminological in most cases. It, if it is admissible, may be considered as a kind of cultural phenomenon.

Psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the Greek Short Dark Triad questionnaire (GSD3Q) in a subclinical sample

Introduction‘Dark Triad’ is a constellation of three conceptually distinct but empirically overlapping personality variables. The three members- Machiavellianism, narcissism and subclinical psychopathy – often show differential correlates but share a common core of callous-manipulation.ObjectivesTo validate an easy to use and valid measurement for subclinical populations examining the 3 factors of the dark triad of personality.MethodsA pool of items designed to circumscribe the classic conceptions of the Dark Triad constructs used for the Short Dark Triad were translated using the multiple forward and backward translation protocol. Participants consisted of 391 adults recruited from social media. Participants were then asked to rate their agreement with each of the 44 items generated for the GSD3Q).Results391 adults participated, 51 (13%) male, 340 (87%) female mean age 41.4(SD=10.8). Corrected Item-Total Correlation was used for the first reduction of items and then PCA with eigenvalues >1.5 was used for the reduction of the items loading lower than 0. 400 for each factor independently. Finally, Principal Axis Factoring with Varimax rotation led to 9 items for Machiavellianism (alpha coefficient=0.659), 8 items for Narcissism (alpha coefficient=0.659) and 10 items for Psychopathy (alpha coefficient=0.742). Strong correlations were found as expected between the 3 factors with lower between Machiavellianism and Narcissism r=.487 p=0.001 and higher between Psychopath and Narcissism r=.617 p=0.001.ConclusionsThe results of the current validation led to a 27 item, with 3 factors questionnaire with similar psychometric properties for non-clinical populations. Further validation is needed for clinical samples.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

«В соответствии с образом Божьим…» или «В качестве образа Божьего…»? (Быт 1:26-27)

The concept of human being as the image of God forms the basis of anthropology of all religions that belong to the tradition of the Bible. The key place for this concept is Gen 1:26. The detailed analysis of this verse must take into account both the history of “crystallization” of the concept in the development of the religion of the Ancient Israel, and the later exegesis. The article classifies interpretations of the meaning and function of the expression “the image of God” in the context of the Creation narrative. The difference between these interpretations may be clarified by an analogy with a coin having a king’s image. What exactly is meant by “king’s image”? The coin itself? The features of the king’s face represented on the coin? The stamp which impressed the king’s image upon it? Following this analogy we identify three models of understanding the wording of Gen 1:26 and trace their place in the history of interpretation of the verse. The first part of the article is devoted to linguistic aspects of interpretation of the Hebrew text with a special emphasis on the semantic of the Hebrew prepositions. The second part looks at the place of the concept of Man as God’s image in the development of the religion of the Ancient Israel. The third part analyses the treatment of this concept in the Greek translations. Of special interest for us are the texts of the Judeo-Hellenistic (Wisdom of Solomon) and early Christian (Paul’s letters) literature that reflect the interpretation of the Biblical text different from the LXX. The fourth part is devoted to the Platonizing interpretation of the LXX translation, represented, first of all, by Philo. The final part of the article summarizes the individual conclusions of specialists in the Hebrew Bible, LXX, Judeo-Hellenistic and early Christian literature and relates them to the three models of understanding the wording of Gen 1:26.

Psychometric properties of a Greek translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in adults from the Republic of Cyprus

The Functionality Appreciation Scale is a widely used instrument for the measurement of an individual’s appreciation of their body for what it can do and is capable of doing (i.e., functionality appreciation). In the present study, we examined the psychometric properties of a novel Greek translation of the FAS in Cypriot adults. A total of 448 women and 345 men from the Republic of Cyprus completed the FAS, as well as validated measures of body appreciation, appearance evaluation, and symptoms of disordered eating, and self-esteem. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a unidimensional model of FAS scores, with all 7 items retained. Scores achieved scalar invariance across gender, with the gender difference in FAS scores not reaching significance. FAS scores were also found to have adequate composite reliability and convergent (significant associations with body appreciation, appearance evaluation, and symptoms of disordered eating) and concurrent validity (significant associations with self-esteem). Finally, functionality appreciation predicted self-esteem once the effects of all other variables had been accounted for, supporting incremental validity. Overall, these results suggest that the Greek FAS is a psychometrically valid tool for the assessment of functionality appreciation in adults from Cyprus.

To say almost the same thing? A study on cross-linguistic variation in ancient texts and their translations

Abstract This article presents a study of several parallel corpora of historical languages and their translations. The aligned corpora are the result of a large crowdsourcing project, named Ugarit, aimed at supporting translation alignment for ancient and historical languages: the study of the resulting translation pairs allows us to observe cross-linguistic dynamics in a range of languages, some of which have never been systematically aligned before. The corpora considered are divided into two distinct groups: English translations of ancient languages, including Greek, Latin, Persian, and Coptic; and translations of ancient Greek into other languages, including Latin, English, Georgian, Italian, and Persian. We evaluated different ratios of word matching across each language pair (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many), and analyzed the resulting trends across the corpus. We propose some observations on how and why different types of alignment links are established in a given language pair, and what factors affect their creation beyond the control of the user: we propose two complementary hypotheses to explain the changes, one based on structural linguistic factors and the other based on cultural difference.

Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (Parent Form): Psychometric Properties and Validation in a Population of Greek Parents of Young Children (3–6) with and Without Disabilities

Through this study, we aim to evaluate the psychometric properties, such as factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of the Greek translation of the parent report version of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ). Four hundred sixty-six parents were enrolled in the study. Firstly, we extracted four factors with the use of EFA (Principal Components Analysis) in a subsample comprised of n = 294 participants. Afterward, we evaluated the internal four-factor structure (Involvement – Positive Parenting – Inconsistent Discipline – Corporal Punishment), though CFA in the entire sample. All goodness of fit indices generated by CFA were found satisfactory (χ2/df = 1.54 < 2 and p = .213, TLI = 0.976 ≥ 0.95, RMSEA = .027 < 0.08, CFI = 0.95 ≥ 0.90 and SRMR = 0.015 < 0.08). No floor-ceiling effects were observed. Assessment of measurement invariance provided us with strong evidence that the proposed structure is both meaningful and valid in families with a child with a disability, as well. Consequently, the APQ-GR (3–6) is an easily applied and comprehended research tool that allows its use in studies on parental characteristics and practices in both families with and without a child with disabilities rearing.

Celebrating the Phaistos Disc: Decipherment in Mycenaean Transcription and Greek Translation

Celebrating the Phaistos Disc: Decipherment in Mycenaean Transcription and Greek Translation

Nachweis der Existenz einer vollständigen und schriftlichen Vorlage der griechischen Koranübersetzung. Eine philologische Untersuchung des Codex Vaticanus graecus 681

Evidence of the existence of a complete and written original of the Greek translation of the Qurʾān. A philological examination of the ms. Vat. gr. 681: The article explores the Greek translation of the Qurʾān available to Nicetas of Byzantium (9th/10th century). It presents a philological examination of his Ἀνατροπὴ τοῦ ÎšÎ¿ÏÎ±Î½Î¯Î¿Ï (‘Refutation of the Qurʾān’) preserved in the manuscript Vat. gr. 681. It specifies the character of the original Qurʾānic translation that Nicetas used. The paper argues that there was a complete and full translation into Greek of the Qurʾān which was available to Nicetas in its entirety. It furthermore examines whether the translation was transmitted in a written or oral form and concludes that Nicetas used a written version of the Greek Qurʾān. In addition, through a comparison of the Greek translation, as preserved in Nicetas’ work and therefore called Coranus Graecus, and the Arabic Qurʾānic text, evidence is given that the Arabic copy of the Qurʾān, which has been used by the translator(s), was itself a written text, too. Finally, the study offers a perspective on the question of whether the Greek translation of the Qurʾān was based on the nowadays widespread Qurʾānic reading of Ḥafá¹£ Ê¿an ʿĀṣim or whether hints for variant readings are documented in the Coranus Graecus.

The role of history taking in assessing the nature of low back pain and its individual and related clinical problems:A prospective study’

Despite the high prevalence of low back pain(LBP)globally and the large range of health professionals engaged in its management,its sussessful clinical approach still remains elusive(Frymoyer et al., 1983). Rationale,aims,objective:The aim of the study was to highlight the role of history taking in assessing the nature of low back pain and its individual and related clinical issues (Billis et al.2007).This prospective study was based on a longitude survey in an attempt at excluding clinical items(signs,symptoms,aggravating and relieving factors)that seem to correlate with the syndrome of low back pain(Billis et al.2009;Bilis et al.2012).Study design:A survey form called ‘Archimedes ΙΙΙ’ was utilized for the role of history taking in assessing the nature of low back pain and its individual and related clinical issues. This prospective study was based on a longitude survey(Billis et al. 2009;Bilis et al.2012),which proved a reliable and valid tool while the Department of Physiotherapy Technological and Educational Institute of Western Greece took the initiative to perform the project.Methods:The survey form included a history(clinical questions),self-reported questionnaires and clinical tests.Τhe Greek translation of these questionnaires provided reliable and valid instruments for the evaluation of Greek speaking patients with Low Back Pain(Zigmont et al 1983;Boscainos et al.2003). The patient interview begins with a series of questions to determine the specific syndrome. A subsequent physical examination supports or refutes the findings in histor.Τhe study took place in Athens by a licenced physical therapist. Results:The findings revealed that there was a strong positive correlation between age and HAD scale ,p=0.001.In addition,there was a strong negative correlation between age and SF-12 quality of life(QoL)(physical and mental)p=0.020,p=0.017.Finally,a strong positive relation between age and ROM lumbar-flexion p=0.00(Ware J.,1995)Conclusions: Combining information from the history with the findings of the physical examination, the clinician has the ability to rule out a number of potentially grim diagnoses.A clinical perspective capable of recognizing a defined syndrome at first contact will lead to a better outcome.Most patients with low back pain can be treated successfully with simple, pattern-specific, noninvasive primary management.Patients without a pattern and those who do not respond as anticipated require further investigation and specialized care (Powell et al.,2007)

Aramaic Dialectology and the Greek Translations of Daniel and Ezra

Aramaic Dialectology and the Greek Translations of Daniel and Ezra

Funerary Art of Ptolemaic Alexandria as a Model for an Early Christian Iconographic Cliché

The subject of the study – the phenomenon of cultural appropriation of Ancient pagan iconography by Early Christian art – is approached through the funerary art of Ptolemaic Egypt. The study aims at tracing back the origin of an important Early Christian scene – Jonah under the Gourd Vine – by methods of semiotic analysis and historical contextualization. In the 3rd–4th centuries AD it used to be the most popular Biblical subject throughout the Roman Empire. Some scholars argue that a mythological scene of Endimion’s dream, often carved on Late Antique sarcophagi, served as a model for visualization of the story of the prophet. However, this hypothesis does not explain the origin of the gourd vine motif, which is yet another iconographic sine qua non detail of the Jonah resting scene. Before the ‘birth’ of Early Christian art the motif had appeared just once – in Wardian necropolis of Alexandria. The gourd was first mentioned in Septuagint – the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible made by Alexandrian Jews in the 3rd century BC. It substituted another plant originally mentioned in the Hebrew text. Both the Bible translators and Alexandrian painters had been well familiar with the gourd that was seemingly largely cultivated in Alexandrian suburbs. At some point of the city history Alexandrian painters adopted the pagan visual cliché for visualization of the Old Testament episode, and the new iconographic cliché was lately imported by Roman and provincial Christian milieu.

파르테노스와 네아니스 논쟁에 관한 성찰

It has been pointed out that the Greek translation of “parthenos” from the Hebrew “almah” is a misguided one which does not capture the original meaning of virgin. Many Korean scholars like Gangnam Oh and Young-ok Kim as well as foreign scholars such as David Strauss, Bart Ehrmann, and John Spong have claimed and purported that the Greek translation of almah to parthenos was a partially incorrect one. When the notion of immaculate conception, or to put it rightly, when the natality of Jesus came into human consciousness, Christianity had to produce subsequent notions like the Trinity. Trinitarianism is but a derivation and extension of the false and entangled notion of virgin itself, the original meaning of which is “capable of giving births” or productive. The recent argument of Guilia Sissa (1990) indicates that in ancient Greece parthenos meant “the girl innocent of love and the unmarried mother... nothing but a designation of social position or ‘civil status,’” or someone “who seems to be one, outside of any legal cohabitation” (342, 347). Paul Wegner (2011) supports Sissa’s argument differently when he says that in Hebrew and its cognate Aramic language “bethula”(biological virgin in the modern sense) does not mean “virgo intacta,” or untouched virgin (473-476). Contrary to the arguments which advocate that the right word for Hebrew almah is neanis, not parthenos, the socio-textual investigation of the Bible itself shows us that parthenos is actually the right translation for almah, if we agree to the fact that parthenos is the one who cohabitated out of wedlock. The dichotomy of virgin and whore does not work any more, hence the need to demystify the Virgin cult and its exoteric femme fatale phenomenon. Now we can say there is no such thing as virgin or whore because all women have always been “virgin” (productive) regardless of whether sexually committed/experienced or not.

Monte-Christo in Modern Greek and the Ottoman context

The version of Le Comte de Monte-Christo in Modern Greek (O Κόμης του Μοντεχρίστου), translated by the Constantinopolitan Greek teacher Ioannis Patroklos, and published between 1845 and 1846 in five volumes by the French printing-house Cayol in Beyoğlu, occupies a special place in the translation and adaptation history of Dumas’s novel in the “East”, as it was translated almost parallelly to the first publication of the original French work serialized in Le journal des débats (1844-46). It thus represents the very first “entry” of the novel to the multicultural Ottoman literary panorama, though it soon fell into oblivion being outpaced by another translation that appeared in the 1860s in Athens. The contribution tackles the reception of European prose literature among Greek readers in the Hellenic Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century, referring especially to the works of Alexandre Dumas père, it further presents the first Greek translation of Le Comte de Monte-Christo and its translator Ioannis Patroklos, and, eventually, it analyzes selected issues of language and cultural transfer related to the denotative concepts of “Greek”. Patroklos’s largely “faithful” translation can be put into a foreignizing and didactic framework corresponding to the educational background of the translator.
 Key words: literary translation, modern Greek novel, Ottoman Greek society, Alexandre Dumas père.

Translation Techniques in the LXX Sabbath Commandments and their Possible Theological Message and Inspiration

"The Septuagint – the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures – offers valuable insights into the work and theology of Hellenistic Judaism. Keeping in mind that each translation is at the same time an interpretation, the translator(s) of the Septuagint provide a new (theological) interpretation or adaptation of the Hebrew Scriptures to the readers. Moreover, the translation may reflect the community’s understanding of certain issues, in this case the Sabbath. This paper aims at scrutinizing the possible theological and/or ideological understanding of the Sabbath commandment reflected by the process of translation, on the one hand. On the other hand, it explores whether the translator(s) noticed the literary and redactional relationship between these Sabbath commandments, undeniably present in the Hebrew texts. This investigations is carried out with the help of the “content related criteria” developed by Ausloos and Lemmelijn as well as the “theological(ly motivated) exegesis” proposed by Emmanuel Tov. Keywords: Septuagint, Sabbath commandment (Ex 20,8-11; 23,12; 34,21; 31,12-17; 35,2; Lev 23,3; Dt 5,12-15), translation techniques"

Problemas de traducción homérica Las partículas ἄρα y δή

The aim of this article is to analyse the translation of the particles ἄρα and δή in five contemporary translations of Book 1 of the Iliad, in order to verify the ways in which they are translated and the consistency between and within translations. The first section is a general introduction to the problem of particle translation in ancient Greek, particularly in Homeric Greek. The second section includes preliminary methodological considerations regarding the selected corpus and the linguistic interpretation of the particles analysed. The analysis of the translations is presented in the third section; the results demonstrate a general (but not total) tendency to place the translation of the analyzed particles in a very low level of priority.

Cabaran pengajaran kursus mantik di Institut Pengajian Tinggi

Logic (Manṭiq) began to appear and has developed in Islamic society through the translation of Greek works into Arabic. This discipline which was considered the basis of philosophy was also used by Islamic scholars in developing knowledge. Today, logic is offered as one of the courses for Usuluddin studies at the Institute of Higher Education (IHE). Based on previous studies, it was found that the students were still unable to understand and master this field of knowledge. Although some of them understand the theory, but their level of mastery needs to be improved. Thus, this study aims to identify the challenges faced by lecturers in the process of teaching and learning logic. In this study, the researcher used a qualitative approach by presenting a case study as a research design. Purposive sampling was used involving the university lecturers who teach logic and are located in the Klang Valley. Data was obtained through semi-structured interviews and then analyzed using a thematic approach (thematic analysis). The results of the study show that the challenges faced by lecturers in teaching logic are more focused on their theoretical nature and difficulty to understand. At the same time, lecturers need to be creative in presenting examples and address the issue of students’ limitations in understanding the relationship between logic and other sciences. This study also identified the need to diversify teaching methods among lecturers, such as through a blended learning approach as an effort to attract and encourage students to master the subject.

Tafsir Falsafi: Pemetaan Tipologi, Epistemologi dan Implementasi

Philosophy and interpretation are two studies that come from different sides. When these two sciences are used to understand the Qur’an, the Quranic exegesis that has a philosophical character emerges. This research tries to trace the various intersections between Islamic philosophy and tafsir, especially in the frame of typology, epistemology, and implementation. The results of this study indicate that the emergence of the style of philosophical interpretation came through the translation of Greek works into Arabic. In general, there has not been found a complete Qur’anic commentary that contains philosophical style and is mostly found separately through writings that do not specifically interpret the Qur'an. The epistemology of the early generation of philosophical interpretations leaned towards paripathetic, thus involving the use of reason in discussing verses about divinity, life after death, and also scientific knowledge since nearly all philosopher scholars were also scientists. This article will more clearly examine some philosophers who explain some verses of the Qur’an with a philosophical approach including: al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Ikhwan al-Shafa, and Ibn Sina.

The impact of the Hebrew Scriptures, and especially the Torah, on James’s thought, terminology and teaching

While James is a Christian document, it is also undeniably Jewish. This article investigated the degree to which James is rooted in the Hebrew Scriptures (i.e. Old Testament [OT]), especially the Torah, and how that gives meaning to what he says and teaches. The study was undertaken by establishing the likely relevance and role of the Hebrew Scriptures and particularly the Torah for James’s first readers, and the manner and extent of James’s use of these Scriptures in his Letter. The study was concluded by outlining the findings of the impact of these Scriptures on the Letter. The Greek translation of the Hebrews Scriptures was most likely the Bible of James’s original recipients. As with the rest of the New Testament (NT), James shows remarkable dependence upon and ascribes unqualified authority to the Hebrew Scriptures. James draws substance from, applies, and never nullifies anything from the OT. Referring to an OT Scripture, on average, every 1.86 verses, James’s thought is clearly shaped by the OT. He grounds his fundamental teachings in the Torah – notably in the Shema, Decalogue, and ‘Holiness Code’. While James is silent on the ritual commandments, he focusses on the moral commandments and ‘weightier matters’ of the Torah, so much so that his entire contents may fall under ‘faith/faithfulness’ (or loving God, 1st Table of the Decalogue) or ‘justice’/’mercy’ (or loving neighbour, 2nd Table of the Decalogue). With the core of the Torah evidently being foundational in James, it seems appropriate to interpret James’s terms and teaching in the light of and in line with the Torah, and especially the Torah’s weightier matters and moral instructions.Contribution: This key finding may contribute to the debate about what James’s means and teaches concerning ‘law’ (νόμος) his Letter.

THE LATIN ORIGINS OF A BILINGUAL LETTER COLLECTION (SPECIMINA EPISTVLARIA = P.BON. 5)

AbstractP.Bon. 5 preserves the only known collection of ancient Latin model letters, accompanied by a Greek translation. This article argues that the Latin is the primary version and dates the composition to before the early third century. Comparisons with other model letter collections, principally ps.-Demetrius’ Epistolary Types and ps.-Libanius’ Epistolary Styles, locate the text within a wider literary genre. A new reconstructed text is provided in the Appendix at the end of this article.

Концепт «res publica» и его рецепция в византийском праве: транслитерации

The problem of reception of the concept “res publica” is complex and multifaceted. It has been thoroughly studied in relation to the period of the Middle Ages. The task of the author is to demonstrate, that the possibilities of applying the information approach in the field of cognitive surveying to reveal the content of receptions and Latin-Greek transliterations of the concept “res publica” with the help of the Expert System “Byzantine Law and Acts”. The comparisons of Greek translations and compilations with their Latin prototypes of Byzantine law prove: their compilations did not necessarily follow their prototypes in conveying the notion of “res publica”. It, as a rule, was replaced by other Greek concepts and word-combinations. For them, as well as their Latin prototypes, a certain semantic ambiguity is evident. Accordingly, the medieval Byzantine jurists felt the need to use the direct reception of the Latin concept “res publica”, in particular “rei publicae causa”. It served as the subject of attention and professional lawyers used this concept to interpret and explain the content of the sources of medieval Byzantine law. Noticeable discrepancies in the recording forms of the identified receptions and Greek transliterations of the concept “res publica” are probably due to individual characteristics of Medieval Byzantine lawyers and their professional qualifications. The direct borrowings of the concept “res publica causa” or its transliterations, revealed in medieval Byzantine law monuments, were purely terminological in most cases. It, if it is admissible, may be considered as a kind of cultural phenomenon. The article includes the parts: Introduction, The Receptions and Transliterations, Theophili Antecessoris “Paraphrasis Institutionum”, “Librorum Basilicorum LX”, Scholia in “Librorum Basilicorum LX”, Other Compilations, Conclusions, as well as too additions: Appendix 1. Direct Receptions and Transliterations of the Concept “Res Publica” and Terminology Ascending to It and Appendix 2. Distribution of Receptions and Transliterations of the Concept “Rei Publicae causa”.