Greek Resistance Research Articles

Posthumous Veneration of King Leonidas in Sparta

This article examines several narratives about the posthumous veneration of King Leonidas in Sparta. The details of the funeral ceremony held for him are analyzed. Leonidas was the only ruler to be commemorated with three tombstones and three funerals, all in different locations. These unprecedented honors emphasized the exceptional importance attributed to Leonidas by the Spartan authorities. They affirmed his commanding role in strengthening Sparta’s reputation as the leader of the Greek resistance. Leonidas’ recognition and the annual holiday in his honor were fundamental in shaping the mentality of the Spartan citizens. He and the three hundred Spartans who perished with him at Thermopylae embodied the ideal of a noble death in defense of the homeland and showed the Spartans that they were expected to either triumph over the enemy or meet their fate. This concept became ingrained in the ideology of the Spartiates. The intrigue surrounding the transfer of Leonidas’ remains from Thermopylae to Sparta is discussed. Due to a gap in Pausanias’ text, the identity of those responsible for this action and its timing are still unknown. The speculation is fueled by the discrepancy between the name and date provided in the manuscript. Here, several different options to fill the gap are considered. Out of all the options, the one that involves the least amount of intervention, i.e., simply replacing one digit in the manuscript, stands out.

Ilektra Apostolou: A Greek female resistance fighter and a heroine of the left

The Greek resistance fighter Ilektra Apostolou was executed on 26 July 1944, by the collaborationist security forces in Greece during the Second World War. Apostolou was a member of Kommounistiko Komma Ellados (KKE, Communist Party of Greece) and of Eniaia Panneladiki Organosi Newn (EPON, United Panhellenic Organisation of Youth), and was involved in pre-war antifascist action. During the resistance, she tried to pass on the mentality she had developed from this early involvement to young women in EPON and Lefteri Nea (LT, Free Young Woman): that women would be liberated only by actively participating in social struggles. Her biography is examined with a critical eye, taking into consideration that it was largely written after the war. This means that it not only provides a factual representation of Apostolou: it also functions as a lieu de memoire, a site of memory. The politics of memory influences how her biography is constructed. The second part focuses on the memorialisation of Apostolou, examining it through the lens of intersectionality. Identity criteria – such as gender, race, age and political identification – and the changing relative significance attributed to them are important both for shaping and understanding, memorialisa- tion processes. An intersectional approach seeks to reveal the hidden dimensions behind the memorialisation process. The last part focuses on Apostolou's post-war legacy and explores how her memorialisation was intertwined with political developments from 1944 to the present, with a particular focus on the contestation over Apostolou's memory between the right and the left at various points in modern Greek history. The article draws on a combination of secondary and primary sources, the main primary sources being those found in the Educational Centre of Charilaos Florakis (Archive of the Greek Communist Party) and the Contemporary Social History Archives (ASKI).

‘Behind All This façade’. The Special Operations Executive in Greece in the Light of New Documents

ABSTRACT This article discusses the activities of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) in Greece during World War II, re-evaluating the stormy relationship between SOE and the Foreign Office (FO) in the light of previously unused SOE records. Although standard accounts of SOE in Greece blame the Foreign Office for its inability to understand the situation and, indirectly, for the outbreak of the Civil War in December 1944, this article argues that both SOE and the Foreign Office were out of touch with what was happening in occupied Greece. It also argues that between September 1942 and the Spring of 1943, SOE intentionally acted behind the back of the Foreign Office, deeply entangling itself in the Greek resistance movement without any real awareness of the political situation in the country. For intelligence studies, this story provides a unique insight into the British approach to the political complexities of occupied Europe during World War II.

Heroes or Outcasts? The Long Saga of the State's Recognition of the Greek Resistance (1944–2006)

This article explores how the Greek state created and implemented the legislation relating to recognition of the National Resistance during three different transitional periods of the country's postwar history: civil war, dictatorship and democracy. The article's principal argument is that recognition served as the main tool for building consecutive national narratives not only of the resistance but also of Greekness, determining who was included in and excluded from the nation. By addressing one of the most loaded political issues in Greek society and politics in its entirety, this article revisits Greece's postwar history, highlighting the ruptures and continuities over a long period.

Greek to Me: A Memoire of Academic Life by Richard Clogg

Reviewed by: Greek to Me: A Memoire of Academic Life by Richard Clogg Thomas J. Sienkewicz Greek to Me: A Memoire of Academic Life. By Richard Clogg. London, UK and New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018. Pp. xi + 367. Hardback, $55.00. ISBN: 9781784539887. Paperback, $35.96. ISBN: 9781350240254. Richard Clogg, a British historian of the modern Balkans and the Black Sea region, offers a detailed account of his often-tumultuous life and long academic career, from his studies at Fettes College in Edinburgh in the late 1950s to his mandatory retirement as a Fellow at St. Anthony’s College in Oxford in 2005. His American-born wife, librarian Mary Jo Augustine, is Clogg’s constant companion in a narrative ranging from the author’s native Britain to far-flung corners of the Balkans and Turkey, remote areas of the American Pacific Northwest and Australia. Nearly every page contains memorable and often amusing anecdotes about people he met, places he visited and events in which he was observer or participant. Political intrigue, not only in international affairs but also within academia, abounds in his narrative, which is flavored by frank, unreserved and, often, biting comments about Clogg’s teachers, Greeks, members of the Greek diaspora, government officials in Britain, Greece and elsewhere and, especially, his academic colleagues, including Classicists. The 25 black-and-white illustrations depict the author, his family and significant places and events mentioned in the book. Greek to Me, arranged chronologically in seven chapters, begins with the author’s school days and his first, life-changing, visit to Greece in 1958, This trip stirred in the young Clogg a fascination with that country and a determination to learn more about its history and its people. During his undergraduate years at the University of Edinburgh, Clogg made several trips to Greece and Turkey, including one during the summer of 1960 to work on an archaeological project at the Church of Hagia Sophia in the Pontic city of Trabzon (known as Trebizond in English). Several major topics and events dominate Clogg’s account of his career. The first is the Greek military coup in April 1967. Clogg was a fellow at the British School at Athens at that turbulent time, which led him to turn his academic interests from research for a never-finished Ph.D. thesis on the Greeks of Asia Minor in the 18th and 19th centuries to a life-long focus on the contemporary politics of the Balkans and Turkey. During the seven years the junta ruled Greece, Clogg worked strenuously via BBC broadcasts and printed pieces to publicize the Colonels’ “iniquities and absurdities,” despite the British government’s attempts to maintain good relations with the Greek government. Another of Clogg’s significant interests is Greece during World War II and, especially, the role of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the Greek [End Page 477] resistance to Nazi occupation. SOE was a secret organization devoted to conducting intelligence and sabotage operations and supporting resistance efforts in countries occupied by the Axis powers. While Clogg’s official history of SOE in Greece, a career-long labor, unfortunately remains unfinished, he devotes a considerable portion of Greek to Me to publications, conferences and controversies springing from his research for this work. Of particular interest is “Greece—The Hidden War,” a 1986 documentary series on Greek resistance fighters aired on British Channel Four. While not directly involved in the actual production of this series, Clogg was deeply engaged in the ensuing and prolonged debate around the role of Greek communists in the resistance. Unquestionably the most consequential event in Clogg’s career and in this book was the publication of Politics and the Academy: Arnold Toynbee and the Koraes Chair in 1985. His account of Toynbee’s problematic tenure from 1919 to 1924 as the Koraes Chair of Modern Greek and Byzantine History at King’s College London was, by his own admission, “washing dirty academic linen in public.” Authorship of this volume, written while Clogg was employed at King’s, proved to be one of several factors resulting in his being passed over for the same chair in 1988 and his...

Whatever Singularity in de Bernières’ Captain Corelli’s Mandolin

This paper explores Louis de Bernières’ novel Captain Corelli’s Mandolin from the perspective of Giorgio Agamben’s concept of “whatever singularity”, the main theme of his The Coming Community. Agamben’s work provides a clear distinction from homogenized communities and nations to argue for the possibility of how groups and peoples living together without reducing their distinct individual and cultural identities to sameness. Besides, whatever singularities border ‘in-between’ spaces and thresholds and that is the space where friendship emerges from. In this context, the article aims to apply Agamben’s essay ‘The Friend’ to explore the concept of friendship. The novel is set mainly during the Italian and Nazi occupations of the Greek island of Cephalonia in World War II. Although occupying forces aim to constitute a fixed society, intercommunal friendship emerges between different nations. In this regard, the love between the Italian soldier Captain Corelli and the local girl Pelagia, as well as the friendship among Dr. Iannis, Captain Corelli, and Carlo Piero Guercio will be examined in terms of friendship and ‘whatever singularity’. Moreover, the friendship between ‘The Good Nazi’ Günter Weber, who is forced to shoot his Italian friends, and Captain Corelli will be investigated through the concept of friendship. In the narrative, the Communist Greek resistance group ELAS, a destructive occupying force, tries to form a fixed homogenous ideological group on the island bearing similarities with fascist and Nazi groups. Therefore, this will also be discussed in the context of the tension between heterogeneous and homogenous communities.

Between Deference and Defiance: Hierarchical Status Roles and International Conflict

AbstractAccording to recent international relations research, an actor's status ultimately depends on commonly accepted ratings of that actor's valued attributes (e.g., wealth, competence, culture, or coercive capabilities). This manuscript argues that asymmetric reciprocal roles (leaders versus followers, patrons versus clients, teachers versus students, etc.) constitute another, even more fundamental, kind of stratification that can provoke far more acrimonious status conflicts. Such role-based hierarchies remain stable as long as subordinate actors deem their superiors entitled to deferential treatment. Disputes over asymmetrical roles arise when subaltern actors begin to question the right of dominant actors to command, or when actors fear that co-equal parties are trying to establish their social dominance through a series of faits accomplis. In such circumstances, defiance is the status tactic of choice because it directly undercuts disconcerting patterns of deference. By systematically theorizing defiance in status hierarchies, the paper provides an overdue addition to the literature on the breakdown of cooperation and the dissolution of order. It first sketches a theory that lays out the motives and forms of defiant behavior in international status disputes and then illustrates its value in explaining Russian and Greek resistance to domineering Western “partners.”

Grecia 1941-1944: una storia sociale e culturale della Resistenza

This article reviews A History of the Greek Resistance in the Second World War: the People’s Armies by Spyros Tsoutsoumpis. In order to contextualize the approach adopted by the author the article briefly outlines the state of the art in the scholarship on the World War II in Greece. In doing so, it touches upon the still ongoing debate about the so-called «post-revisionist» current, whose best known representatives are Stathis Kalyvas and Nikos Marantzidis. Subsequently, the article deals with the most relevant contents of Tsoutsompis’ study and underlines its strengths and weaknesses.

Alexandros Zaoussis, MD, PhD (1923-2005): An Orthopedic Surgeon and Historian and His Contribution to the Establishment of Hip Surgery.

The purpose of our study was to summarize all the knowledge concerning the innovative pioneer in the field of orthopedic surgery and especially hip replacement, Alexandros Zaoussis (1923-2005). He was a pioneer in hip replacement, and he contributed to several fields of orthopedic surgery with his clinical work and his international publications. He was also an eminent historian of World War II and of the Greek Resistance to the Nazi occupation in which he played a significant part. A thorough study of texts, medical books, and reports in the field of history of medicine, together with a review of the available literature in PubMed, was undertaken. He was an eminent clinical director of orthopedics who had significant contribution in teaching, practicing, and expanding the horizons of orthopedic surgery in the 20th century. A thorough review of medical texts, books, and publications in the Greek academic press was undertaken to summarize his contributions and his turbulent life to commemorate the 10th anniversary of his death.

The Pitfalls and Possibilities of Socialist Transformation: The Case of Greece

With its 2015 electoral victory in Greece, Syriza became the first left political party to lead a European government since the founding of the European Union. As such, its eventual capitulation to the demands of the Troika was a bitter development, and not only for the people of Greece. Because the need for change remains as great as ever, and efforts at electoral-based transformations continue, especially in Europe, this paper seeks to assess the Greek experience, and in particular Syriza’s political options and choices, in order to help activists more effectively respond to the challenges faced when confronting capitalist power. Section 1 examines how Greece’s membership in the euro area promoted an increasingly fragile and unsustainable economic expansion over the period 2001 to 2007. Section 2 discusses the role of the Troika in Greece’s 2008 to 2014 downward spiral into depression. Section 3 discusses the ways in which popular Greek resistance to their country’s crisis helped to shape and nourish Syriza as a new type of left political organization, “a mass connective party.” Section 4 critically analyzes the Syriza-led government’s political choices, highlighting alternative policies not chosen that might have helped the government break the Troika’s strangle hold over the Greek economy and further radicalize the Greek population. Section 5 concludes with a presentation of five lessons from the Greek experience of relevance for future struggles.

From Resistance to Counterstate: The Making of Revolutionary Power in the Liberated Zones of Occupied Greece, 1943–1944

By the summer of 1943, the armed resistance forces had liberated a vast area in mainland Greece from the Axis occupation. The liberated zones, known thence as Free Greece and inhabited by over a million people, were organized as a counterstate at war with the occupiers in the rest of the country. This gradual formation of a unified liberated territory needed a form of government. In this context, a de facto revolutionary power emerged in the form of the Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) in March 1944. This form of power was the outcome and combination of a series of precedent forms of authority in the Greek Resistance, both military and political. Until the liberation of the country in the fall of 1944, the PEEA was the real government in most of the countryside, having issued a series of laws and resolutions and having constituted an impressive administrative mechanism.

Colonizing the Greek Mind? The Reception of Western Psychotherapeutics in Greece ed. by Charles Stewart (review)

Reviewed by: Colonizing the Greek Mind? The Reception of Western Psychotherapeutics in Greece ed. by Charles Stewart Spyros D. Orfanos (bio) Charles Stewart, editor, Colonizing the Greek Mind? The Reception of Western Psychotherapeutics in Greece. DEREE—The American College of Greece. 2014. Pp. 113. Paper. Download free at: www.acg.edu/ckeditor_assets/attachments/888/thereceptionofwesternpsychotherapeuticsingreece.pdf. This interesting but uneven edited volume on psychotherapeutics in Greece and the question of colonization of Greek psychiatry by Western psychiatric models is composed of six chapters. Each chapter was originally a paper prepared for the conference “Colonizing the Greek Mind?” which was organized in 2011 by the volume’s editor, Charles Stewart, and held at Deree College—The American College of Greece. The chapters are written by three anthropologists, one historian, and two psychiatrists, one of whom is a priest. The lack of an introductory overview or preface makes it unclear as to who is the intended reader of the book. For this reviewer, there is something both familiar and unfamiliar about the styles and substance of the chapters in this slim volume of noble aims and critiques. Since I believe that it helps to know the reviewer in order to better understand the review, I offer some disclosures: I am a psychologist and psychoanalyst. I came of age as a psychologist during the ambitious U.S. community mental health movement of the 1970s, with its emphasis on educational and community interventions, not psychiatric interventions. I was trained in contemporary psychoanalysis in the late 1980s with an emphasis on both psychic and social realities as sources of suffering. I adhere to developments in attachment research, complexity theory, constructivism, and feminism. Thus, the psychiatric and Freudian-Oedipal ideologies interspersed in the various chapters in this volume seem somewhat dated to me. On the other hand, I find the anthropological perspective in many of the chapters thought provoking. These anthropological chapters raise a few questions. Do psychiatric concepts and psychoanalytic theories hold up in non-Western or traditional rural cultures? Are their observations universal? Can attempts at institutional psychiatric reform gain from anthropological interviewing in fieldwork situations? How do we learn about culture when we all have our own biases and cultural values? These types of questions are partially addressed in this book. The first and last chapters of this volume are the strongest. Editor Charles Stewart opens with a reference to Nikos Kazantzakis to highlight the Greek resistance to intellectual “colonization.” Astutely, Stewart reminds the reader that the people of Greece are too diverse and complex to classify “by such lumbering criteria as individualism and collectivism” (15). He moves from language to dreams to body to the evil eye to financial crisis with considerable scholarly ease. In the end, he answers his own question of whether the Greek mind has been colonized by Western therapeutics with an “It depends …” on what one means by the word colonized. He admits to using the word “colonizing” in order to provoke the reader. Frankly, I was less provoked by the word “colonizing” and more by the term “psychotherapeutics.” My understanding is that the term “psychotherapeutics” is used broadly in this volume, perhaps indicating a variety of interventions such as psychiatric, pharmacological treatments, psychotherapies, and self-help therapies. But it’s a new term for me, and I am not fully sure what is meant by it. [End Page 208] If one is a clinician, the last chapter on “The Problem of Culture” by anthropologist Elizabeth Anne Davis may be the most relevant one. The brief clinical narratives she provides are compelling, but it is her analysis of the distinctly Greek dialogue between anthropology and psychiatry on the concept of culture that is brilliant. While Davis is an on-the-ground data collector and not a mental health specialist, she does offer clinical material that directly addresses the matter of cultural diversity and Western psychiatry. Her illustrations are most welcome, as she gives brief vignettes of women from minority communities in Western Thrace: Turks, Pomaks, Gypsies, and Pontians, among others, who suffer from “hysteria,” according to their psychiatrists. The female patients are treated as primitive and Other. In my view, the interventions of the psychiatric clinic do not...

Renée Levine Melammed, An Ode to Salonika: The Ladino Verses of Bouena Sarfatty

Scholars of Renee Levine Melammed’s standing having already established their prestige on the basis of the originality and quality of their past publications, do not need additional accolades of their new published works. I nevertheless feel indebted to Nashim for having given me the opportunity to study and comment on Levine Melammed’s new book, An Ode to Salonika: The Ladino Verses of Bouena Sarfatty. This book, which links directly to my own work on the history and culture of the Sefardi Jews in the Ottoman Empire and in Greece, comprises an extraordinary and original collection of 512 coplas. A popular poetic genre similar to the Greek mantinades, coplas are spontaneously constructed verses which, when recited or sung, end with a toast dedicated to a friend or a personality widely known in the Jewish community. Most of the coplas assembled in Levine Melammed’s book are from unpublished Judeo-Spanish poetic sources, such as my own work, complementing the official documents used by historians.1 Given that historical “truth” and “objectivity” often prove to be biased by the researcher’s social and ideological preconceptions or interests, these poems, conveying the authentic views, experiences and knowledge of local improvisers such as Bouena Sarfatty, who were involved in the events of their time (the interwar period, the German occupation and the liberation), are sources of primary importance for all those interested in studying Salonikan Jewry. Often they put historians’ understandings to the test, challenging but also enriching their perspective. Bouena Sarfatty (1916–1997), as Levine Melammed presents her in the Preface, was no ordinary woman. Born and bred in Salonika, she was a contemporary of my mother, Jeannette Bensoussan (nee Amarillio), and my mother-in-law, Renee Molho (nee Saltiel).2 Like them, she was a working woman who had attended the French schools of the Alliance Israelite Universelle, shared the social, cultural and historical experiences of Salonika’s Jewish life, and survived the Holocaust with the help of the Greek resistance. Though still young and inexperienced, these women were defined

Negotiating Power and Difference within the 99%

The Occupy movements have given voice to the widespread frustration that so few (the 1%) seem to hold all the power. The vast majority (the 99%) lacks an (equal) say in the social, economic, financial, political and ecological processes that affect our lives. Inspired by the 2011 global wave of protests including the Arab Spring, the Greek resistance, the acampadas in Spain, the Wisconsin uprising and the Israeli summer, and starting with the takeover of New York City's Zuccotti Park on 17 September 2011, the Occupy movements have sought to overturn these power imbalances by using the occupation of public spaces, mass assemblies, tent cities and direct action to shine a light on the effects of growing inequality and the disproportionate influence of corporate power over our politics and economy. However, while the occupations rally against external systems of power, a widespread logic of aggregation and majoritarian populism have complicated efforts to recognize and address internal differences and inequalities. This article examines power and exclusion in the Occupy movements through an analysis of race within Occupy Boston, which began in late September 2011 and has continued in a decentralized fashion since the camp's mid-December eviction. As scholar activists from diverse backgrounds, we employ observant participation, interviews and activist reflections to explore how occupiers in Boston have represented, negotiated and addressed internal power relations, suggesting that a shift toward networking logics, practices and forms offers a promising avenue for engaging differences as well as racial, class and other modes of exclusion.

John Elias Skandalakis, MD, PhD, FACS (1920–2009)

The impact of a person’s life can often be measured accurately by notable contributions to humanity, whether the benefits are in ones own country or are internationally recognized. Dr. John E. Skandalakis impacted the lives of his countrymen as a leading member of the Greek Resistance in World War II, and many thousands of patients, physicians and students throughout the world. He was a beloved healer, teacher, and respected scholar, who left a remarkable legacy with his expertise, dedication, time, and skill in medical practice and research. Known affectionately to many (including his secretarial staff and colleagues) as ‘‘Dr. Skan,’’ he was our teacher, esteemed scholar, mentor, and, most importantly, cherished friend. Dr. John Elias Skandalakis was born in 1920 in Sparta, Greece, as the son of a district attorney. In 1946, he earned a medical degree from the University of Athens (summa cum laude). He received his certification in General Surgery from the University of Athens in 1950. His training was at the First Surgical Clinic, Athens University and at the Naval Hospital in Piraeus, Greece. His patriotic zeal led him to fight honorably for his nation in the Greek Resistance during World War II and continued military efforts against Communism thereafter. For his bravery and commitment to his country, Dr. Skandalakis was awarded a medal by the Greek government for his clandestine activities that helped save many lives, including the Jewish residents of Athens. He was a man who endured many personal hardships, including the deaths of members of his family and friends, who were murdered during World War II. Putting aside personal grief and the avenue of bitterness in favor of a life dedicated to humankind, he desired to expand his knowledge and skills. This internal drive led him to the United States and to a surgical residency. Thereafter, his love of human anatomy led Dr. Skandalakis to complete the requirements for a doctorate in Anatomy from Emory University School of Medicine in 1962. He rose quickly through the academic ranks and became Professor of Anatomy and Professor of Surgery. With contributions both from his avid interest in research, his numerous publications and his expertise as an educator, Dr. Skandalakis excelled in molding some of the best physicians and researchers in the United States and abroad. During his time at Emory University, Dr. Skandalakis served as Professor of Anatomy, Professor of Surgery, and Professor of Surgical Anatomy and Technique, and he established the Thalia and Michael Carlos Centers for Surgical Anatomy and Technique and the Alfred A. Davis Research Center for Surgical Anatomy and Technique. The compassion with which he taught students, combined with his immense knowledge of human anatomy, made him one of the most beloved professors at Emory University. In 1981, he was awarded the Aven Cup by the Medical Association of Georgia for outstanding service to the community by a doctor. In 1999, he received the distinguished Medical Achievement Award from the Emory University School of Medicine (Bendavid, in press). During his active time at the institution, Dr. Skandalakis authored more than 300 publications, including journal articles, books, book chapters, and monographs. His love for the art and science of human anatomy is demonstrated in his three most famous books: Embryology for Surgeons, Anatomical Complications in General Surgery, and Surgical Anatomy and Technique: a Pocket Manual. His twovolume text, Surgical Anatomy, the Embryologic and Anatomic Basis of Modern Medicine, could be

Cultural Representation in Historical Resistance: Complexity and Construction in Greek Guerrilla Theater, and: Karagiozis: Three Classic Plays (review)

According to Linda and Kostas Myrsiades, the primacy assigned to the participation of the Communist party in the Greek resistance movement against the Nazi occupation (1941-44) and the tendency to treat the movement as a continuum with the subsequent civil war (1946-49) have dominated Modern Greek studies scholarship until the last two or three decades. Besides questioning the validity of this view, the authors argue that accounts of the period have mainly focused on the historical, political, military, and economic aspects of Greek resistance, while the centrality of "conceptual and linguistic questions" (10), questions of self-representation, and the relations of textuality and lived experience have, until recently, been largely ignored.

The importance of Old French chronicles as historical sources of the Fourth Crusade and the early Latin Empire of Constantinople

Michael Angold has shown that the collapse of Greek resistance to the crusading army has not yet been fully explained by historians ( Journal of Medieval History, 25, 3 (1999) 257–78). The chronicles of Villehardouin and Clari are an additional, important source, written by eyewitnesses. They provide first-hand evidence of the morale of the army, its sense of mission and the problems which it faced. Henri de Valenciennes provides a similar, first-hand account of the start of the reign of Henry of Hainaut as Latin Emperor. Close study of these texts helps to explain the victory of the westerners. They are even more important as historical sources than as examples of early French prose.

The Withered Vine: Logistics and the Communist Insurgency in Greece, 1945- 1949

Preface Chronology Greece, 1939-1949 Setting the Stage The Greek Resistance Movement, 1941-1945 Internal Conflict in the Greek Communist Party, 1946-1949 The Development of the Greek Democratic Army The Greek Democratic Army: Manpower and Logistics The Greek Democratic Army: External Support The Greek Democratic Army: Strategy, Tactics, and Operations Logistics and the Failure of the Insurrection in Greece Appendices Glossary Selected Bibliography Index

The red air force in Italy, 1944: A case study in the formation of British Policy to the Soviet Union in world war II

In March 1944, the Soviets requested permission to base some aircraft in southern Italy. As the area was under Anglo‐American control, this raised some significant issues concerning wartime cooperation with the Soviets. Once it was set up, the base (at Bari) was used to send an unannounced mission to the Communist part of the Greek resistance movement. This paper considers the development of British attitudes towards these Soviet activities and demonstrates how the issue throws light on the making of British policy towards the USSR at this time: the conflicting views in different departments concerning the best method of handling the Soviets and the strategic significance of Soviet activities in the Balkans and the Mediterranean.

Greek Resistance 1941-45: Organization, Achievements and Contributions to Allied War Efforts Against the Axis Powers

Greek Resistance 1941-45: Organization, Achievements and Contributions to Allied War Efforts Against the Axis Powers