184 PHOENIX difficult to verify elsewhere. Teegarden’s underlying concept thus bears the risk of the results already being predetermined from the outset. Finally, Teegarden’s thesis is not able to explain why the laws would be promulgated in the first place: there would have been no tyrant-killing legislation in the fifth century without previous anti-tyranny discourses throughout the Greek world and there would have been no “Hellenistic democratic revolution” (214) without Alexander the Great. Despite these objections, the study offers an important contribution to the research of ancient anti-tyranny legislation. Julius-Maximilians-UniversitÈ at WÈ urzburg Maria Osmers Wandering Greeks: The Ancient Greek Diaspora from the Age of Homer to the Death of Alexander the Great. By Robert Garland. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 2014. Pp. xxi, 319. This is a timely book, as the global headlines in the wake of the Syrian refugee crisis of 2015 have made all too apparent in a very dramatic way the human toll exacted upon displaced persons and migrants, along with the reluctance of many western governments to allow a mass influx of desperate immigrants within their borders. But population displacement, along with the negative reaction that would-be immigrants can evoke, is a phenomenon by no means unique to modern society, but instead one that was frequent, often large-scale, and that arguably played a central role in the social and cultural development of the Greek city-states in the classical period. Nevertheless, the lived experience of displaced people in ancient Greece has not previously received scholarly attention, an omission now remedied in this fascinating study by Robert Garland, who, as the author of numerous books on social history, is ideally positioned to take on this topic. With the exception of certain high-profile individuals, refugees and migrants rarely play a role in the military and political events covered in ancient historical works (generally written by and for the elite) beyond the initial event which provoked their departure; as Garland aptly comments (7): “To the extent that we can build up a picture of the dispossessed at all, the data must be culled primarily from the marginalia of history.” In addition to the silence of the sources, the imprecision and ambiguity of the relevant Greek terminology often make it impossible to ascertain whether migrants abandoned their original homes voluntarily or under compulsion. It is therefore difficult both to categorize and to distinguish the various types of Greek migrants, which inevitably results in a certain amount of overlap in Garland’s discussion. He begins with an overview of how the “wanderer,” a useful neutral term (hence the title of the book), is depicted in a variety of literary genres, in order to assess, to the extent that we can, the physical and psychological impact of the experience of deracination. He proceeds to examine the full range of these wandering Greeks through the evocativelynamed categories into which he has grouped them: “the settler,” “the portable polis” (by which he means the relocation of the population of a city or its merging with one or more formerly independent communities), “the deportee,” “the evacuee,” “the asylum-seeker” (including the institutions of xenia and proxenia, which arose out of the same desire for protection that motivated those who sought refuge in a sanctuary), “the fugitive” (a category which encompasses political exiles, runaway slaves, and the Athenian institution of ostracism), “the economic migrant,” and “the itinerant” (a broad category BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS 185 including celebrity specialists such as seers, performers, sophists, writers, and artists, as well as traders, pirates, mercenaries, and casual labourers). Of course, as is familiar to all readers of Homer’s Odyssey, no discussion of wanderers would be complete without a glance at the question of repatriation, the subject of the final chapter, which covers not only the migrant’s nostalgia while displaced from his native polis, but also the legal, political, economic, social, and logistical problems often inherent upon homecoming. Despite the hardship and misery doubtless experienced by the many thousands who were displaced from their homes, Garland concludes that ubiquity of wandering in the ancient Greek world was not always necessarily a negative thing. Instead, the relentless...