Greek Cities Research Articles

No, America and China are not “Destined For War.”

War is not a destiny, it is a human choice, failure of politics, economics, diplomacy, andsecurity policy. International Relations (IR) is the study of great power relations and how they affectthe world. Understanding and conduct of contemporary IR based on old assumptions can be aserroneous and risky as concluding the inevitability of war between two 21st Century great powersbased on what scholar Graham Allison reminds us of the "Thucydides' Trap" , history of two Greekcity states which went to war because they could not accommodate each other's national interests.What is Allison of Harvard's Kennedy School, arguably one of the greatest global institutionsof higher learning and powerhouses of ideas, trying to convey by characterizing 21st CenturyAmerica-China relations by 5th Century BC Greek city states?

R. Ross Holloway, 1934–2022

R. Ross Holloway, 1934–2022

ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF STATE POWER IN OLBIA PONTICA

It has long been established that Olbia Pontica is one of the largest and best studied ancient states in the Black Sea region. However, there are still many gaps regarding both generalizing studies of archaeological materials and the main aspects of its political history. Within the framework of this article, the issues of the political system of Olbia as an ancient Greek polis throughout the entire period of its existence from the 6th century BC to the 3th century AD is briefly considered, mainly based on lapidary inscriptions. Whenever possible, we have characterized the main structures of the polis government. According to the traditional scheme, first, the activities of the Oikist, the leader of the Ionian settlers, has described. Thanks to his endurance, reasonable activity and courage, Olbia already in the first decades achieved significant success in economic self-sufficiency, the development of fertile lands, the establishment of trade relations with the metropolis, many Greek cities and local tribes. A single civil community at the beginning of an independent policy and the definition of a pantheon with the compilation of four sacred zones on the territory of the Upper City of Olbia as a whole led to the creation of an independent original type of an ancient Greek state on the far periphery of the ancient ecumene. Hypothetically, the first Oikist was Euresibius, whose power was close to tyrannical, as at that time in the metropolis.
 Founders and their heirs, who, according to ancient tradition, belonged to the aristocrats, have always occupied the main positions in the polis. In the second half of the 6th—5th centuries BC the oligarchic regime is confirmed by epigraphic and numismatic sources, as well as materials from the archaic necropolis.
 The aristocratic sacred union of the molps played a significant role in the polis, similar to the Milesian one. Because of close ties with Athens and the revived Miletus, in Olbia, at first, the supporters of the democratic system won for a short time. The transition from oligarchy to almost a hundred years of tyranny over the Scythian protectorate in the 5th century BC has no credible evidence.
 According to numerous epigraphic sources, a democratic system existed in the Olbia polis until the Getic rout around the middle of the 1st century BC and been restored with the return of the Olbiopolites to their native city after the victory of the Romans over the Getic kingdom of Burebista in 48 BC. In Olbia, various types of democracy can be traced (radical, moderate and predominantly elitist). The article briefly characterizes the main legislative bodies of power (the People’s Assembly and the Council) and the periodic changes in their role in the polis. In addition, the appointment and specifics of the activities of elected executive boards, both permanent and elective auxiliary boards in extraordinary situations, are considered. In addition, numerous individual positions, one way or another fixed in the Olbian inscriptions of different times, belonged to the elected ones. In the first centuries of our era, there are no temporary colleges, probably because of the shrinking of the city and a smaller population. The durability of democratic power in the Olbia policy explained by the unity of the civil community, the freedom of activity of its members, high ethnic self-consciousness and the constant desire for peaceful coexistence with neighboring peoples, the preservation of parental linguistic and religious traditions throughout ancient times.

Intra- and inter-city variability of PM2.5 concentrations in Greece as determined with a low-cost sensor network

Measurements of PM2.5 concentrations in five major Greek cities over a two-year period using calibrated low-cost sensor-based particulate matter (PM) monitors (Purple Air PA-II) were combined with local meteorological parameters, synoptic patterns and air mass residence time models to investigate the factors controlling PM2.5 spatiotemporal variability over continental Greece. Fourteen sensors nodes in Athens, Patras, Ioannina, Xanthi, and Thermi (in the Metropolitan Area of Thessaloniki) were selected out of more than 100 of a countrywide network for detailed analysis. The cities have populations ranging from 65k to 3M inhabitants and cover different latitudes along the South-North axis. High correlations between the daily average PM2.5 levels were observed among all sites, indicating strong intra- and inter-city covariance of concentrations, both in cold and warm periods. Higher PM2.5 concentrations in all cities during the cold period were primarily associated with low temperatures and stagnant anticyclonic conditions, favoring the entrapment of residential heating emissions from biomass burning. Anticyclonic conditions were also connected to an increased frequency of PM2.5 episodes, exceeding the updated daily guideline value (15 μg m−3) of the World Health Organization (WHO). During the warm period, nearly uniform PM2.5 levels were encountered across continental Greece, independently of their population size. This uniformity strongly suggests the importance of long-range transport and regional secondary aerosol formation for PM2.5 during this period. Peak concentrations were associated mainly with regional northern air flows over Greece and the Balkan Peninsula. The use of the measurements from dense air quality sensor networks, provided that a robust calibration protocol and continuous data quality assurance practices are followed, appears to be an efficient tool to gain insights on the levels and variability of PM2.5 concentrations, underpinning the characterization of spatial and seasonal particularities and supporting real-time public information and warning.

PARTICIPATORY ACTIONS, PARTICIPATORY ART, AND RURAL LIFE IN THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY OF ASPROPYRGOS

The portfolio is a presentation of research and artistic practice used by the artist based on the role of participatory art in her collaboration with the rural Arvanitic community of the post-industrial city of Aspropyrgos. A Greek city located 18 kilometres west of Athens. An example of artistic practice is presented in the international interdisciplinary program "Amoli - Art and Culture: a collective project in the rural, post-industrial, multicultural community of Aspropyrgos" (the word 'Amoli' means to the farmers of Aspropyrgos the water through that irrigates the agricultural crops). The program is implemented in Aspropyrgos, a historically rural town, which went through a violent industrial development and is now going through its post-industrial phase, while the intense migration flow shaped the city's multicultural physiognomy. The portfolio presents the participatory actions of a diverse audience involved in the creation of the artistic work consisting of narratives, participation in agricultural work, participatory meals, walking routes, as well as holistic educational actions since the participants, despite belonging to different social groups, learn and collectively gets trained in the above mentioned actions. The above provides food for the creation of interdisciplinary visual works that are presented in rural areas, turning them into modern art spaces and bringing out questions that concern the international community, indicatively such as the value of arable land and food, the link of modern man with nature, the preservation of the cultural heritage of rural communities, the future of spoken languages. The Amoli international program through the practice of participatory art creates projects that respond to the above needs.

La fin de la cité grecque: métamorphoses et disparition d'un modèle politique et institutionnel local en Asie Mineure, de Dèce à Constantin by Anne-Valérie Pont

Reviewed by: La fin de la cité grecque: métamorphoses et disparition d'un modèle politique et institutionnel local en Asie Mineure, de Dèce à Constantin by Anne-Valérie Pont François Gerardin La fin de la cité grecque: métamorphoses et disparition d'un modèle politique et institutionnel local en Asie Mineure, de Dèce à Constantin Anne-valérie Pont Hautes Études du monde gréco-romain 57. Geneva: Droz, 2020. Pp. xiii + 585. ISBN: 978-2-600-05742-4 Who killed the Greek city? The polis, as an ideal form of collective organization and esteemed as an object of historical (chiefly epigraphic) investigation, has kept ancient historians busy for a very long time indeed. The Greek city, as everybody knows, did not die at Chaeronea. In what is arguably the greatest achievement in this field of study over the last decades, Louis Robert and his disciples pinpointed the decadence of civic life, starting with the last quarter of the second century bce and continuing well into the early Roman period—the socalled Hellenistic turn. In this well-researched and powerfully argued book, Anne-Valérie Pont tells the story of a slow, limited, and tardy death. Hence her title and subtitle: "The Demise of the Greek City: Metamorphosis and Disappearance of a Local Political and Institutional Model in Asia Minor, from Decius to Constantine." [End Page 242] After gradual alteration in the early Roman period, the political bodies of Roman Asia Minor suffered minor though serious ailments in the third century ce, before the policies of the Tetrarchs dealt the final blow. On this account, the first quarter of the fourth century ce really is a watershed. What came after was something else. According to Pont, the city became, after Constantine, a mere tool of imperial governance (citéoutil, a term she uses on page 333), not the lively organism it had been. In her Introduction, Pont characterizes this "civic model," invented in the Greek Archaic period, as the peaceful articulation of the "few" and the "many." In these close-knit communities, those in power and the rest of the population shared in the same view of the "common good," the same collective "energy." Pont, against Mark Whittow's hypothesis of the Greek city's "continuous history," postulates a "meantime" (entretemps) in which the demise of this civic model took place. Her book is divided into three parts of two chapters each and follows a chronological as well as thematic order. Part I explores the two shocks of Christian persecutions (chapter 1) and foreign invasions (chapter 2) from roughly 250 to around 275. According to Pont, there was no crisis of the city in this period. Despite internal as well as external challenges, the civic framework obtained but did not remain unshaken. Jews and Christians, she argues, had been participating in civic life, despite recurrent tensions. Those confessing to be "Christian," however, started to manifest "indifference" toward their home city, thinking of themselves primarily as dwellers of the celestial Jerusalem. Cities also resisted invasions because they had kept a vigorous tradition of military training in the gymnasium and broad participation in athletic contests. Yet, throughout the third century, Roman-style entertainment gradually took over, with gladiatorial games and circus races replacing civic competitions. Pont's thorough and comprehensive review of all the available evidence sets a high bar for the analysis of civic responses to both the repression of Christians and foreign invasions. In Part II, with no less acumen in her treatment of Roman law sources, coin evidence, and epigraphic material, Pont singles out the true culprits. She argues that the cosmopolitanism of civic elites (chapter 3) and the new norms imposed by Roman administration (chapter 4) brought about the demise of the civic framework. Chapter 3 builds on the research of Anna Heller and Henri Fernoux, who both advocated a vitalist view of the Greek city in the early Roman period. Evidence from the third century ce—namely, honorific decrees, coin types representing the demos or personifications of the city, and popular elections of city magistrates—betrays continuing popular participation in civic politics, in contrast to the growing disinterest of the...

Symbolic Conflict Resolution and Ingroup Favoritism

What are the domestic consequences of symbolic conflict resolution? We isolate the effect of symbolic conflict by looking into a dispute with no material stakes (for one side), but high symbolic ones: the Prespa Agreement, which ended the dispute on the name of FYROM, thenceforth named North Macedonia. Greeks opposed this name because the ancient Macedonian heritage is central to their national identity. Based on social identity theory, we expect this threat to the group’s distinctiveness to increase nationalist sentiment. Using an original dataset of flags displayed in the façade of buildings in Athens and Thessaloniki, which we compare to Lisbon, we find an increase in national flags in the Greek cities after the Agreement. The effect is stronger in Thessaloniki, Greek Macedonia’s capital, where the identity threat was more pronounced. We also find that the treaty shifted voters to the right, especially those residing in the region of Macedonia.

Hollow Ways near Tanais

Abstract Two ancient roads have been revealed with the help of remote sensing data near Tanais, ancient Greek city in Southern Russia. These roads belong to the class of hollow ways which are often found in the vicinities of Greek settlements in the Northern Black Sea region. Very alike hollow ways were discovered in space photographs around the Bronze Age settlements in Upper Mesopotamia. It is assumed that the mechanisms for the formation of such roads both in the Northern Black Sea region and in Upper Mesopotamia are similar. The development of hollow ways is mainly associated with certain environmental conditions and a special economic model.

Archaeoparasitological characteristics of drains in the Phanagoria city of the Khazar period (VIII-IX centuries AD)

This article reports the parasitic contamination of water-collecting drains in the Greek city of Phanagoria, dated back to the Khazar period (8th-9th centuries AD).Helminths of the Opistorchiidae and Diphyllobothriidae families were found in soil samples obtained from water conduits. Based on the life cycle of these parasites and the historical and archaeological context, the authors argue that both humans and animals could have become infected with them through eating fish from freshwater rivers and reservoirs of the Taman Peninsula, or, more likely, from more distant rivers. Taenia eggs discovered in the samples indicate that the dietary habits of the people who lived in Phanagoria in the Middle Ages included the consumption of insufficiently thermally processed meat of pigs, cattle, and small cattle.Numerous eggs of the genera Trichuris and Ascaris identified in the studied samples taken from water conduits could belong to humans and domestic animals (pigs). This fact suggests a settlement with poor sanitary conditions. A similar route of transmitting both geohelminths and various intestinal infections might indicate a high risk of infection with gastrointestinal infectious diseases in the population of medieval Phanagoria.The study showed that wastewater and rainwater were collected in watercourses and went to a cistern without prior treatment. Its use for drinking water is, therefore, highly improbable; it is more likely that this water source was used to water plants and livestock, providing the means by which geohelminths persisted in domestic animals and humans.

Les batailles navales dans les Perses d’Eschyle et au Chant VIII de l’Énéide de Virgile : les ambiguïtés du κλέος en mer

With the study of the first two poetic naval battle tales that have come down to us, we see the essential ambiguity of the marine space as a hero’s factory. If in the Persians, Aeschylus develops from Iliadic material a collective heroism corresponding to the values of the Greek city, the summoning of Odyssian elements alters the image of the fighters. In the Aeneid, we find motifs created by Aeschylus and Homer, which help to make war at sea sacrilegious, so that the winner of the battle, Augustus, is elided in favor of a pathetic vision of the vanquished.

A Numismatic Perspective on the Architecture of North and West Pontic Cities in the 1st-3rd Centuries AD. Defensive Systems.

The coins of the Greek cities of the Roman era (the so-called “provincial coins”) become an important source of information about the issuing ancient city through the historical and architectural themes illustrated on their reverse. They allow not only the detection or nuancing of some events, which the passage of time has largely made forgotten, but also show the ancient monuments to the current researcher, unspoiled by the passage of time, in the splendour of the era of their construction. In this work, part of a wider project, we want to address a category of monuments illustrated by provincial coins from the north and west Pontic area, respectively that of defensive constructions, which were included in the composition of the fortified enclosures of the cities from this area. City gates (often monumental or triumphal), portions of walls, and even entire urban enclosures are themes frequently illustrated by the coin engravers in the 2nd-3rd centuries AD. In the following, the monetary issues, which illustrate defensive edifices of the cities of Thrace (Anchialos, Augusta Traiana, Byzie, Hadrianopolis) and Moesia Inferior (Callatis, Marcianopolis, Nicopolis ad Istrum, Tomis) or those of the Bosporan Kingdom, will be analysed from a constructive point of view, as well as from a broader historico-geographical perspective.

Методические и технические аспекты реализации дополнительных общеобразовательных программ, посвященных виртуальной реконструкции историко-археологических памятников Крыма

The considered project activities of students in virtual reconstruction of historical objects in order to form and develop a wide range of modern competencies are relatively new phenomenon for Russian additional education of children. We studied the concept of virtual reconstruction, its specifics as a modern direction of research and design activities, the history of formation abroad and in Russia. Additional general education programs on virtual reconstruction are assessed as providing a creative space for students, within the framework of which STEAM education technology is effectively implemented on the basis of STEM technology with new elements: arts and culture. We summarize and analyze the pedagogical experience of implementing additional general educational programs of technical orientation dedicated to the virtual reconstruction of ancient and medieval cities of Crimea in the Children's Technopark “Kvantorium” of “Small Academy of Sciences “Iskatel”. In particular, the research discusses the methodological and technical aspects of the implementation of programs for the virtual reconstruction of the ancient Greek city of Kalos Limen (Chernomorskoye Stlmt) and the medieval city of Soldaya (Sudak). It is concluded that the obtained results are significant for pedagogy and we state the prospects for further scaling and replication of this pedagogical experience. The considered project activities of students in virtual reconstruction of historical objects in order to form and develop a wide range of modern competencies are relatively new phenomenon for Russian additional education of children. We studied the concept of virtual reconstruction, its specifics as a modern direction of research and design activities, the history of formation abroad and in Russia. Additional general education programs on virtual reconstruction are assessed as providing a creative space for students, within the framework of which STEAM education technology is effectively implemented on the basis of STEM technology with new elements: arts and culture. We summarize and analyze the pedagogical experience of implementing additional general educational programs of technical orientation dedicated to the virtual reconstruction of ancient and medieval cities of Crimea in the Children's Technopark “Kvantorium” of “Small Academy of Sciences “Iskatel”. In particular, the research discusses the methodological and technical aspects of the implementation of programs for the virtual reconstruction of the ancient Greek city of Kalos Limen (Chernomorskoye Stlmt) and the medieval city of Soldaya (Sudak). It is concluded that the obtained results are significant for pedagogy and we state the prospects for further scaling and replication of this pedagogical experience.

Gods of healing as a symbol of the independence of the Greek cities of the Roman province of Asia

Gods of healing as a symbol of the independence of the Greek cities of the Roman province of Asia

Filmul despre și pentru copii în cinemaul stalinist din România

While the ’50s represented a new decade of expressiveness in western cinema, along with new ideological approaches, the feature film in the European communist space was determined by the nature of the political totalitarian regimes and the specific phenomena of the “cultural revolution.” In totalitarianism, the relation between civitas/community and the feature film followed the ancient model of the rapport of the Greek city to the civic and ethical finality of the theatre. Under these circumstances, the film becomes the most vulnerable of arts. Cinema was confiscated and transformed into engaged art, with an essential role in building the paradigm of the “new man.” Although the ’50s meant the development of the technical-material modern background, the increase of film production and consumption of feature film, in Romanian cinema, the artistic references were few. The concern for film production of the prewar and interwar periods were drastically limited by the political class and the cultural ignorance of the politruks. The films Nufărul Roșu [The Red Water Lily] (1955), Mingea [The Ball] (1958), and A fost prietenul meu [He Was My Friend] (1963) followed the directions of the Stalinist ideology that lasted longer than in the USSR. Only Elisabeta Bostan overcame the limits imposed by the communist regime and the censorship of the era. Thus, her films still retain the unaltered charm of childhood.

Fishes in the economy of Ancient Greek colonies (600 BC – 300 AD) on the Northern Black Sea Coast – new touches to an old portrait

The article presents the results of a thorough study of fish remains recovered during the excavations of three ancient Greek cities (Olbia, Berezan and Chornomorka) in the northern part of the Black Sea coast. These materials are dated in the range of 600 BC – 300 AC (in the case of Olbia and Berezan), and 500–400 BC for Chornomorka. Fish bones were processed for the identification of species used by the inhabitants of these ancient cities for food. The remains of about ten fish species are present in the studied sample. Of them, sturgeons (Acipenser spp.) were the most numerous in the region at that time. The other species which were usually caught in these ancient Greek cities are mostly represented by carp fishes (roach, common bream, white bream, blue bream, common carp, and crucian carp), but also European catfish Silurus glanis, pike Esox lucius, and pikeperch Sander lucioperca. The weight and size of some fish individuals were reconstructed based on complete bones. Comparison of the specimens from individual samples (series) showed no significant differences in their total length and weight. The economic activity of ancient settlements of the Northern Black Sea region is of interest to archaeologists for a long time. Many of the aspects of this activity, such as agriculture, crafts, and architecture, have been explored quite well (e.g., Christodoulou 2016 and references therein). At the same time, fishery, an important direction of the economy of coastal cities providing a valuable animal protein, often falls out of the scope of research interests. A significant amount of materials collected by archaeologists in the north of the Black Sea coast during the 20th century is still not processed and remains unpublished. Therefore, it is difficult to create a holistic picture of the economy of ancient Greek cities. A valuable information about fishing and fish consumption in ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea region according to archaeological data and osteological collections is presented in Lebedev (1960), Zhiteneva (1964), Hojte (2005), Morales et al. (2007) and Odrin (2010). A few recent publications are focused on the fish osteological material from ancient Greek cities discovered on the Northern Black Sea coast. Archaeozoological studies can show how important fish was in the diet of people, which species were preferred, and how intensive was fishing in this region in different periods. In addition, it is possible to find out whether there was a fish trade between these cities using the ratio of cranial and postcranial elements of the skeleton. Such studies can prove or disprove the statements of Strabo or Herodotus, who wrote about the culinary preferences of ancient Greeks. Therefore, the aim of this article is to present in detail the results of the study of fish bone samples from Olbia, Berezan and Chornomorka in the range from their formation (600 BC) until the end of the Roman period (300 AD). By comparing data from different periods, it is possible to track the role of fishery in the economy of these settlements and its dynamics over time. Key words: Olbia, antiquity, Berezan, archaeozoology, fishing, ancient Greeks, Black Sea

Allometries of Acer negundo for a better space management in two cities of northeastern Greece

Abstract The ability to estimate the space volume that a tree occupies, in various heights, is a crucial factor in designing the street trees schedule in pavements of new urban infrastructures. The dimensions of Acer negundo tree crown in various heights can be the basis for a better space management in the pavements of cities. In this study, the height and the crown width of the A. negundo street trees in the Greek cities of Orestiada and Alexandroupoli and the allometric relations that can be found between them, were investigated. Data from 117 street trees growing in semi-permeable pavements of the two cities were used. In each selected tree, the total height (H), and the maximum and minimum crown diameter (CW) were measured. The selected model (CW-H) for Alexandroupoli exhibits a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.81. The R2 of the model selected for Orestiada is lower (R2 = 0.66). The R2 of the model selected using the complete dataset is 0.77. A. negundo appears to have greater crown width in Alexandroupoli compared to that of Orestiada. In Orestiada the conditions of growth were variable since in many cases the measured trees were under side shade, while this not the case in the corresponding trees in Alexandroupoli. The better fit of the selected model in Alexandroupoli compared to that of Orestiada is probably due to the more variable growth conditions of Orestiada.

Assessing walkability: Index construction and application to a medium-size Greek city

European urban policies focus on sustainable urban mobility concept. This is linked to the constraint of motorized transport and the promotion of active-mobility modes (walking, cycling) which contribute to Green House Gas reduction targets as set in the European Union (EU) Climate Policy. Especially, walkable neighborhoods and 15-minute cities have been embraced in the post-pandemic city emphasizing the importance of walkability, which re-conciliates environmental concerns with liveable, sustainable and healthier communities. This research aims to construct a “walkability index” (WI) that may offer significant, reliable and quick results for the assessment of walkability in an urban area. The city of Larissa comprises the empirical field for its application. The index methodology is based on five main parameters: land use mix, residential density, pedestrian crossing connectivity, sidewalk condition and pedestrian-friendly areas. Then Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is implemented so as to weigh the selected parameters and finally the parameters multiplied and added in an equation f(x) with the use of ArcGIS Pro software. WI detects friendly-walking and non-friendly-walking areas and assesses the factors that hinder urban mobility and vulnerable people. Therefore, it may help policy makers and urban planners to build sustainable and healthy cities and improve the quality of life.

The project “Preserve” and the related policy of the Hellenic Ministry of Environment and Energy for the protection of tangible Cultural Heritage

Nowadays, due to economic crisis, the number of "abandoned", empty or dilapidated listed or historic buildings of Greek cities and settlements is constantly increasing. In order to protect and enhance the Greek tangible cultural heritage, it is necessary to promote actions that give motives to owners or users of historic buildings to preserve them, by providing tools and financial support in the particularly increased costs of restoration and consolidation works of their necessary continuous maintenance. The program “Preserve” introduced by the Hellenic Ministry of Environment and Energy, and more specifically the General Secretariat of Spatial Planning & Urban Environment, relates to interventions in designated as listed or monuments or buildings within historic sites and traditional settlements and historic buildings. The interventions will include facade cleaning (with gentle water jet to remove air pollutants or anti-graffiti painting for protection against vandalism), works in order to preserve the shell of the buildings so as to avoid it’s partial or total collapse, restoration of facades and restoration of the interior of the buildings. Along with the activation of the Digital Land Bank, the Building Rights Transfer, the Single Digital Map, and the Digital Building Identity etc., it will offer the owners of the listed buildings a holistic solution for the protection and enhancement of the tangible cultural heritage of Greece.

“Love for the Fatherland” and civil Identity in the discourse of Latin and Greek inscriptions

Based on Greek and Latin epigraphy, the article examines the main features of civil ideology associated with the concept of “love of the fatherland” ( philopatria , amor patriae and their derivatives). The corresponding categories, often emotionally colored, were widely used to characterize the virtues and behavioral motives of urban elites who acted as euergetai . The lexical and contextual analysis of the inscriptions shows that the civic patriotism of the Greek cities coexisted quite well with the political loyalty to the Roman authorities and ruling emperors. In both Greek and Latin inscriptions, there is an explicit or implicit imperial context. In the former, it is especially emphasized by title names indicating “love” for emperors and Rome (φιλόκαισαρ, φιλοσέβαστος, φιλορώμαιος). In the western provinces and Italy, there was obviously no particular need for such direct references. It is reasonable to believe that there, in urban communities consisting of Roman citizens, a sense of belonging to two homelands, as Cicero defined them, remained: Rome as communis patria / patria civitatis (iuris) and the fatherland by nature and locality ( patria naturae / loci patria ). In other aspects, however, a comparison of the discourses of Greek and Latin inscriptions reveals direct parallels and coincidences in the basic value orientations, due to the remaining civil-communal (polis) character of the cities of the Roman Empire.

Prosopographia Ponti Euxini. Dionysopolis

This article presents the results of a work in progress research, respectively a prosopography on the population attested in the Greek cities of the Black Sea and Propontis (Prosopographia Ponti Euxini), focusing in this case (based on the epigraphic sources) on the population of Dionysopolis. As such, the paper will focus on the epigraphically attested quantitative data on the population of Dionysopolis, and on the qualitative data, covering the period between the first epigraphic attestations and up to the 3rd century AD. The work includes a prosopographical catalogue with the epigraphically attested population.