Greater Positive Impact Research Articles

Optimization of Bacillus subtilis-based fermentation of anaerobic digestate and biohazard-free application in endophyte-assisted hardening of micropropagated plantlets for increasing survivability

Anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste helps to decarbonize the energy sector while also increasing the use of stabilized residues in agriculture. Although digestate (Dg) contains amino acids, vitamins, humic acids, and micronutrients, using it directly poses an unknown risk to crops due to the presence of pathogens, heavy metals, and excessive ammonia, necessitating processing for agricultural application as fertilizer. The study aimed to minimize the undesired effects of Dg by optimizing fermentation with Bacillus subtilis CW-S and using it as a potential inoculant for endophytic-assisted hardening of micropropagated potato plantlets. The single factor test results revealed that Dg concentrations of 70%, 80%, and 90% had a greater positive impact on cell concentration than concentrations of 50%, 60%, and 100%. According to the Box-Behnken design, diluted (80%) Dg produced a higher cell concentration (4.36 × 108 CFU/mL) than undiluted (100%) (1.18 × 108 CFU/mL). In hardening experiments, Bacillus subtilis CW-S fermented digestate (FDg) had a significantly higher plantlet survival rate of 90.25% and a root length of 5.22 (cm) with greater Serendipita indica infection, whereas Dg (unprocessed) had a lower survival rate of 67.88% and a root length of 3.13 (cm) with less Serendipita indica infection. According to the findings, FDg could be employed as a non-threat bioinoculant for widespread agricultural application.

The Covid-19 pandemic and livelihood vulnerabilities of people in urban areas of Vietnam

This study was carried out to examine the livelihood vulnerabilities encountered by residents in Vietnam’s urban areas during the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. People’s vulnerabilities are approached in terms of employment and income vulnerabilities. The study compares the changes in income and employment of residents in Vietnam’s urban regions during the outbreak of Covid-19 and after the epidemic which is gradually controlled to determine the livelihood losses that people in urban areas face. Data for the study were collected from 206 families in Vietnam’s urban areas that were directly affected by the epidemic. The multivariate regression method is used to evaluate people’s vulnerability during epidemic outbreaks. According to the findings of the study, the income disparity between the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and the end of the epidemic is fairly considerable (about VND 7.6189 million/month). The multivariate regression model’s results reveal that the degree of government assistance provided during the epidemic time has the greatest positive impact on people’s income and quality of life (Standardized Coefficients = 0.584), whereas people’s unemployment during the pandemic outbreak period has a negative impact, causing damage to people’s income (Standardized Coefficients = –0.395). The study will recommend new livelihood strategies for residents in the context of Vietnam’s “new normal” based on the findings of the investigation.

Empirical Study on New Product Development and the Corporate Value of Korean Export Manufacturing Firms

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of new product development on corporate value, by analyzing the stock market response to the announcement of new product developments.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - Based on the event study methodology, the empirical analysis sampled 442 new product announcements made by 150 export manufacturing firms listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ markets in Korea, for the period 2001-2020.
 Findings - The results support the first hypothesis that the announcement of new product has a positive effect on abnormal returns. In terms of the determinant of the abnormal returns, the firm-specific variables investment opportunities and debt ratio were positively associated, and firm size and free cashflow variables were negatively related to abnormal returns. Being in a high-tech industry was found to have a positive impact. In terms of the Competitive Strategy Measure, the result supported the hypothesis that strategic substitute competition has a greater positive impact on the abnormal return of the announcing firms. R&D intensity and firm dominance were found to be insignificant. The magnitude of newness embedded in a new product was also found to be insignificant.
 Research Implications - This study further extends the existing literature in that it empirically tested the role of a new product on corporate value, and provides an empirical analysis of the determinants that affect the announcing firm’s abnormal returns gained in response to new product announcement, including firm-related variables and the competitive nature of the market.

Two-Year Interview and Match Outcomes of Otolaryngology Preference Signaling.

To present the first year-over-year data comparison of preference signaling for residency interviews in the otolaryngology application marketplace. Cross-sectional study conducted over 2 application cycles. Otolaryngology training programs in the United States. Otolaryngology residency applicants were invited to participate in preference signaling during the 2021 and 2022 application cycles. Submissions were collected using a web-based interface. The distribution of signals among programs was evaluated descriptively and in relationship to Doximity program reputation rankings. Surveys were sent to applicants to assess general attitudes and the number of interview invitations received from signaled and nonsignaled programs. Surveys were sent to programs to evaluate use of signals and the impact on match results. Programs received a range of signals, from 0 to 66, with 50% of signals going to 24% of programs in 2022, which was similarly found in 2021. Programs of higher rank tended to receive more signals. Overall, >87% of surveyed applicants received an interview offer from at least 1 program that they signaled. In 2021 and 2022, applicants were 2.6 times more likely to get an interview from a signaled program than a comparator nonsignaled program. A greater positive impact on interview offer rate was seen for less competitive applicants. Signaling was viewed favorably by the majority of surveyed applicants and programs. Preference signaling for otolaryngology residency interviews demonstrates a promising mechanism to improve applicant visibility to programs during the application cycle. This impact is consistent over 2 application cycles.

Does a corporation’s food recall strategy affect its brand image and consumers’ intention to purchase? A study in the context of cereal recall in China

PurposeFood recalls are more potentially harmful than other product recalls. This research aimed to investigate the effect of the recall strategies of food corporations on their brand image and consumers’ purchase intention.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a between-subjects experiment of 2 (corporate recall strategy: voluntary recall, mandatory recall) *3 (food recall level (severity): high, medium, low), and recruits 224 consumers involved in cereal product recall in China. The authors inductively examine the effects of voluntary and mandatory recall on consumer perception and behavior intentions in the recall process.FindingsVoluntary recall (vs. mandatory recall) will improve corporate brand responsibility image (vs. brand ability image) and consumers’ purchase intention to focal brand (vs. competitive brand and organic brand). Perceived corporate legitimacy and food safety play a mediating role. The former has a greater positive impact on brand image, and the latter has a more significant favorable influence on purchase intention. Furthermore, recall level has a moderating effect on the association between corporate recall strategy and perceived food safety, but is not significant in the effect of corporate recall strategy on perceived corporate legitimacy.Originality/valuePrevious inconsistent conclusions cannot effectively guide food corporations to manage recall strategies. This paper demonstrates the response mechanism of the recall strategy from the perspective of corporate social responsibility, which is beneficial to food safety crisis management and research.

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Thermal Coal Price

As the world’s largest coal consumer, China’s coal consumption in 2021 was 2934.4 million tons of standard coal. Thermal coal occupies an important position in the coal market and industry system, as an important raw material in the power industry, steel industry and other industries. The price of thermal coal in 2021 was at its highest level in a decade, and reached a historical level of about 2587.5 yuan per ton in October 2021. In the same month, the government intervened in the thermal coal price, which fell 51.9% by the end of the year under the influence of the policy. In previous studies, there has been little research on thermal coal and the impact of the variable “policy” on the thermal coal price. Thus, this paper analyzed the factors that affect the price fluctuation of thermal coal, and the impact of economic policy uncertainty on the thermal coal price. The cointegration test and forecast-error variance decomposition (FEVD) are adopted in this study. Our results show that the impact of policy uncertainty on the thermal coal price gradually increases over time, but the impact of policy uncertainty on price is negative and not as strong as expected. On the contrary, inventory and other energy prices have a greater positive impact on the price of thermal coal. The results of this study are of significance for the prediction of thermal coal prices in the future.

Evaluation of the traditional social institutions’ impact on the population's adaptation to dynamic socio-economic changes: Sverdlovsk region case study

The article reveals the results of the author's research on the impact of traditional social institutions on the population's adaptation to dynamic socio-economic transformations. The study was conducted by the sociological survey method of more than three hundred respondents in the Sverdlovsk region, the article contains the rationale for the author's sample and the results of the survey. The object of the study were people of working age living in urban areas. The survey revealed the population’ adaptational level to such events of the last three years as: the digital technologies introduction into the workplace, restrictions and changes caused by the Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic, raising the retirement age in Russia and changing the food products composition through the development of Foodtech technologies, including meat products from vegetable raw materials, 3D printing of food, molecular food, etc. The author identified the influence of such social institutions as: family, mass media, state, relatives and friends, religion, health care, money and property on the population’ adaptational process to these most acute social and economic transformations. The survey showed that the institutions of family, relatives and friends have the greatest positive impact on the adaptational process in the Sverdlovsk region. The institutions of religion, health care, money and property have a significant influence. Such social institutions as the state and the mass media practically do not have a positive impact on the population’ adaptational process to dynamic changes in the socio-economic environment. It is concluded that it is necessary to change the social policy of the state, local authorities in the direction of a favorable impact on accelerating the population’ adaptational process to dynamic social and economic changes.

THE ROLE OF OLD-AGE INSURANCE SYSTEM IN PROMOTING THE SATISFACTION AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION OF THE ELDERLY IN RURAL CHINA: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HETEROGENEOUS INCOME EFFECT

Abstract Background In the process of global population aging, old-age insurance, as the most important channel to provide income support for the elderly, is the need of countries all over the world, especially developing countries. As the largest developing country in the world, China launched the “new rural pension plan” (NRPS) pilot pension plan in 2009. By the end of 2012, the pilot has been extended to all counties in the country. The most disappointing thing about NRPS is that compared with China's rural absolute poverty line, pension benefits across the country are very low. However, even if the basic pension benefits are very low, most of the registered elderly in rural China are very satisfied with the NRP. Although NRPS has limited impact on improving the income of the elderly due to the low national pension treatment, how to explain the elderly's satisfaction with the plan and its role in the emotional regulation of the elderly? Research Objects and Methods Among all the outcome variables of NRPS, income is the most critical one, because all other outcome variables are determined by income. Therefore, this study uses the national representative data of 2013 and focuses on the impact of NRP on the income of the elderly. Then, we use quantile regression in regression discontinuity design (RDD) to show the income impact of NRP on different income groups, especially low-income groups, in order to answer this question from the perspective of the heterogeneous income impact of NRP. At the same time, we analyzed the correlation between emotion regulation ability and social loneliness. The results show that the aggregation validity: the correlation between Russell's emotional loneliness item and UCLA Loneliness Scale is 0.44, and the correlation between the item “no one can trust”, the correlation value is 0.4, and the correlation value between “I'm no longer close to anyone” is 0.44. The correlation between social loneliness and UCLA scale was 0.47, the correlation between social loneliness and UCLA scale was -0.47, and the correlation between social loneliness and UCLA scale was -0.35. In other words, the items in UCLA that should be related to Russell's problems in theory are actually significantly higher than other items. Social and emotional loneliness is related to the six factors that Weiss proposed in interpersonal relationships, namely attachment, social integration, development opportunities, recognition of value, trusted alliance and guidance. Social loneliness is most related to the demand for uncertain value, while emotional loneliness is most related to the need for attachment. Social and emotional loneliness were significantly correlated with depression; Only emotional loneliness is related to anxiety. On the whole, these results are in line with R.S. Weiss's theory. Results The results show that NRP successfully improves the income of all income groups, although the impact of NRP on the median income distribution is limited due to the low pension benefits. Among all income distribution ratios, NRP plays a disproportionate role in increasing the income of the elderly: the positive role of the top of income distribution is much greater than that of the bottom. We also found that in all percentiles, NRP has a greater positive impact on rural elderly women than rural elderly men, thus narrowing the gender income gap in rural China. Even if the impact of China's rural minimum living security scheme on increasing the income of rural elderly is controlled, these findings are still reliable. In the process of the influence of life events on anxiety, emotional response plays an intermediary role and psychological elasticity plays a regulatory role. Psychological resilience regulates life events through the mediating effect of emotional response on anxiety. That is, the higher the psychological elasticity, adjust the impact of life events on anxiety through coping style to reduce it; On the contrary, the lower the level of psychological elasticity, adjust the impact of life events on anxiety through coping style to increase it. Conclusion Although the disproportionate impact of NRP on all percentiles exacerbates the income inequality of the rural elderly, it provides an income risk aversion mechanism for the first time in Chinese history. Under the framework of expected utility theory, the actual value of the mechanism is much greater than its monetary value, resulting in higher satisfaction of the rural elderly. Since the NRP has limited effect on increasing the income of the rural elderly, we suggest reforming the NRP, such as increasing the basic pension treatment of the rural absolute poverty line, transitioning to non contributory pension plan, and unifying the provincial plan into a national plan.

Labor Off-Farm Employment and Farmers’ Cooking Clean Energy Use: Evidence from Rural China

(Motivation) With the transfer of labor force and the continuous improvement of household income, the household energy consumption structure is also changing. (Gaps) However, few studies have explored the correlations between labor off-farm employment (LOE) and farmers’ cooking clean energy (CCE) consumption. (Methodologies) Using survey data of 8198 farmers in 27 provinces from China’s labor dynamic survey in 2016, the IV-Probit model was used to analyze the impact of LOE on CCE use, and the mediation effect model was used to examine the specific mechanism of action between them. (Results) The results found that: (1) LOE accounted for about 39%, and farmers’ utilization rate of CCE accounted for 40%. (2) LOE has significantly promoted the use of CCE by farmers, and this action mechanism is mainly realized through three paths, that is, per capita annual cash income, social relationship network, and family population structure. (3) The heterogeneity analysis results showed that the head of the household having a university education or above, the family being located in rural areas and mountainous areas, and LOE will have a greater positive impact on the farmers’ CCE use. (Policy) From the micro perspective of LOE, this study can deepen our understanding of LOE and CCE use decisions, and then provide a reference for the rational allocation of labor resources and farmers’ CCE-related policy formulation.

Research on the impact of consumer forgiveness on consumer continuous trust

Online shopping has become an important part of people’s life, but the current academic circles still lack attention to online shopping service recovery. Based on the online shopping service recovery scenario, this study takes the scenario experiment as the research method, discusses the influence mechanism of consumer continuous trust from the perspective of compensation and consumer forgiveness, and tests the moderating effect of online store reputation. Through empirical research, this paper obtains the following research findings: Both utilitarian compensation and spiritual compensation have a positive impact on consumer forgiveness, but spiritual compensation has a greater positive impact on consumer forgiveness; consumer forgiveness has a positive impact on consumer continuous trust, and consumer forgiveness plays a mediating effect between utilitarian compensation, spiritual compensation and consumer continuous trust; online store reputation plays a positive moderating effect in the impact of consumer forgiveness on consumer continuous trust. The research results of this paper are conducive to deepen the research on the relationship between compensation methods and consumer forgiveness, better explain the role of consumer forgiveness, consumer continuous trust and online store reputation in the impact mechanism of online shopping service recovery, and promote the healthy development of online shopping business model.

The Impacts of Resource Endowment, and Environmental Regulations on Sustainability—Empirical Evidence Based on Data from Renewable Energy Enterprises

In today’s socio-economic context where environmental protection and sustainable development are equally important, how renewable energy enterprises can achieve sustainable development has become a topic of academic interest in recent years. This paper investigates the link between sustainable growth (SG) of renewable energy firms, resource endowment (RE), and environmental regulatory (ERs) issues through a fixed-effects model and a GMM model. Through empirical analysis, it was found that economical environmental regulations have the greatest positive impact on sustainable growth, followed by legal environmental regulations and supervised environmental regulations. Resource endowment is positively related to sustainable growth for non-state-owned renewable energy enterprises, but the negative impact on sustainable growth reflects the effect the of “resource curse”. In addition, resource endowment has a negative moderating effect on environmental regulations and sustainable growth. Thus, the most significant effect is on the relationship between economical environmental regulations and sustainable growth, followed by legal environmental regulations and supervised environmental regulations. Therefore, the flexible and concurrent application of multiple environmental policies is an important way to ensure effective regulations and promote sustainable business growth.

Influence of China's Overall Planning for Urban and Rural Medical Insurance on Citizen Health

Objectives: We conducted this study to make an empirical test of the influence of China's overall planning for urban and rural medical insurance on citizen health. Methods: Using the data of the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) 2018, self-rated health was chosen as the proxy variable of citizen health status, and the obvious heterogeneity of the influence was measured by the ordered logit model. Results: After participating in the unified urban-rural medical insurance, the probability for citizens' self-rated health to increase by one or more levels grew by 0.21 times (OR = 1.21, p = .004). Further analysis revealed that after participating in the unified urban-rural medical insurance, the probability for males' self-rated health to increase by one or more levels grew by 0.23 times (OR = 1.23, p = .022); the probability for females' self- rated health to increase by one or more levels grew by 0.22 times (OR = 1.22, p = .045); the probability for rural citizens' self-rated health to increase by one or more levels grew by 0.25 times (OR = 1.25, p = .006); and, the probability for eastern China's citizens' self-rated health to increase by one or more levels grew by 0.28 times (OR = 1.28, p = .007). Conclusions: Participating in the unified urban-rural medical insurance program had a greater positive impact on the self-rated health of males than of females, on rural residents versus urban residents, and on eastern residents than central and western residents.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE BIOMASS PRODUCTION FROM SPROUTS OF NEO-TROPICAL VEGETABLE SPECIES

Seed germination improves the nutritional quality of plant foods; since they increase the contentsand availability of essential nutrients and reduce the levels of antinutrients. A considerablenumber of species have been studied, but to date, there are few studies on vegetable species ofthe neo-tropics. The aim of this study was the evaluation and optimization of mineral nutrientsolutions [Adelusi-Oseni (AO), Ruakura (Ru), Maeda (M)] and their combinations with compostextracts (EC1, EC2, and EC3) obtained from three different solvents, on the development ofbiomass of four neo-tropical vegetable plants in Mexico: pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), papalo[Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.], pipitza (Porophyllum linaria Cav.), and purslane (Portulacaoleracea L.). The hypothesis was that biomass production achieved with the nutrient solutionswould lead to the highest yield for each seed compared to the control. Germination was carriedout in Petri dishes with cotton pads as substrate, adding 5 mL of nutrient solution, along witha control grown with water, in a photoperiod of 12 h; continuing germination until completing96 h. San Cristóbal experimental design was applied to the nutrient mixtures with the greatestpositive impact on the production of biomass. An ANOVA was carried out with Tukey andDunnet means comparison tests. For pumpkin sprouts, solution EC3E2 managed to increaseseedling growth by 395.2 % in comparison to the control; EC2A displayed a greater elongationin comparison with the control of 84.7 % for papal sprouts; EC2A produced an increase of 15.8 %in pipitza. In purslane, EC2A produced an increase of 53.7 %. Nutrition with compost extractscan favour the production of biomass from sprouts.

Supply Chain Finance and the Sustainable Growth of Chinese Firms: The Moderating Effect of Digital Finance

Sustainable development is crucial to the survival and healthy development of enterprises, which is closely related to their financing situation. Supply chain finance is an effective way to improve and enhance the financing situation by easing financing constraints and reducing financing costs. As an important source of supply chain short-term financing, trade credit plays an important role in enterprise production and circulation. Taking Chinese listed companies from 2011 to 2020 as samples, this paper studied the impact of trade credit on sustainable growth and its internal mechanism. Furthermore, we analyzed the moderating effect of digital finance development on the influence of trade credit on sustainable growth. It is found that receiving trade credit benefited firms’ sustainable growth. Furthermore, study found that receiving trade credit has a greater positive impact on the sustainable growth of enterprises in regions with higher levels of financial development, high-tech industries, state-owned enterprises and small enterprises. Whereas, the provision of trade credit had an obvious inhibiting effect on the sustainable growth of enterprises in the regions with low level of financial development, non-high-tech industries, private enterprises and small enterprises. The results of the influencing mechanism showed that receiving trade credit promoted firm’s sustainable growth by “agency cost reducing effect,” while providing trade credit inhibited firm’s sustainable growth by “forcing effect.” In addition, the development of digital finance weakens the positive impact of trade credit financing on enterprises’ sustainable growth but strengthens the negative impact of providing trade credit on sustainable growth. From the perspective of sustainable growth, this paper explained the role of trade credit financing in alleviating the financing dilemma of enterprises, which is urgently needed by most emerging economies pursuing high-quality development. Therefore, in order to give full play to the role of trade credit financing, the government should actively create a good credit environment. At the same time, the government should vigorously develop digital finance to enhance its ability to serve the real economy.

Analysis of the effects of domestic waste disposal methods on mucilage with life cycle assessment

Mucilage has been observed surface and water column of the Sea of Marmara since 2021 and the domestic and industrial based organic waste is accepted as one of the major sources for the mucilage. In this study, in order to measure the impacts of the wastes to mucilage, seven different waste disposal scenarios, which are determined according to EU directives, are applied to the waste composition of municipalities located near the Sea of Marmara. Then, the environmental impacts of these scenarios are calculated in life cycle perspective. Results show that composting has the greatest positive impact via reducing the deleterious impacts of organic wastes, which are the major source for nutritious groundwater. As to the authors knowledge, this is the first study to integrate life cycle assessment, waste management, and mucilage. The results can be used to guide municipalities around the Sea of Marmara on the prevention of mucilage.

Combination treatment with growth hormone and zoledronic acid in a mouse model of Osteogenesis imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) or brittle bone disease is a genetic disorder that results in bone fragility. Bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (ZA) are used clinically to increase bone mass and reduce fracture risk. Human growth hormone (hGH) has been used to promote long bone growth and forestall short stature in children with OI. The potential for hGH to improve bone quality, particularly in combination with ZA has not been robustly studied. A preclinical study was performed using n=80 mice split evenly by genotype (WT, Col1a2+/G610C). Groups of n=10 were treated with +/-ZA and +/-hGH in a factorial design for each genotype. Outcome measures included bone length, isolated muscle mass, bone parameters assessed by microCT analysis, dynamic histomorphometry, and biomechanical testing. Treatment with hGH alone led to an increase in femur length in WT but not OI mice, however bone length was increased in both genotypes with the combination of hGH/ZA. MicroCT showed that hGH/ZA treatment increased cortical BV in both WT (+15%) and OI mice (+14.3%); hGH/ZA were also found to be synergistic in promoting cortical thickness in OI bone. ZA was found to have a considerably greater positive impact on trabecular bone than hGH. ZA was found to suppress bone turnover, and this was rescued by hGH treatment in terms of cortical periosteal perimeter, but not by dynamic bone remodeling. Statistically significant improvements in long bone by microCT did not translate into improvements in mechanical strength in a 4-point bending test, nor did vertebral strength improve in L4 compression testing in WT/OI bone. These data support hGH/ZA combination as a treatment for short stature, however the improvements granted by hGH alone and in combination with ZA on bone quality are modest. Increased periosteal perimeter does show promise in improving bone strength in OI, however a longer treatment time may be required to see effects on bone strength through mechanical testing.

Earnings management and stock price crashes post U.S. cross-delistings

We examine whether cross-delisted firms from the major U.S. stock exchanges experience an increase in crash risk associated with earnings management. Consistent with our prediction, we find that earnings management has a greater positive impact on stock price crash risk post cross-delisting when compared to a control group of firms that remain cross-listed. More importantly, we find that this effect is more pronounced for cross-delisted firms from countries with weaker investor protection, poorer quality of their information environment and less conservative accounting practices. Our findings are robust to the potential endogenous nature of the cross-delisting decision, alternative measures of stock price crash risk and information asymmetry. We interpret our results as evidence of a “reverse bonding effect” following cross-delistings from U.S. stock exchanges.

A Proposal for Formulating a Spectrum Usage Fee for 5G Private Networks in Indonesian Industrial Areas

The Indonesian spectrum usage fees—the so-called Biaya Hak Pengguna Frekuensi Izin Pita Frekuensi Radio (BHP IPFR)—are currently calculated using a formula determined by the three following main parameters: the frequency band, the country’s economic parameter, and the nationwide population. As spectrum usage fees are proportional to the width of the bandwidth, the current formula would result in an extremely high price when applied to 5G-mmWave private networks, with the cost burden being a direct consequence for the service operator. In this paper, we propose the formulation of a new spectrum usage fee for 5G-mmWave private network implementation in Indonesian industrial areas. To do so, we evaluate the current formula, adopt the framework offered by the ITU-R SM.2012-5 (06/2016), and use an industrial reference index—the Indonesia Industry Readiness Index 4.0 (INDI 4.0) score. We test the proposal by applying the new formula to calculate the 5G-mmWave private network spectrum usage fee for the Jakarta industrial area. The result shows that the new formula gives a lower spectrum usage fee than the current formula, which benefits 5G-mmWave private network service operators. Such savings can be regarded as a government subsidy for the service operators to use in various ways in the industry, providing further economic benefits. Using the input–output model, we prove that despite the proposed new formula brings a lower spectrum usage fee, resulting in a loss in state income, it will lead to a much greater positive impact on the national economic output. Applying the new formula will eventually have a multiplier effect on various sectors and encourage digital economic growth and national digital transformation, especially for vertical industries in Indonesia. This study may serve as a guideline or initial reference for Indonesian policymakers and service operators for applying the CAPEX and OPEX cost of using the new spectrum for 5G-mmWave private network service implementation and estimating the economic multiplier for 5G-mmWave private network service deployment in industrial areas. It can also be used as a benchmark case for other countries to apply spectrum usage fees for private networks in industrial areas.

How Does Digital Finance Affect People’s Income: Evidence from China

Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2010 to 2018 and the Peking University Digital Financial Inclusion Index from 2011 to 2018, this research explores the effect of digital financial development on residents’ income and the channels of influence. The findings suggest that the growth of digital financial services has a significant and favourable influence on citizens’ income. Furthermore, digital financial development benefits rural populations, low-skilled workers, and individuals working in basic industries the most. The extension of inhabitants’ employment space, better access to credit, and ease of access to information online are the major ways that digital financial development influences their income. In particular, the expansion of employment space has a greater positive impact on the low-skilled labor force, rural residents, and those in primary and secondary industries, while access to information is more likely to explain the increase in income of urban residents, and credit has an advantage in promoting income growth for the low-skilled laborers and those in traditional industries.

The influence of coil parameters and core lamination factor on the performance of an ultrasonic transducer with a tapered core

AbstractDue to high piezomagnetic coefficient of the synthetic giant magnetostrictive materials, they are able to provide good enough force and displacements for industrial applications. Some natural materials such as nickel also exhibit magnetostrictive properties, but with poor performance, which might be improved by some electromagnetic manipulations. In this study, the effect of different coil parameters such as current, frequency, the number of coil turn, and the core lamination factor in different directions ([X or Y] and Z axes), on the performance of a nickel‐core magnetostrictive transducer is investigated. Since the fluctuation of magnetostrictive force in the longitudinal direction of core (along the Z‐axis) is an important parameter for generating the ultrasonic waves, the results showed that this force fluctuation decreases with increasing frequency. By increasing the lamination factor in the X direction, the fluctuation of magnetostrictive force along the Z‐axis remains constant. However, the ultrasonic performance of the magnetostrictive transducer may be optimized by proper selection of lamination factor along the X‐axis. The relationships between the results were investigated in more detail and presented as linear equations. Based on these equations, it was concluded that current and turn number of coil has the greatest positive impact on the magnetostrictive performance of the transducer, while increasing the frequency and lamination factor have a weakening effect.