Greater Numbers Of Adults Research Articles

Introduction to the special issue: psychological aspects of genomics and child health.

Introduction to the special issue: psychological aspects of genomics and child health.

Olive Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations in Relation to Region, Trap Type, Season, and Availability of Fruit

Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), was monitored with adult captures by season and trap type, and was related to fruit volume and nonharvested fruit to elucidate the occurrence of the newly introduced pest in California. The highest numbers of adults captured in ChamP traps in olive trees, Olea europaea, were in October in an inland valley location, and in September in a coastal location. Comparisons of trap types showed that the number of olive fruit fly adults captured in Pherocon AM traps in a commercial orchard was significantly greater than in ChamP traps. A significantly greater number of females were captured in Pherocon AM traps with bait packets and pheromone lures than traps with pheromone lures alone, while a significantly greater number of adults and males were captured in traps with pheromone lures alone. Significantly more adults were captured in ChamP traps with bait packets and pheromone lures versus traps with bait packets alone. Fruit volume increased by four times from mid-June to mid-November. Olive fruit fly was found to oviposit on small olive fruit <1 cm3 shortly after fruit set, the maximum number of ovipositional sites per fruit occurred in October, and the greatest number of pupae and adults were reared from fruit collected in September and October. The highest numbers of pupae were collected from nonharvested fruit in March when high numbers of adults were captured in the same orchard.

Smoke-free world for children's welfare: Perceptions of smoking in preadolescence

Lay concepts of health risks influence children's health behavior, their future health status and welfare. This study has been focused on children's smoking perceptions. Although a wide range of factors have been found to influence smoking in adolescence, preadolescent children's perceptions of smoking is a relatively underinvestigated research field. The study was conducted among 3rd, 4th, 5th year schoolchildren ( N = 128) in two settlements of Békés County, Hungary. The sample consisted of 57% males and 43% females. We used the “draw and write” technique to detect children's lay beliefs and experiences of smoking. Most respondents from the study have not tried smoking yet. On the other hand, there is a great number of adults who smoke in the children's environment. Despite this fact, children's attitude towards smoking is very negative. Children's opinions reflect many negative aspects of smoking: the health-damaging effects, the financial effects, and the negative effects for both social and natural environments. Similar to previous international studies, children of our sample possess mostly correct and comprehensive knowledge of the smoking-related health problems. Findings of our study provide a support for the importance of creating tobacco-free world for children's welfare.

Spatial distribution of a flying ambrosia beetle Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) at the stand level

The within stand spatial distribution of flying Platypus quercivorus adults was quantified by sampling populations with four types of sticky screen traps. The greatest numbers of adults were captured in long traps located at lower positions (0.5–2.5 m height) both at the forest edge and in the forest interior. The numbers of adults captured in square screens hanging from anchored balloons were also greatest at a height of 1 m. Lower numbers were captured in square screens located at the top of the forest canopy and in square screens located above the canopy. Many adults were captured under the forest canopy near the forest edge, but only small numbers were captured inside gaps. We conclude that adult P. quercivorus is generally associated with the forest edge, a trait shared by several other bark and ambrosia beetles.

Intraspecific Aggression by Roseate Tern Adults on Chicks in a Tropical Colony

Acts of aggression by Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) adults on conspecific chicks were examined on Aride Island, Seychelles, from 13 June-10 July 1998. Data were used to examine two hypotheses to explain adult aggression towards chicks: (1) the adoption avoidance hypothesis, and (2) the feeding unfamiliar chicks hypothesis. Throughout the entire nestling development, adults pecked mostly unattended chicks (96%). The intensity of pecking was higher on b-chicks than on a-chicks and 72% of the pecking acts were on chicks that were on their own nests. During each pecking act, young chicks (0-6 days) were pecked by a greater number of adults than were old chicks (>6 days). When pecked, young chicks moved significantly greater distances away from nests than did old chicks (1.41 ± 1.92 m vs. 0.18 ± 0.42 m). Of the 23 chicks killed by adults, 11 were a-chicks, representing 8.5% of the a–chicks in the study area. Parents sometimes rescued a-chicks, but did not attempt to rescue b-chicks from adult attacks. Chicks that died had moved significantly greater distances away from nests than chicks that survived (2.8 ± 2.5 m vs. 0.3 ± 0.67 m). This study presents evidence that both hypotheses may be important in explaining intraspecific adult aggression by Roseate Terns on chicks. In particular, the feeding unfamiliar chicks hypothesis may be invoked to explain the significant negative correlation between daily intensity of adult aggression and the amount of food delivered to chicks. The adoption avoidance hypothesis may explain why b-chicks were disproportionately involved in pecking in relation to a-chicks. Adult aggression is an additive factor of chick mortality, operating mostly on days of food shortage.

Plant Susceptibility to and Seasonal Occurrence of Phaedon desotonis Balsbaugh, a Leaf Beetle Attacking Coreopsis

Abstract Phaedon desototonis Balsbaugh, a leaf beetle, occurred in large numbers in plantings of wildflowers in central Georgia. Although the species was previously considered rare, large populations of the beetle were associated with Coreopsis spp. Peak larval abundance occurred in April, while greatest numbers of adults were observed in May. One generation was observed. Thirty-eight plant taxa in 11 families were evaluated for susceptibility to feeding and injury by the beetle. The composits Coreopsis lanceolata (L.), Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall, C. verticillata (L.), and Bidens aristosa (L.) were consistently fed on by adults and larvae of P. desotonis. Of those plants, B. aristosa was the least preferred and least damaged.

Population Dynamics of Citrus Leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) as Measured by Interception Traps and Egg and Larva Sampling in Lime

Apical leaf sampling and interception sticky traps were used to assess seasonal density for the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, adults and eggs plus early-instar larvae, respectively, in lime orchards. Traps intercepted greater numbers of adults when placed in the middle or top of the tree canopy than in the lower canopy. Citrus leafminer was most abundant in the spring, summer and fall, and numbers were reduced between November 1994 and January 1995. In 1994, adult capture and egg and larval density were higher than in 1995. The development of an efficient means to estimate citrus leafminer egg density or, alternatively, develop techniques to aid in prioritizing egg sampling was attempted. The probability of finding eggs in the vicinity of a passive interception trap was determined. A linear relationship was found between cumulative number of moths captured and citrus leafminer egg density (r2 = 0.52). A lower variability was recorded for adult traps than for egg densities.

SIBLING BEREAVEMENT: A CONCEPT ANALYSIS

Investigators of sibling bereavement contend that the death of a sibling represents a unique and intense loss experience. The empirical literature, however, lacks conceptual clarity about the characteristics of sibling bereavement. Metaphors of siblingship are widely applied and may compromise the integrity of theory development specific to sibling bereavement, particularly as this knowledge base is broadened. There is an immediate need to extend the descriptive knowledge base for sibling bereavement beyond adolescence, in large part to prepare to address the needs of the great number of adults whose brothers and sisters have died as a result of AIDS. The purpose of this article is to examine the concept of sibling bereavement by reviewing the empirical literature and by applying the Wilsonian Method (1963) of concept analysis. A preliminary model addressing the factors of critical attributes and personal outcome variables for bereavement research specific to sibling loss is presented.

Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: assessment and treatment considerations.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has, historically, been viewed as a childhood disorder which would be outgrown by adulthood. More recent findings have established that the disorder often persists into adult-hood in a significant number of those diagnosed as children. Due to increased awareness and media attention being focused on ADHD in adults, greater numbers of adults are seeking evaluation and treatment for this disorder. The symptoms of ADHD are common to a variety of other psychiatric disorders including learning disabilities, so clinicians need to update their knowledge of assessment, treatment, and differential diagnosis issues regarding this often misunderstood disorder. This article discusses some current methods used in the assessment and treatment of adults with ADHD.

735-3 A Study of 1044 Consecutive Patients with Patent Foramen Ovale: Association with Cryptogenic Cerebrovascular Events in Adults

The natural history of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in association with cerebrovascular (CV) events has not been described. With the development of devices for non-surgical closure of atrial septal defect, it is possible that the risk of PFO closure may be minimal. However, the potential benefit of PFO closure remains unknown and difficult to assess due lack of adequate data. To determine the prevalence of PFO and its association with cryptogenic (CRYP) and non-cryptogenic (NON) stroke, we examined the database of 37,940 consecutive pts who underwent echocardiography between 1984 to 1994, to identify pts diagnosed with PFO (n = 1044) and designed an age-matched nested case-control study with 2088 pts to determine the association of CV events to PFO. All CV events were confirmed by review of medical records. NON stroke was defined: cardiogenic, atherosclerotic, lacunar, arteritis, aneurysm, hematoma. CRYP stroke was diagnosed by exclusion when the event could not be ascribed to causes in the NON group. The age distribution is given below: Age PFO Stroke (PFO group) Stroke (Control group) (yrs) NON CRYP NON CRYP 0-1 520(26%) 1 0 0 0 1-18 88(2%) 0 0 1 0 18-50 127(1%) 9 13 1 0 &gt; 50 309(1%) 23 5 28 5 A greater number of adults with CV events were identified in the PFO group (50) vs control group (34). p &lt; 0.07. The proportion of adults with cryptogenic stroke was significantly higher in the PFO group (18/50,36%) vs control group (5/34, 15%), p &lt; 0.04. 1. The prevalence of PFO decreases from the neonate to the adult. 2. There is a high prevalence of cryptogenic stroke among adults with PFO who have suffered a cerebrovascular event. 3. These results provide a baseline for designing future prospective studies of PFO and CV events, and randomized trials to determine the impact of PFO closure.

Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation for the Treatment of Adult Acute Leukemias

Allogeneic BMT has been shown to be a highly effective therapy for both AML and ALL. With the availability of unrelated donors, continuing advances in the development of new and more effective transplant regimens, and the identification of agents such as the hematopoietic growth factors, alprostadil, and pentoxifylline to decrease the regimen related toxicities, BMT will become a viable option for a greater number of adults with acute leukemia. The optimal timing for BMT will continue to evolve, but based upon the currently available information, patients age 55 or less with AML with a high probability of relapse based upon cytogenetic abnormalities should be considered for transplantation in first remission if a related or unrelated donor can be identified. For patients at low risk for relapse (e.g., age 25 or less who have received high-dose intensification), transplantation can be delayed until documentation of early relapse. For patients with Ph1+ ALL or t(4;11), transplantation in first remission should be considered if a suitable related or unrelated donor is identified. Adults with ALL without adverse prognostic characteristics should be considered for transplantation at relapse or in second remission.

Oviposition Site Selection of the Northern Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Oviposition habits of adult Diabrotica bar-beri Smith & Lawrence were studied in relation to varying sources of vegetative cover during 1986 and 1987 at three locations in east central South Dakota. Treatments included the following: Corn, Zea mays L.; soybeans, Glycine max L.; simulated volunteer oats, Avena sativa L.; a mixture of green and yellow foxtails, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauvois and S. lutescens (Weigel) Hubb.; Common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L.; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L.; and Pennsylvania smartweed, Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. Sticky trap data indicated the presence of high beetle populations in plot areas during both years. Totals of 3,447, 8,758, and 14,178 D. barberi were captured at Aurora, Rutland, and Wentworth, respectively. Typically, greater numbers of adults were captured in the Corn plots; however, high numbers were also present within all other treatments. Soil sampling conducted before D. barberi oviposition produced overall means of 1.81, 0.23, and 0.06 eggs per 0.47-liter sample at Rutland, Aurora, and Wentworth, respectively, and indicated that negligible numbers of diapausal eggs were present. Egg recovery after oviposition was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in Corn plots than in noncorn plots, thus indicating that cornfields provide the preferred site for D. bar-beri oviposition.

Use of Riparian and Upland Habitats by Small Mammals

Mark-recapture was conducted from 1981 through 1983 in the Cascade Range of Oregon to examine the use of riparian and upland habitats by small mammals. Both number of individuals and species richness were greater in riparian than in upland areas. Because of the occurrence of several less-commonly captured species in riparian locations, species evenness was greatest in the upland. Among Insectivora, Sorex monticolus and S. trowbridgii were captured most often on riparian sites. Among insectivores adult males weighed more in riparian zones. Three rodents (Peromyscus maniculatus, Microtus oregoni, and Zapus trinotatus) were captured more frequently in riparian habitats; two rodents (Tamias townsendii and Clethrionomys californicus) were captured more frequently in upland habitats. Among all rodents, except Z. trinotatus, adult males weighed more in riparian areas. Mustela erminea was captured more frequently in riparian sites. Eight species had greater numbers of adults in breeding condition in riparian than in upland habitats. Conversely, six species had greater numbers of juveniles in the upland. Data from several species, including T. townsendii, P. maniculatus, Z. trinotatus, and Glaucomys sabrinus, indicated that riparian habitats act as a species source and upland areas act as a dispersal sink.

Evaluation of Three Drop Traps for Sampling Aster Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in Rice

Three drop traps were developed and evaluated for sampling the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal), in flooded rice paddies. The emergence trap collected the fewest number of leafhoppers per unit area. The transparent cylinder and plant sampler collected the greatest number of adults and nymphs per unit area, respectively. Use of the emergence trap and transparent cylinder required 5–10 min per sample for collection, identification, and enumeration. Each sample from the plant sampler required 10 min for collection, 24 h for processing in a Berlese funnel, and 5–10 min for identification and enumeration.

Behavioral Responses of Primary Entomophagous Predators to Larval Homogenates of Heliothis zea and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Whorl-Stage Corn

Aggregation responses of adult predators of lepidopterous pests to selected dosages of aqueous homogenates of terminal instar larvae of corn earworm Heliothis zea (Boddie) and fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) were measured in whorl-stage corn. The mean number of Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer) and Geocoris punctipes (Say) was significantly higher through days 1 and 6, after treatment, respectively, in plots receiving a single application of 0.1 and 1.0 larval equivalents (LE) of H. zea larval homogenate (LH) per plant than in control plots. No consistent response to the LH was noted for Hippodamia convergens Guerin Ménèville. Populations of C. maculata and G. punctipes responded equally well to the LH of H. zea and S. frugiperda . The number of G. punctipes and C. maculata increased significantly within 1 h of application of 1.0 LE per plant of H. zea LH. Populations of G. punctipes and C. maculata peaked at 3.8- and 11.4-fold higher, respectively, than the population of the control by 8 h after treatment. Significantly more C. maculata egg masses were associated with the greater number of adults in plots treated with 1.0 LE of H. zea LH per plant. No differences were detected in rates of predation on artificially applied egg masses of S. frugiperda placed in untreated plots; or in plots treated with the S. frugiperda LH (1.0 LE per plant), despite significantly higher populations of C. maculata adults in the treated plots. The LH competed with the S. frugiperda egg masses as a source of food for C. maculata . However, because G. punctipes likely are unable to use the LH as a food source, they apparently responded to host-seeking stimuli associated with the host larvae.

ENOCLERUS SPHEGEUS (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE), A PREDATOR OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN THE BLACK HILLS

AbstractEnoclerus sphegeus Fabricius adults were most abundant on trees infested with Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in May and June of 1966 and 1967. Greatest numbers of adults were observed on the bole from 0 to 5 ft aboveground, apparently in response to the activity of other scolytids. In the laboratory, each adult killed about 1 D. ponderosae per day, and each larva killed about 25 D. ponderosae during development. Mean larval densities were generally less than 0.2 per square foot at four different sampling heights on the tree bole during the overwintering period. Densities were greatest at all heights in July. Maximum larval density was observed at the 1.5-ft height. Larvae began leaving the trees for pupation sites in July of both years. It is estimated that adult clerids consume less than 1% of the adult beetle population during their attack period and the clerid larvae kill 5–11% of the beetle brood.

Seasonal History and Rearing of Scaphytopius Acutus (Say) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)1

Seasonal fluctuations in populations of Scaphytopius acutus (Say), a vector of X-disease virus, were followed for a 5-year period in a peach orchard by means of sticky-board traps. Supplemental records were obtained from traps exposed near other cultivated and wild Prunus species. The first adults were usually found early in June. Two distinct broods were recorded each year, with adult peaks occurring about July 1 and October 1. The greatest numbers of adults were taken in traps hung in, or near, peach, apple, plum, and chokecherry (P. virginiana L.). A laboratory method was developed for hatching overwintered eggs found in apple and stonefruit leaves. High relative humidity and temperatures near 70° F. provided optimum conditions for hatching. Apple and chokecherry seedlings were found to be suitable host plants for the rearing of nymphs and adults. There was evidence of an overwintering diapause: eggs laid by the second-brood adults did not hatch in the fall.