Greater Waist Circumference Research Articles

The association between FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism and anthropometric indices in adults

BackgroundFat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) is the most studied obesity-related gene up to date. We aimed to assess anthropometric indices in carriers of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism with overweight across Iranian population (Shiraz) to find out the associations of this polymorphism with obesity indices.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted on 198 overweight healthy adults aged 20-45 years old. We assessed the body composition of the participants using bioelectrical impedance analyzer. In addition, we measured the waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC). Waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were also calculated by equations. The participants’ genotype was determined by ARMS-PCR. Also, data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20 and R software version 3.6.2.ResultsThe mean values of body mass index (BMI) and age of the participants were 26.93 ± 1.13 kg/m2 and 33.33 ± 6.35 years old, respectively. Homozygous carriers of A-allele had significantly higher values for BMI (0.60 kg/m2, p = 0.026), WHR (0.04 unit, p = 0.003), and WHtR (0.02 unit, p = 0.030) than the homozygous carriers of T-allele. Individuals with AA genotype had greater WC (2.66 cm, p = 0.042, and 4.03 cm, p = 0.002), fat mass (2.24 kg, p = 0.004, and 3.02 kg, p = 0.001), and trunk fat (1.53 kg, p = 0.001, and 2.08 kg, p = 0.001) compared to those with AT and TT genotypes, respectively. Interestingly, after adjustment of the confounders, significant associations were observed among rs9939609 polymorphism and BMI, Wt, WC, trunk fat percentage, WHR, and WHtR.ConclusionsA-allele of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was indicated to be associated with greater general and central obesity in adult population of Shiraz, Iran.

Ultra-processed food consumption and indicators of obesity in the United Kingdom population (2008-2016).

We examined the association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and adiposity in a nationally representative sample of the UK adult population. We studied 6,143 participants (19 to 96 years, 51.6% female) sampled by the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–16). Food items reported in four-day food diary were classified according to the NOVA system. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to evaluate associations between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods (sex-specific quartile and continuous) and Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC) and obesity (BMI>30kg/m2) and abdominal obesity (men: WC≥102cm, women: WC≥88cm) status. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics. In multivariable analyses, the highest consumption of ultra-processed food was associated with 1.66 kg/m2 higher BMI (95%CI 0.96–2.36), 3.56 cm greater WC (95%CI 1.79–5.33) and 90% higher odds for being obese (OR = 1.90, 95%CI 1.39–2.61), compared with the lowest consumption. A 10% increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with an increase of 0.38 kg/m2 in BMI (95%CI 0.20–0.55), 0.87 cm in WC (95%CI 0.40–1.33) and 18% higher odds of being obese (OR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.08–1.28). The consumption of ultra-processed food was associated with an increase in BMI, WC and prevalence of obesity in both sexes. A dose response relationship was observed in both sexes, with a 10% increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods being associated with a 18% increase in the prevalence of obesity in men and a 17% increase in women. Higher consumption of ultra-processed food is associated with greater adiposity in the UK adult population. Policy makers should consider actions that promote consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and reduce consumption of ultra-processed foods.

Heterogeneity in Trajectories of Systolic Blood Pressure among Young Adults in Qingdao Port Cardiovascular Health Study.

Background:Although increased age is associated with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) in general, there may be variation across individuals in how SBP changes over time. The goal of this paper is to identify heterogeneity in SBP trajectories among young adults with similar initial values and identify personal characteristics associated with different trajectory patterns. This may have important implications for prevention and prognosis.Methods:A cohort of 12,468 individuals aged 18–35 years in the Qingdao Port Cardiovascular Health Study in China was followed yearly during 2000–2011. Individuals were categorized into three strata according to their baseline SBP: ≤110 mmHg, 111–130 mmHg, and >130 mmHg. Within each stratum, group-based trajectory analyses were conducted to identify distinct SBP trajectory patterns, and their association with sociodemographic and baseline health characteristics was assessed by ordinal logistic regression.Results:Five distinct groups of individuals exhibiting divergent patterns of increasing, stable or decreasing SBP trends were identified within each stratum. This is a first report to identify a subgroup with decreasing trend in SBP. Individuals with more advanced age, having less than high school education, family history of cardiovascular diseases, greater body mass index, greater waist circumference, and hyperlipidemia at baseline were more likely to experience trajectories of higher SBP within each stratum.Conclusions:The diverging trajectories among young adults with similar initial SBP highlight the need for prevention and feasibility of effective blood pressure control, while the identified risk factors may inform targeted interventions.

Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c Is Associated with Anthropometric Measurements and Tumor Characteristics in Breast Cancer Patients.

PurposeTo investigate the association between glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with anthropometric measurements and clinicopathologic characteristics of breast cancer patients. Such data are lacking in Arabian countries.Patients and MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at the Outpatient Oncology Unit at King Hussein Medical Center at the Royal Medical Services (RMS) and 223 breast cancer patients were included. Blood levels of HbA1c were measured and patients were classified into normal/non-diabetic (HbA1c <5.7%), prediabetic (HbA1c 5.7–6.4%), and diabetic (HbA1c ≥6.5%).ResultsThe average age of patients was 49.9±10.3 years. Most patients had waist circumference equal to or more than 80 cm (91.9%) and more than half (55.2%) had waist-hip ratio equal to or more than 0.85. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.9±5.7 kg/m2. The mean level of HbA1c was 6.2±1.4% (range 4.7% to 12.6%). HbA1c levels revealed that most patients in this study classified as prediabetics (44.4%). There was a significant positive correlation between HbA1c levels and each of patient's age (r=0.267, p<0.001), waist circumference (r=0.180, p=0.008), and waist-hip ratio (r=0.278, p<0.001). Compared with premenopausal breast cancer patients, postmenopausal patients had significantly higher HbA1c blood levels (t=–3.542, p=0.003). HbA1c was significantly associated with stage (p=0.044) and grade (p=0.016) of carcinoma in premenopausal breast cancer patients. Among postmenopausal cases, HbA1c was significantly associated with molecular subtype of the disease (p=0.039).ConclusionThe majority of Jordanian breast cancer patients in this study are prediabetic, obese, and had visceral obesity. HbA1c levels are increased among older patients and those who have greater waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. HbA1c is associated with advanced stage and grade of breast carcinoma in premenopausal patients and with molecular subtype in postmenopausal cases. These findings urge the need to screen breast cancer patients for glycemic status upon disease presentation and to further consider treatments to control hyperglycemia in order to reduce the impact of metabolic derangements on disease prognosis and outcomes.

Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk among Africans residing in Europe and Africa: the RODAM study

BackgroundThe association between anthropometric variables and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among Africans is unclear. We examined the discriminative ability of anthropometric variables and estimate cutoffs for predicting CVD risk among Africans. MethodsThe Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants (RODAM) study was a multisite cross-sectional study of Africans in Ghana and Europe. We calculated AHA/ACC Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) scores for 3661 participants to ascertain CVD risk, and compared a body shape index (ABSI), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), Relative Fat Mass (RFM), and Waist to Height Ratio (WHtR). Logistic regression and receiver operating curve analyses were performed to derive cutoffs for identifying high predicted CVD risk (PCE score ≥7.5%). ResultsAmong men, WC (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 2.25, 95% CI; 1:50–3:37) was strongly associated with CVD risk. Among women, WC (aOR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1:33–2:14) also displayed the strongest association with CVD risk in the BMI-adjusted model but WHR displayed the strongest fit. All variables were superior discriminators of high CVD risk in men (c-statistic range: 0.887–0.891) than women (c-statistic range: 0.677–0.707). The optimal WC cutoff for identifying participants at high CVD risk was 89 cm among men and identified the most cases (64%). Among women, the recommended WC cutoff of 94 cm or WHR cutoff of 0.90 identified the most cases (92%). ConclusionsAnthropometric variables were stronger discriminators of high CVD risk in African men than women. Greater WC was associated with high CVD risk in men while WHR and WC were associated with high CVD risk in women.

The effects of short-term combined exercise training on telomere length in obese women: a prospective, interventional study

BackgroundTelomere length is inversely associated with the senescence and aging process. Parallelly, obesity can promote telomere shortening. Evidence suggests that physical activity may promote telomere elongation.ObjectiveThis study’s objective is to evaluate the effects of combined exercise training on telomere length in obese women.Design and MethodsTwenty pre-menopausal women (BMI 30–40 kg/m2, 20–40 years) submitted to combined training (strength and aerobic exercises), but only 13 finished the protocol. Each exercise session lasted 55 min/day, three times a week, throughout 8 weeks. Anthropometric data, body composition, physical performance (Vo2max), and 8-h fasting blood samples were taken before and after 8 weeks of training. Leukocyte DNA was extracted for telomere length by RT-qPCR reaction, using the 2−ΔΔCt methodology.ResultsAfter the training intervention, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in telomere length (respectively before and after, 1.03 ± 0.04 to 1.07 ± 0.04 T/S ratio), fat-free mass (46 ± 7 to 48 ± 5 kg), Vo2max (35 ± 3 to 38 ± 3 ml/kg/min), and waist circumference (96 ± 8 to 90 ± 6 cm). In addition, an inverse correlation between waist circumference and telomere length was found, before (r = − 0.536, p = 0.017) and after (r = − 0.655, p = 0.015) exercise training.ConclusionCombined exercise promoted leukocyte telomere elongation in obese women. Besides, the data suggested that greater waist circumference may predict shorter telomere length.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrails.gov, NCT03119350. Retrospectively registered on 18 April 2017

Cardiac conduction disturbances in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results from a 5-year follow-up cohort study

ObjectivesTo describe electrocardiographic (ECG) development in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and identify associations between baseline characteristics and cardiac conduction disturbances (CCD) at 5-year follow-up.MethodsIn a longitudinal cohort study, 172...

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations during pregnancy and post-pregnancy biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in Project Viva

OPS 20: Chemicals, biomarkers, omics, Room 110, Floor 1, August 27, 2019, 4:30 PM - 5:30 PM Background/Aim: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent chemicals linked to weight gain and type 2 diabetes. We tested whether PFAS concentrations during pregnancy are associated with postpartum biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease. Methods: We studied 1,631 women recruited 1999-2002 in the Project Viva cohort with pregnancy (median 9.7 weeks, range 4.8-21.4) plasma measurements of 6 PFAS, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide) acetic acid (Et-PFOSA-AcOH). PFAS were log2-transformed. At 3 years post-pregnancy we measured anthropometry and, in a subset, serum biomarkers including sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). We excluded women who were pregnant within the last 6 months (n=193); the analysis sample was n=831 after loss to follow-up. We used multivariable regression, adjusting for age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, marital status, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking, and parity. We multiply imputed missing covariates and adjusted for loss to follow-up using inverse probability of censoring weights. Results: PFAS exposure was associated with greater triceps skinfold thickness (0.69 [95%CI: 0.10, 1.28] mm per doubling in PFOS and 0.72 [95%CI: 0.06, 1.38] mm per doubling of PFOA) and greater subscapular skinfold thickness (0.53 [95%CI: -0.03, 1.09] mm per doubling in PFOS and 0.42 [95%CI: 0.02, 0.82] mm per doubling of Et-PFOSA-AcOH). PFAS were also associated with greater mid-upper arm circumference (0.27 [95%CI: -0.01, 0.54] cm per doubling of PFOA and 0.18 [95%CI: -0.01, 0.36] cm per doubling of Et-PFOSA-AcOH) and greater waist circumference (0.55 [95%CI: 0.06, 1.05] cm per doubling in Et-PFOSA-AcOH). Finally, each doubling of Et-PFOSA-AcOH was associated with lower log-SHBG (-0.06 mg/L [95%CI: -0.11, -0.00]), higher log-IL-6 (0.11 pg/mL [95%CI: 0.04, 0.18]) and higher HbA1c (0.030% [95%CI: 0.01, 0.05]). Conclusions: Though effect sizes are small, the direction of associations taken together suggests PFAS exposure is associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic profile.

Diferencias antropométricas de escolares de 5 y 6 años en colegio público y privado, Chile 2015

Introducción: La obesidad infantil representa un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Chile presenta una de las tasas más altas de prevalencia de obesidad infantil de Latinoamérica. Localmente, hay pocos estudios que muestran las diferencias entre colegios públicos y privados en relación a parámetros de peso, talla y perímetro de cintura en escolares. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si existen diferencias antropométricas de niños de 5 y 6 años según el tipo de colegio.Material y métodos: Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y transversal. Se constituyó una muestra no probabilística de 195 niños de 5 y 6 años, los cuales 55 corresponden a colegio público y 140 a colegio privado. Resultados: En la valoración antropométrica de niños entre 5 y 6 años de colegios públicos y privados, los escolares en peso y talla en ambas edades no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p&gt;0,05), sin embargo, la población en conjunto, sin diferenciar en edades, fueron estadísticamente significativas en la talla (p&lt;0,05). Los valores de IMC para 5 y 6 años se encuentran bajo los puntos de corte de obesidad definidos internacionalmente y fueron estadísticamente significativas entre colegio público y privado (p&lt;0,05). En perímetro de cintura, los escolares de colegios públicos tuvieron más escolares sobre el Percentil 90, catalogado como obesidad abdominal. Sin embargo, estas diferencias encontradas no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p&gt;0,05). Conclusiones: Se evidenció menor talla (p&lt;0,05), mayor peso y mayor perímetro de cintura en escolares de colegio público en relación a privado, sin embrago dado la baja participación de colegios y diferencia de tamaño muestreal en ambos grupos, estas diferencias deben ser interpretadas con cautela.

SUN-237 Higher Doses of Testosterone Gel Required in Hypogonadal Men with Obesity to Achieve Therapeutic Replacement - Advice on Dose Titration

Introduction: Testosterone (T) gel is one of the most widely used treatment options for hypogonadal men. Our clinical practice has shown that a great percentage of men achieve therapeutic T levels 3 weeks after the commencement of T gel. This achievement depends on the initiation dose of T gel which may be contingent on body composition primarily waist circumference (WC) as a marker of visceral obesity. Objectives: To determine whether hypogonadal men with WC≥102cm were required to be commenced at initiation on higher doses of T gel. To determine the time required to achieve therapeutic T levels (Tostran 2% gel v Testogel 1%). To look for other parameters which may help assess the initiation dose e.g. body weight, BMI. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 300 hypogonadal men. 112 men were commenced on Tostran and 188 men on Testogel. The following were assessed: baseline WC and total T (TT) correlation, the initiation T dose and the time when therapeutic levels are achieved, the average starting dose achieving therapeutic T levels in obese (WC≥102) and non-obese (WC<102cm) men, correlation between T gel dose achieving therapeutic T levels and the quartiles of WC, BMI and body weight. Results: Baseline characteristics: mean age 62.3y; mean TT 7.4 nmol/l; WC 113.9cm, BMI 33.45, mean weight 102.4kg, starting T gel dose 51.4mg. There was a negative correlation between WC and TT (p=0.039). The majority of men were commenced on either 50mg (56.4%) or 60mg (21.8%) of T gel. 88.9% of men achieved therapeutic T levels (24.8% by 3 weeks, 56.2% by 3 months, 73.1% by 6 months, 89.3% by 12 months, 97.9% by 24 months). There wasn’t significant difference between Tostran and Testogel. When comparing obese and non-obese men, the average starting dose achieving therapeutic T levels at 3 months (48mg and 58mg, respectively) was trending towards statistical significance (p=0.065). T gel dose achieving therapeutic T levels was positively correlated to WC quartiles 1&4 + 2&4, BMI quartiles 1&2 + 1&4 + 3&4, and body weight quartiles 1&4. Conclusions: Our study, like other studies has shown that men with higher waist circumference, which is a surrogate marker of obesity and metabolic syndrome, have lower total testosterone levels. Testosterone gel which is commonly used in the treatment of hypogonadism is an effective way of hormone replacement. However, only half the number of patients achieve therapeutic levels by 6 months and some patients take up to 12-24 months to achieve therapeutic levels of testosterone. Our study demonstrates that higher doses of testosterone is required to achieve therapeutic levels in men with greater waist circumference, weight and BMI. We hence suggest differential initiation dose and titration regime for patients with varying degrees of obesity and metabolic syndrome to decrease the time taken to achieve therapeutic concentration of testosterone.

The Role of Energy Intake on Fitness-Adjusted Racial/Ethnic Differences in Central Adiposity Using Quantile Regression.

Energy intake (EI) is suggested to be associated with adiposity and may explain previously observed fitness-adjusted racial disparities in waist circumference (WC). The purpose of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the role of EI on the fitness-adjusted racial/ethnic disparities in WC in a nationally representative sample of females using quantile regression. Our sample consisted of 3874 female participants (aged 12 to 49years) from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The role of EI was assessed in separate analyses via estimation using a 24-hour dietary recall (DR) and the Institute of Medicine total daily energy expenditure equations. Age-stratified quantile regression models were used to estimate the differences in WC between minority groups and non-Hispanic (NH) white, adjusting for EI, CRF, age, and height. Results from the quantile regression analyses adjusting for EI via DR showed significant differences in WC between NH black and NH white at the 25th-90th WC percentiles (5.9-11.1cm) for females 20-49 and at the 90th WC percentile (10.1cm) for females 16-19. For females 12-15, no significant differences were observed between NH black and NH white. Analyses adjusting for EI via IOM showed significant differences in WC between NH black and NH white only for females aged 20-49years, at the 50th and 75th percentile (1.7-3.6cm). Compared to NH White, Mexican American females, in all age groups, tended to have significantly greater WC. These results highlight the importance of rigor in energy intake assessments, suggesting that EI, if adequately assessed, may explain a substantial part of the racial/ethnic differences in WC between NH black and NH white females. Additionally, the observed persistence of estimated differences in WC with advancing age suggests other factors (e.g., hormones) may play a role.

Associations between the dietary patterns of pregnant Malaysian women and ethnicity, education, and early pregnancy waist circumference: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESLittle is known about the dietary patterns (DPs) of women during pregnancy. The present study aimed to identify the DPs of pregnant Malaysian women and their associations with socio-demographic, obstetric, and anthropometric characteristics.SUBJECTS AND METHODSThis prospective cohort study included 737 participants enrolled in Seremban Cohort Study between 2013 and 2015. Food consumption was assessed using a validated 126-food item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) at four time-points, namely, pre-pregnancy and at each trimester (first, second, and third). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify DPs.RESULTSThree DPs were identified at each time point and designated DP 1–3 (pre-pregnancy), DP 4–6 (first trimester), DP 7–9 (second trimester) and DP 10–12 (third trimester). DP 1, 4, and 7 appeared to be more prudent diets, characterized by higher intakes of nuts, seeds & legumes, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, eggs, fruits, and milk & dairy products. DP 2, 5, 8, and 11 had greater loadings of condiments & spices, sugar, spreads & creamer, though DP 2 had additional sweet foods, DP 5 and 8 had additional oils & fats, and DP 11 had additional tea & coffee, respectively. DP 3 and 6 were characterized by high protein (poultry, meat, processed, dairy, eggs, and fish), sugars (mainly as beverages and sweet foods), and energy (bread, cereal & cereal products, rice, noodles & pasta) intakes. DP 9 had additional fruits. However, DP 12 had greater loadings of energy foods (bread, cereal & cereal products, rice, noodles & pasta), sugars (mainly as beverages, and sweet foods), and good protein sources (eggs, nuts, seeds & legumes). Malays were more likely to have lower adherence (LA) for DP 1 and 10 than non-Malays. DP 2, 8, and 11 were more prevalent among Malays than non-Malays. Women with a higher education were more likely to have LA for DP 10, and women with a greater waist circumference at first prenatal visit were more likely to show LA for DP 11.CONCLUSIONSDPs observed in the present study were substantially different from those reported in Western populations. Information concerning associations between ethnicity, waist circumference and education with specific DPs before and throughout pregnancy could facilitate efforts to promote healthy dietary behavior and the overall health and well-being of pregnant women.

Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in persons with impaired glucose tolerance

Introduction/Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the profile of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in comparison to patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Methods. The study consisted of 222 adult participants with established fasting blood glucose values within the 5.6?6.9 mmol/L range. IGT was defined as blood glucose of 7.8?11.1 mmol/L in the second hour after the administration of 75 g during oral glucose tolerance test. IFG is the metabolic state between normal and impaired glucose tolerance, where fasting glucose levels are 5.6?6.9 mmol/L, and normal oral glucose tolerance test values. IGT was confirmed in 142 of these individuals (107 females and 35 males; aged 54 ? 13 years). The remaining 80 participants (56 females and 24 males, p = 0.329; aged 53 ? 13 years, p = 0.76) were considered the IFG group. The following parameters were analyzed in both groups: body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, fasting insulin levels, HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment ? insulin resistance), C-reactive protein, fibrinogen concentrations and lipid profile. Results. Participants in the IGT group were more obese than those in the IFG group (body mass index 30.8 ? 5.5 kg/m2 vs. 26.7 ? 3.8 kg/m2, p &lt; 0.001), and with greater waist circumference (111 ? 12 cm vs. 101 ? 6 cm; p &lt; 0.001). Glucose levels (6.02 ? 0.75 mmol/L vs. 5.80 ? 0.62 mmol/L; p &lt; 0.001), and blood insulin levels (21.61 ? 3.46 vs. 6.00 ? 2.8 mIU/L; p &lt; 0.001), as well as HOMA-IR (5.78 ? 2.68 mIU/L vs. 1.54 ? 1.46 mIU/L; p &lt; 0.001) were also higher in the IGT group. Median levels of HbA1c in IGT subjects were higher compared with those in the IFG group, but the difference was not statistically significant (6.21 ? 0.75% vs. 5.92 ? 0.43%; p = 0.105). Median hs-CRP levels in the IGT subjects (6.7 ? 4.88 mg/L) were higher than in the IFG subjects (5.83 ? 6.47 mg/L), but without statistical significance (p = 0.76). Conclusion. Our study indicates the presence of a large number of cardiovascular risk factors in both groups. Still, obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, higher diastolic blood pressure, as well as sedentary lifestyle, were statistically significantly more prevalent in patients with IGT.

Effect of comorbid metabolic syndrome and related components on cognition in patients with schizophrenia

Background The aim of the present study is to compare the cognitive functions of patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS) in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, and to investigate the relationship between the clinical symptomatology and MetS-related components with cognitive functions. Methods This cross-sectional study included 79 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder. All participants were assessed using the Positive PANSS and a neurocognitive battery to assess memory, attention and executive function. Results In the study group, 35 (44.30%) patients met the criteria for MetS. The MetS group performed worse than those without MetS on verbal memory subtests. There was no difference in attention and executive functioning of the Mets and non-MetS groups. Multiple regression analyses showed that, elevated HDL were significantly associated with better scores for verbal memory, visual memory, and executive functions. In contrast, a higher BMI was significantly associated with poorer scores on visual memory, verbal memory, attention and executive functioning. Unexpectedly, a greater waist circumference was associated with better scores for executive functioning. Conclusion MetS and related components are associated with impaired cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder. Early interventions such as reducing risk related BMI values or increasing HDL levels, may reduce risk factors for MetS and have positive effects on cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia.

Association of usual 24-h sodium excretion with measures of adiposity among adults in the United States: NHANES, 2014

Both excessive sodium intake and obesity are risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The association between sodium intake and obesity is unclear, with few studies assessing sodium intake using 24-h urine collection. Our objective was to assess the association between usual 24-h sodium excretion and measures of adiposity among US adults. Cross-sectional data were analyzed from a sample of 730 nonpregnant participants aged 20-69 y who provided up to 2 complete 24-h urine specimens in the NHANES 2014 and had data on overweight or obesity [body mass index (kg/m2) ≥25] and central adiposity [waist circumference (WC): >88 cm for women, >102 cm for men]. Measurement error models were used to estimate usual sodium excretion, and multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to assess its associations with measures of adiposity, adjusting for sociodemographic, health, and dietary variables [i.e., energy intake or sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake]. All analyses accounted for the complex survey sample design. Unadjusted mean ± SE usual sodium excretion was 3727±43.5 mg/d and 3145±55.0 mg/d among participants with and without overweight/obesity and 3653±58.1 mg/d and 3443±35.3 mg/d among participants with or without central adiposity, respectively. A 1000-mg/d higher sodium excretion was significantly associated with 3.8-units higher BMI (95% CI: 2.8, 4.8) and a 9.2-cm greater WC (95% CI: 6.9, 11.5 cm) adjusted for covariates. Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of sodium excretion, the adjusted prevalence ratios in the highest quartile were 1.93 (95% CI: 1.69, 2.20) for overweight/obesity and 2.07 (95% CI: 1.74, 2.46) for central adiposity. The associations also were significant when adjusting for SSBs, instead of energy, in models. Higher usual sodium excretion is associated with overweight/obesity and central adiposity among US adults.

Association of Obesity and Frailty in Older Adults: NHANES 1999-2004.

Body composition changes with aging can increase rates of obesity, frailty and impact function. Measuring adiposity using body fat (%BF) or central adiposity using waist circumference (WC) have greater diagnostic accuracy than traditional measures such as body mass index (BMI). This is an observational study. This study focused on older community-dwelling participants. We identified individuals age ≥ 60 years old using the 1999-2004 cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES). The primary analysis evaluated the association between frailty and %BF or WC. Frailty was the primary predictor (robust=referent) and %BF and WC were considered continuous outcomes. Multiple imputation analyses accounted for missing characteristics. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to assess %BF and WC was objectively measured. Frailty was defined using an adapted version of Fried's criteria that was self-reported: (low BMI<18.5kg/m2; slow walking speed [<0.8m/s]; weakness [unable to lift 10lbs]; exhaustion [difficulty walking between rooms on same floor] and low physical activity [compared to others]). Robust, pre-frail and frail persons met zero, 1 or 2, and ≥3 criteria, respectively. Of the 4,984 participants, the mean age was 71.1±0.2 (SE) years and 56.5% were females. We classified 2,246 (50.4%), 2,195 (40.3%), and 541 (9.2%) individuals as robust, pre-frail and frail, respectively. Percent BF was 35.9±0.13, 38.3±0.20 and 40.0±0.46 in the robust, pre-frail and frail individuals, respectively. WC was 99.5±0.32 in the robust, 100.1±0.43 in pre-frail, 104.7±1.17 in frail individuals. Compared to robust individuals, only frail individuals had greater %BF on average (β=0.97±0.43,p=0.03); however, pre-frail and frail individuals had 2.18 and 4.80 greater WC, respectively (β=2.18±0.64,p=0.002, and β=4.80±1.1,p<0.001). Our results demonstrate that in older adults, frailty and pre-frailty are associated with a greater likelihood of high WC (as dichotomized) and a greater average WC (continuous).

10-Year Renal Function Trajectories in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Exploring the Risk Factors for Different Patterns.

Longitudinal changes of renal function help inform patients’ clinical courses and improve risk stratification. Rare studies address risk factors predicting changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over time in older adults, particularly of Chinese ethnicity. We identified prospectively enrolled community-dwelling older adults (≥65 years) receiving annual health examinations between 2005 and 2015 with serum creatinine available continuously in a single institute, and used linear regression to derive individual’s annual eGFR changes, followed by multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify features associated with different eGFR change patterns. Among 500 elderly (71.3 ± 4.2 years), their mean annual eGFR changes were 0.84 ± 1.67 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, with 136 (27.2%) and 238 (47.6%) classified as having downward (annual eGFR change <0 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) and upward eGFR (≥1 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) trajectories, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression showed that higher age (odds ratio (OR) 1.08), worse renal function (OR 13.2), and more severe proteinuria (OR 9.86) or hematuria (OR 3.39) were predictive of a declining eGFR while greater waist circumference (OR 1.06) and higher leukocyte counts (OR 1.21) were predictive of an uprising 10-year eGFR. These findings elucidate important features associated with geriatric renal function variations, which are expected to improve their renal care.

Genetic risk score based on fat mass and obesity-associated, transmembrane protein 18 and fibronectin type III domain containing 5 polymorphisms is associated with anthropometric characteristics in South Brazilian children and adolescents

The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased worldwide. Although it is considered a polygenic inheritance disease, little is known about its susceptibility when the additive effect is considered. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the genetic risk score (GRS) based on previously associated obesity polymorphisms (SNP) rs9939609 (fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO)), rs6548238 (transmembrane protein 18 (TMEM18)) and rs16835198 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5)) could serve as a predictor for anthropometric characteristics in a sample of Brazilian children and adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with 1471 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. BMI, waist circumference (WC) and percentage of body fat and metabolic parameters were verified. In all, three SNP were genotyped by TaqMan™ allelic discrimination. The metabolic and anthropometric parameters were compared between the genotypes, and the unweighted and weighted GRS (GRS and wGRS, respectively) were created to test the additive effect of these genetic polymorphisms on anthropometric parameters. The prevalence of overweight plus obesity was 41 %. Significant associations were identified for FTO rs9939609, TMEM18 rs6548238 and FNDC5 rs16835198 and for GRS and wGRS with anthropometric phenotypes. The higher score of wGRS was associated with obesity (OR: 2·65, 95 % CI 1·40, 5·04, P=0·003) and with greater WC (OR: 2·91, 95 % CI 1·57, 5·40, P=0·001). Our results suggest that these genetic variants contribute to obesity susceptibility in children and adolescents and reinforce the idea that the additive effect may be useful to elucidate the genetic component of obesity.

Everyday Discrimination Prospectively Predicts Blood Pressure Across 10 Years in Racially/Ethnically Diverse Midlife Women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

Interpersonal discrimination is linked to greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and this association varies by race/ethnicity. To examine whether exposure to everyday discrimination prospectively predicts elevated blood pressure (BP), whether this association differs by race/ethnicity, and is mediated by adiposity indices. Using data for 2,180 self-identified White, Black, Chinese, Japanese, and Hispanic participants from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, we examined associations among exposure to (higher vs. lower) everyday discrimination at baseline and BP and hypertension (HTN; systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥ 140 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure [DBP] ≥ 90 mmHg; or self-reported HTN medication use) risk over a 10 year period. Additionally, we used the bootstrap method to assess repeated, time-varying markers of central and overall adiposity (waist circumference and body mass index [BMI] (kg/m2), respectively) as potential mediators. Exposure to everyday discrimination predicted increases in SBP and DBP over time, even after adjusting for known demographic, behavioral, or medical risk factors. However, greater waist circumference or BMI (examined separately) mediated these observations. Notably, there were no racial/ethnic differences in the observed association and HTN risk was not predicted. The current findings suggest that everyday discrimination may contribute to elevated BP over time in U.S. women, in part, through increased adiposity. These findings demonstrate the complexity of the linkage of discrimination to CVD risk and raise the need to closely examine biobehavioral pathways that may serve as potential mediators.

Maternal Thyroid Antibodies Associates with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children at the Age of 16

Context and objective The objective of this study was to determine the effects of maternal thyroid dysfunction or antibodies during pregnancy on the cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Design, setting, and participants This prospective population-based cohort study, Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, included all pregnancies within a year in the area. Maternal serum samples were collected before the 20th week of gestation and analyzed for thyrotropin, free T4, thyroid-peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Abs), and thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Abs). Cardiometabolic risk factors in children at the age of 16 years were evaluated via blood sampling and clinical examination. Data were available for 3229 to 4176 mother-child pairs. Main outcome measures Waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids and lipoproteins, and insulin resistance were measured. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cardiometabolic risk factors in children with and without mothers with thyroid dysfunction or antibodies were calculated with logistic regression and adjusted for covariates. Results Children of TPO-Ab-positive mothers had higher odds of metabolic syndrome (OR, 2.57; 95%, CI 1.26 to 5.25) and waist circumference indicative of metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.50). They were also more likely to be overweight or obese (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.34). Maternal thyroid dysfunction or Tg-Ab positivity did not associate with cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Conclusion Metabolic syndrome, greater waist circumference, and higher body mass index were more prevalent in children of TPO-Ab-positive mothers, indicating an adverse cardiovascular health profile.