Greater Space Research Articles

Quality and microstructure of tilapia fillets (Oreochromis niloticus) subjected to different freezing methods

The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets were frozen with static air (SA) at -20 °C, air blast freezing (AF) at -25 °C, combined method (CM - immersion in liquid nitrogen followed by AF) and cryogenic freezing (CF - immersion in liquid nitrogen). The effects of different freezing methods and of storage time at -18 °C (0, 30, 60 and 90 days) on fillet quality were evaluated. The temperature records were obtained, and the freezing times were determined by monitoring the temperatures of the geometric centers of the fillets. For CF, CM, AF and SA, the freezing times were 5.32, 127, 146 and 268 min, respectively. The quality of the frozen fillets was evaluated by measuring pH, volatile nitrogenous bases (TBV-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and fatty acids and by obtaining a texture profile and performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The samples frozen by CF, after storage, had the highest levels of TBV-N because the high freezing rate produced superficial cracks that negatively affected the quality of the fillets. Freezing the samples with SA produced the worst quality indices and the microstructure was visibly damaged, with greater spaces between the fibers left by ice crystals. For all parameters evaluated, freezing with AF and CM resulted in fast freezing rates and better-quality tilapia fillets for 90 days of storage.

Effects of space allowance on patterns of activity in group-housed dairy calves

With increasing use of social housing for dairy calves, there is a need to refine housing management practices that influence animal behavior and may affect welfare. Our aim was to assess the effect of pen space allowance on activity patterns and pen space use. Holstein heifer calves were group-housed (n = 6 pens; 5 calves/pen) at 14 d ± 2.8 d of age (mean ± SD). After a 7-d adaptation, each pen was exposed to 3 different space allowances (3.7, 4.6, and 5.6 m2/calf) in a random order, according to a replicated Latin square design with three 7-d periods (period 1, d 22–28; period 2, d 29–35; and period 3, d 36–42). Calves were provided milk replacer (12 L/d) ad libitum via an automated milk feeder and gradually weaned over 10 d, beginning at 48 ± 3 d of age. Using leg-based accelerometers (HOBO Pendant G data logger, Onset Computer Corp., Pocasset, MA), we obtained data describing standing time, standing bout frequency, and standing bout duration. Daily pen-level average standing time (6.5 h/d; SE = 0.27) did not differ between treatments. However, with greater space allowance, calves had more frequent standing bouts (22.6 vs. 20.3 bouts/d; 5.6 vs. 3.7 m2/calf; SE = 0.96) of shorter duration. To assess effects of space allowance on within-pen individual variability, we calculated the coefficient of variation for daily activity outcomes at the pen level and intra-class correlation coefficients for hourly standing time, by pen and day. The coefficient of variation for standing behavior outcomes decreased with increasing space allowance, and the intraclass correlation for hourly standing time increased, suggesting that increasing space allowance reduced individual variability and may promote more synchronous rest. Finally, we qualitatively assessed use of pen space using motion heat maps generated using computer vision from video recorded of each pen from 0800 to 1200 h on d 6 and 7 of each experimental period for each pen. These images suggest that calves preferentially used space near the perimeter of the pen, but space was used more uniformly when space allowance is restricted. Overall, these results suggest that lower space allowances may restrict patterns of activity at the pen level and reduce behavioral synchrony.

Comparison between the Computer Curriculum in public schools in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq and Jordan

This study aims to analyze and compare three computer curriculum Text books, which are the information technology book for the seventh grade in the Kurdistan region, the computer book for the first intermediate grade in Iraq, and the computer book for the seventh grade in Jordan, in order to know which fields in the books have the greatest space and importance, and the areas that It has the least space and importance. To achieve the objectives of this research, all the topics in the three books have been analyzed.
 The research community consists of three books (Information Technology/Kurdistan Region, Computer/Iraq, and Computer/Jordan). To implement the objectives of the research and collect information, the classification form was used as a research tool consisting of 175 sections, and after the issuance of the validity and reliability of the research tool, this form was divided into 100 experts in the field of computer in universities and governmental and non-governmental institutes in the Kurdistan Region, as well as education teachers in basic public schools. After taking the opinions of experts, analyzing them and emptying the research tools, statistical formulas were used, such as (percentage, arithmetic mean), the most important results of the study were presented.

Green Großraum: Carl Schmitt’s political ecology of space

How scholars conceptualize the driving forces of planetary crisis is intimately connected to how they conceptualize solutions to it. Recent scholarship has drawn on the work of Carl Schmitt, Nazi jurist and political philosopher, to articulate concepts in political ecology. These works of political ecology, however, do not engage with the problematic political history of the work and concepts developed by Schmitt. This article asks: what kinds of assumptions do we adopt when deploying Schmitt’s geographical, political, and ecological conceptual apparati? First, the article draws on the work of Minca and Rowan (2015, 2016) and Giaccaria and Minca (2016) to argue that Schmitt’s thought is geographical, that Nazi geographical thought was intimately tied to geographies of conquest on the part of the Nazis. It argues that Schmitt’s concept of Großraum or “greater space/ sphere of influence” is bound up with Schmitt’s and the Nazi’s politics of an ethnically/ racially motivated politics of “Friend versus Enemy.” The article then evaluates Schmitt’s concept of the political and considers its implications in relation to the environmental crisis of contemporary conjuncture, arguing that Schmitt’s amorphous conceptualization of the political allows the distinction between friend and enemy to be left open to interpretation, making it possible for both intellectuals and green political parties to articulate xenophobic and reactionary political positions in environmental terms.

In-situ SEM and EBSD investigation of the deformation behavior of extruded Mg-6Al-1Zn-1.1Sc alloy

The present study subjects the extruded Mg-6Al-1Zn-1.1Sc (wt%) alloy to reveal the deformation during in-situ tensile testing at room temperature by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results demonstrate that the parallel slip traces are increasingly observed on the surfaces of grains with increasing strains owing to the movement of dislocations inside the grains toward the sample surface, while microcracks are frequently observed at grain boundaries. The slip trace analysis indicate that many basal slips are activated during the deformation. The twinning behaviors of the extruded alloy during tensile testing are dominated by extension twinning. The orientation of grains is demonstrated to have a profound effect on their deformation, where grains with orientations deviating greatest from 〈0001〉//TD exhibit the highest dislocation density after deformation. This can be attributed to the fact that these oriented grains are prone to activate basal slip due to the large Schmid factor (SF). Similarly, the deformation of grains is also found to be highly dependent on their size, where the dislocation density of coarser grains increases more significantly than that of finer grains during deformation because coarser grains have greater space available for accommodating dislocations than finer grains.

In search of Paulus Vladimiri: Canon, reception, and the (in)conceivability of an Eastern European ‘founding father’ of international law

AbstractWhile many international lawyers are familiar with Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546), very few have even heard of Paulus Vladimiri (1370–1435) – a Polish priest and jurist who made striking similar arguments to Vitoria on legal universality and the rights of non-Christians a full century before Vitoria. This divergence of consciousness, I argue, provides a unique opportunity to explore questions of canon, reception, and the role of ‘founding fathers’ within international legal thought. Centring Vladimiri as an ‘Eastern European’ figure, I argue that his non-reception is largely the result of how Eastern Europe implicitly functions as a distinctly liminal space within international legal thought that makes any possible ‘founding father’ from this region immensely difficult to imagine. I examine this dynamic through the differing postwar efforts of the Polish jurists Kazimierz Grzybowski and C. H. Alexandrowicz to include Vladimiri within the international legal canon. In examining the background structures of twentieth-century international law, I conclude that, in a manner directly connected to the liminality of Eastern Europe, neither Soviet nor Third World nor Western imaginations could easily receive Vladimiri within their fundamentally political narratives of normative order that shaped their international legal approaches. However, despite this historic non-reception, I argue that Vladimiri, and the question of Eastern Europe more generally, holds great promise in our current global moment. Particularly, engaging Eastern Europe’s liminal character offers a more sociologically grounded alternative to the reductionist Schmittian view of international law as a product of inescapable conflict in a world of exclusionary ‘greater spaces’.

Spatial ecology of translocated raccoons

Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are routinely translocated both legally and illegally to mitigate conflicts with humans, which has contributed to the spread of rabies virus across eastern North America. The movement behavior of translocated raccoons has important ramifications for disease transmission yet remains understudied and poorly quantified. To examine the spatial ecology of raccoons following experimental translocation, we performed reciprocal 16 km-distance translocations of 30 raccoons between habitats of high and low raccoon density (bottomland hardwood and upland pine, respectively) across the Savannah River Site (SRS) in Aiken, South Carolina, USA (2018–2019). Translocation influenced patterns of raccoon space use, with translocated animals exhibiting a 13-fold increase in 95% utilization distributions (UDs) post- compared to pre-translocation (mean 95% UD 35.8 ± 36.1 km2 vs 1.96 ± 1.17 km2). Raccoons originating from upland pine habitats consistently had greater space use and larger nightly movement distances post-translocation compared to raccoons moved from bottomland hardwood habitats, whereas these differences were generally not observed prior to translocation. Estimated home ranges of male raccoons were twice the area as estimated for female raccoons, on average, and this pattern was not affected by translocation. After a transient period lasting on average 36.5 days (SD = 30.0, range = 3.25–92.8), raccoons often resumed pre-experiment movement behavior, with 95% UD sizes not different from those prior to translocation (mean = 2.27 ± 1.63km2). Most animals established new home ranges after translocation, whereas three raccoons moved > 16 km from their release point back to the original capture location. Four animals crossed a 100-m wide river within the SRS post-translocation, but this behavior was not documented among collared raccoons prior to translocation. Large increases in space use combined with the crossing of geographic barriers such as rivers may lead to elevated contact rates with conspecifics, which can heighten disease transmission risks following translocation. These results provide additional insights regarding the potential impacts of raccoon translocation towards population level risks of rabies outbreaks and underscore the need to discourage mesocarnivore translocations to prevent further spread of wildlife rabies.

Storage infiltration of rock-soil interface soil on rock surface flow in the rocky desertification area

Rock surface flow, formed from the rock surface of outcrops after receiving rainwater, has become a main form of runoff in rocky desertification ecosystems with frequent regional and seasonal droughts. However, as a main flow path of rock surface flow into the surrounding soil of outcrops, how much the rock-soil interface soil can store and infiltrate the rock surface flow from outcrops is not well known. The goals of this study were to explore the storage-infiltration effect of soil at the rock-soil interface on rock surface flow in rocky desertification areas. Hence, a typical rocky land with large bulk rock outcrops, of which the surrounding soil has experienced five years of rock surface flow, and three special rock surfaces with shapes of convex, straight, and concave with different hydrological paths were selected in a typical rocky desertification county of China. Field investigation, ring knife soaking and infiltration methods were applied to indicate the difference in storage-infiltration between rock-soil interface soil and non-rock-soil interface soil on the rock surface flow in these different rock surface shapes. The results showed that the rock-soil interface soils around outcrops with different rock surface shapes exhibited different storage-infiltration capabilities for rock surface flow. The space of soil carrying water at the rock-soil interface showed the order of the convex shape, the straight shape and the concave shape, in which the non-rock-soil interface soil around the convex shape had greater space, followed by the rock-soil interface soil. The rock-soil interface soil of all three shapes had higher water storage performance than the non-rock-soil interface soil in terms of the field capacity and usable storage, where the rock-soil interface soil at the soil depth of 0–10 cm of the concave shape had lower water storage and lower conservation capacity than the 10–20 cm depth, and this was of positive significance for retaining the rock surface flow. The soil infiltration rate at the rock-soil interface with only the concave shape was greater than that at the non-rock-soil interface, where the concave shape had the greatest soil infiltration rate at the rock-soil interface. The results from this study can be used to understand the influence of outcrops on the soil properties of karst ecosystems.

Finite Element Analysis of Two Nearby Interfering Strip Footings Embedded in Saturated Cohesive Soils

The issue of interaction between nearby footings is of paramount practical significance. The interference effect should be taken into account since the footing may really be separated from or bounded by other footings on one or both sides. In this regard, this paper studies the effect of two nearby interfering strip footings embedded in saturated cohesive soils, which will help to provide a better understanding of the impact of footing depth on the interference effect. A numerical study is carried out using the finite element program (Midas GTS-NX), and the behavior of closely placed strip footings embedded in the saturated cohesive soils is investigated under the influence of different factors such as the spacing between footings, the depth of footings, soil undrained shear strength, and the groundwater table. It was concluded that the soil cohesion and the footing depth ratio have a notable influence on the interference of closely spaced footings. For all cohesion values, it has been observed that the spacing needed for interference to vanish decreases with an increase in the depth of the footing and water table. In addition, as the S/B ratio increases, the ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) of interfering footings decreases until it reaches the same value as an isolated footing at greater spacing. The UBC is approximately 10% higher at S/B = 1 compared to the isolated footing. However, at S/B = 1, the UBC of two footings achieves a value equal to that of an isolated footing and does not change when the S/B ratio increases. With increasing footing depth, there is an increase in UBC. Finally, the highest values of x were obtained in all cases when Cu = 40 kPa. This indicates that the interaction between footings is greater when the soil is softer. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-017 Full Text: PDF

Digital technology in orofacial harmonization

The field of dentistry had its challenges during and after the pandemic crisis for the provision of its services, which led to reconfigure their strategies. The context of the following article aims to demonstrate the importance of the application of a complementary technological tool called odontoangela.com within orofacial harmonization through relationship marketing. Method: The tool was used in a sample of 50 clients-patients within an organization in Valencia, Venezuela. Results: It was shown that the analysis obtained of both dental clinical characteristics and facial thirds through the photographic record, together with the desires and needs expressed through a video before having their first face-to-face consultation, provided significant information to complement a presumptive diagnosis. Conclusion: The use of digital technology can allow the harmonizer the first line of communication via virtual communication with the client-patient, in turn, be a complementary method for diagnosis and planning of the future treatment plan from anywhere, which makes a positive trend in the implementation of strategies aligned towards professional growth and advice to client-patients, which makes, a greater space in the market.

Drying of eucalyptus logs from plantations with different spacing between trees

The adoption of dense plantations can reduce the drying time of the logs, by optimizing this step. This study evaluated the drying of eucalyptus wood from plantations with different spacing (3 × 4; 3 × 3; 2 × 3; 1 × 3 m). Five trees were selected per treatment. Logs were removed from the base and at 50% and 100% of commercial height for drying evaluation for 60 days. The diameters of the eucalyptus trees from plantations with wider spacing were bigger, and the productivity per hectare was not affected by the spacing between trees. The planting spacing did not affect the initial moisture, which was higher for those removed from the top of the trees. The logs from the base from the denser spacing showed a drying rate 2.5 times higher than the same logs from the treatment with greater spacing, reducing the final moisture from 37.2 to 18.8%. The logs removed from the top of the trees reached the equilibrium moisture after the drying period. The reduction in the planting spacing reduced the wood moisture and the difference in this parameter between the logs removed from the base and top of the eucalyptus trunks.

Changes in Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Thickness with Bone Grafting and Dermis Allograft. Part III: A Case Series Using a Novel, Hybrid Implant Design with a Subcrestal Angle Correction.

This comparative case series presents 16 consecutively placed and temporized immediate implants in the maxillary esthetic zone. The implants have a novel, inverted body-shift design, intended to achieve high levels of primary stability via the tapered apical portion. The coronal narrow cylinder provides greater space between the implant platform and facial socket wall and adjacent teeth/implants, allowing a greater opportunity for augmentation. The restorative platform also features a subcrestal angle correction, which facilitates screw retention. The wider, facial platform-shift thus creates more room for augmentation via dual-zone bone grafting and the application of a dermal allograft, which yields greater soft tissue thickness after initial healing. This case series aimed to evaluate soft tissue thickness and compare the results to two previously published cohorts where implant design served as the only variable between groups.

Cryptography-Based Medical Signal Securing Using Improved Variation Mode Decomposition with Machine Learning Techniques.

There is no question about the value that digital signal processing brings to the area of biomedical research. DSP processors are used to sample and process the analog inputs that are received from a human organ. These inputs come from the organ itself. DSP processors, because of their multidimensional data processing nature, are the electrical components that take up the greatest space and use the most power. In this age of digital technology and electronic gizmos, portable biomedical devices represent an essential step forward in technological advancement. Electrocardiogram (ECG) units are among the most common types of biomedical equipment, and their functions are absolutely necessary to the process of saving human life. In the latter part of the 1990s, portable electrocardiogram (ECG) devices began to appear on the market, and research into their signal processing and electronics design capabilities continues today. System-on-chip (SoC) design refers to the process through which the separate computing components of a DSP unit are combined onto a single chip in order to achieve greater power and space efficiency. In the design of biomedical DSP devices, this body of research presents a number of different solutions for reducing power consumption and space requirements. Using serial or parallel data buses, which are often the region that consumes the most power, it is possible to send data between the system-on-chip (SoC) and other components. To cut down on the number of needless switching operations that take place during data transmission, a hybrid solution that makes use of the shift invert bus encoding scheme has been developed. Using a phase-encoded shift invert bus encoding approach, which embeds the two-bit indication lines into a single-bit encoded line, is one way to solve the issue of having two distinct indicator bits. This method reduces the problem. The PESHINV approach is compared to the SHINV method that already exists, and the comparison reveals that the suggested PESHINV method reduces the total power consumption of the encoding circuit by around 30 percent. The computing unit of the DSP processor is the target of further optimization efforts. Virtually, all signal processing methods need memory and multiplier circuits to function properly.

Cohort fertility heterogeneity during the fertility decline period in Turkey.

The decline in fertility, rapid urbanization and the increase in women's education levels in Turkey are simultaneous transformations. The coexistence and interaction of these transformations is the focal point for the interpretation of fertility trajectories in Turkey. This article explores Turkey's heterogeneous fertility structure by examining the fertility trajectories of women between 1949 and 1978 cohorts. It also examines changes in these trajectories in light of Turkey's fertility decline and interprets those changes through comparisons of women whose fertility behaviors are similar. Using three waves (1998, 2008 and 2018) of the Turkey Demographic and Health Survey data, we employed sequence analysis to calculate fertility trajectories and form clusters from these trajectories. The background similarities of women in the same fertility clusters were investigated with distance analysis, and we calculated predicted probabilities from multinomial logistic regression results and predicted cluster membership. The heterogeneous nature of fertility in Turkey during the demographic transition period shaped the transition process and it can be predicted that such heterogeneity will shape post-transition fertility. The behavior of having two children became the norm during this period, and greater spacing between births or even stopping after the first child became a preferred option among educated women who grew up in cities. For women who grew up in rural areas and uneducated women, we observed a transition from higher parities to three-norm.

Organisational failure: rethinking whistleblowing for tomorrow’s doctors

The duty to protect patient welfare underpins undergraduate medical ethics and patient safety teaching. The current syllabus for patient safety emphasises the significance of organisational contribution to healthcare failures. However,...

Field quantifications of probability of detection and search patterns to form protocols for the use of detector dogs for eradication assessments.

The use of detector dogs within environmental programs has increased greatly over the past few decades, yet their search methods are not standardized, and variation in dog performance remains not well quantified or understood. There is much science to be done to improve the general utility of detector dogs, especially for invertebrate surveys.We report research for detector dog work conducted as part of yellow crazy ant eradication. One dog was first used to quantify the probability of detection (POD) within a strictly controlled trial. We then investigated the search patterns of two dogs when worked through sites using different transect spacings. Specifically, we quantified their presence within set distances of all locations in each assessment area, as well as the time they took to assess each area. In a GIS, we then calculated the relative percentage of the entire search area within six distance categories, and combined this information with the POD values to obtain a site‐level POD.The calculated relationship between distance and POD was extremely strong (R 2 = 0.998), with POD being 86% at 2 m and 28% at 25 m. For site‐level assessments conducted by the two dogs, both dogs achieved the highest site‐level POD when operated on the lowest transect spacing (15 m), with POD decreasing significantly as transect spacing increased. Both dogs had strong linear relationships between area assessed and time, with the area assessed being greater when the transects had greater spacing. The working style of the two dogs also resulted in significantly different assessment outcomes. In 1 h one dog could assess approximately 9.2 ha with transects spaced 20 m apart, and 6.8 ha with transects spaced 15 m apart, whereas the second dog could only assess approximately 6.9 ha with transects spaced 20 m apart, and 4.9 ha with transects spaced 15 m apart.Our study provides insight into the ability of dogs to detect yellow crazy ants, and sets the basis for further science and protocol development for ant detection. With the lessons learned from this work, we then detail protocols for using detector dogs for ant eradication assessments.

An Effective Trend Surface Fitting Framework for Spatial Analysis of Extreme Events

AbstractThe estimation of exceedance probabilities for extreme climatic events is critical for infrastructure design and risk assessment. Climatic events occur over a greater space than they are measured with point‐scale in situ gauges. In extreme value theory, the block maxima approach for spatial analysis of extremes depends on properly modeling the spatially varying Generalized Extreme Value marginal parameters (i.e., trend surfaces). Fitting these trend surfaces can be challenging since there are numerous spatial and temporal covariates that are potentially relevant for any given event type and region. Traditionally, covariate selection is based on assumptions regarding the topmost relevant drivers of the event. This work demonstrates the benefit of utilizing elastic‐net regression to support automatic selection from a relatively large set of physically relevant covariates during trend surface estimation. The trend surfaces presented are based on 24‐hr annual maximum precipitation for northeastern Colorado and the Texas‐Louisiana Gulf Coast.

Growth Characteristics of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in Relation to Density for Sustainable Cropping Technology Development

Medicinal and aromatic plants hold a high share of interest in Romania. To offset the harvesting of spontaneous flora and ensure the sustainable conservation of natural resources, the cropping of highly valuable plants of interest represents a priority for the current agricultural system. This study was conducted due to the need for more balance in species exploitation. Therefore, it assessed the emergence dynamics, leaf appearance, growth and development of the plants depending on row spacing and plant distance. The research was conducted at the INCDCSZ Brașov, within the Technology Department, Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. The density of planting is the most important factor. Plants sown in continuous rows showed the highest yields of fresh and dry herbs, especially when the distance between the rows was set to 25 cm. Row-by-row distances of 50 cm ensure average values for all growth and development parameters. An increase in the row-by-row distance up to 70 cm drastically reduced the dry biomass up to 7.89 t ha−1 in continuous rows, followed by a 2 and 2.5 t ha−1 decrease for 15 cm and 25 cm plant-by-plant distances, respectively. Continuous row planting and a 25 cm row-by-row distance negligibly reduce the climate impact on growth and development. Greater spaces between plants leads to an average increase in individual development, but with a decrease in the total potential yield.

Preference of caregivers on residential care homes for older persons with versus without communication problems: a discrete choice experiment

BackgroundA residential care service voucher scheme has been introduced to expand the capacity and enhance choice of public-funded long-term care (LTC) in Hong Kong, enabling users to have greater choices over the types of LTC facilities. Older persons with communication problems have difficulties in understanding the care options available to them and expressing their preferences to care homes and daily service delivery, therefore hindering their ability to exercise control and choice. Thus, they may have different needs and preferences for the facilities than others due to their conditions. This study therefore aimed to investigate their preference for care homes in comparison with those without communication problems.MethodsA discrete choice experiment was conducted to elicit preference for six attributes derived from prior studies. The family caregivers of a random sample of older voucher holders were invited to undertake face-to-face interview. Willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the attributes was estimated for those with or without communication problems separately.ResultsTwo hundred eighty-three caregivers provided valid responses (74% response rate). Caregivers of those with communication problem preferred facilities operated by non-governmental organizations (WTP=HK$1777.4) and shorter travelling time (WTP=HK$1502.5 for <=0.5 hours), while those without the problem had greater preference for fewer roommates (WTP=HK$3048.1 for single room) and extra healthcare professionals (WTP=HK$1765.5). Heterogenous WTPs were identified from those with different income, marital status and caregivers’ age.ConclusionsThe reputation, greater space and staff, and proximity/familiarity of the facilities were important for those with communication problems. To help meet these preferences, the facilities could establish collaborations with local community-based service providers and build their own outreach team to familiarize themselves with older persons. Additionally, household income and informal support availability should be considered for care planning.

Numerical investigation of RC exterior beam-column connection with different joint reinforcement detailing

The proper detailing of joint reinforcement plays an essential role in ensuring adequate performance of reinforced concrete frames in terms of strength and ductility. The influence of various options of joint reinforcement detailing on joint performance has been numerically investigated using the nonlinear finite element analysis software, ABAQUS. Two sets of beam-column connections of various joint reinforcement detailing with greater spacing between the stirrups at two different locations have been modeled for achieving this purpose, considering validated experimentally tested specimen as reference. This study reveals that achieving the minimum requirments of joint reinforcement ratio according to the ACI 318-19 and ACI 352R-02 codes utilizing both internal cross ties and outer stirrups with greater spacing between the stirrups rather than closely spaced outside stirrups only is more efficient in terms of joint strength and deformation capacity. This implies that the contribution of the inner cross ties considering their configuration and location in the shear strength resistance should be considered. Therefore, the joint stirrups' main role should be considered as tension ties and a crack-control reinforcement that requires less steel and wider spacing for the joint details rather than the confinement of the concrete. Furthermore, it has been observed that both the joint strength and deformation capacity have been significantly improved with the use of three layers of stirrups with two closed rectangular cross ties or one polygon cross tie. However, the employment of only two layers of stirrups with two crossed rectangular cross ties located at the middle third of the joint as well as diagonal bars at the corners between the beam and column of the joint core successfully controlled the joint cracks and improved the performance of the connection.