Greater Security Research Articles

Do remotely piloted aerial vehicles make terrorism more costly for terrorists?

Purpose The use of remotely piloted aerial vehicles (RPVs) as a counterterrorism strategy is intensely debated on grounds of legitimacy, political feasibility and human rights. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the link between RPVs’ strikes and terrorism through evidence-based analysis. Design/methodology/approach Using insights from economic analysis of counterterrorism, the study hypothesized possible channels through which RPVs may increase costs for terrorism. A novel data set is gathered to empirically test the theory-consistent prediction of a negative link between RPVs’ strikes and terrorism in a multivariate econometric framework. Findings Focusing on RPVs’ strikes in Pakistan over 2008 to 2013, the analysis yields important new insights. The principal finding suggests that RPVs reduce overall terrorism, while, without negating the negative spillover effects of RPVs use, there is no evidence of a positive feedback from civilian casualties to terrorism. These findings are not driven by extreme observations and satisfy a number of conventional diagnostic checks. Practical implications A well-constructed comparison and empirical evidence in this study implies that RPVs may yield net benefits in terms of greater security at regional and national levels. Social implications Moreover, as a proactive counterterrorism measure, RPVs can be an effective policing tool in crowded urban areas facing the greater threat of terrorism. Originality/value The study is the first to systematically analyze the link between RPV strikes and the magnitude of terrorism. The groundbreaking analysis thus extends the scope of economic inquiry to the role of RPVs as a counterterrorism strategy at national, regional and global levels. The findings of the study cast doubt on the validity of many popular notions about RPVs strikes, as they find little support in the empirical analysis.

The distinctive sequelae of children's coping with interparental conflict: Testing the reformulated emotional security theory.

Two studies tested hypotheses about the distinctive psychological consequences of children's patterns of responding to interparental conflict. In Study 1, 174 preschool children (M = 4.0 years) and their mothers participated in a cross-sectional design. In Study 2, 243 preschool children (M = 4.6 years) and their parents participated in 2 annual measurement occasions. Across both studies, multiple informants assessed children's psychological functioning. Guided by the reformulated version of emotional security theory, behavioral observations of children's coping with interparental conflict assessed their tendencies to exhibit 4 patterns based on their function in defusing threat: secure (i.e., efficiently address direct instances of threat), mobilizing (i.e., react to potential threat and social opportunities), dominant (i.e., directly defeat threat), and demobilizing (i.e., reduce salience as a target of hostility). As hypothesized, each profile predicted unique patterns of adjustment. Greater security was associated with lower levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and greater social competence, whereas higher dominance was associated with externalizing problems and extraversion. In contrast, mobilizing patterns of reactivity predicted more problems with self-regulation, internalizing symptoms, externalizing difficulties, but also greater extraversion. Finally, higher levels of demobilizing reactivity were linked with greater internalizing problems and lower extraversion but also better self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record

Healthcare personnel’s experiences using video consultation in primary healthcare in rural areas

Patients living in rural areas often need to travel long distances for access to specialist care. To increase access to specialist care, video consultation between patients in primary healthcare and specialist care has been used. In order for this new method to be developed and used to the fullest, it is important to understand healthcare personnel's experiences with this intervention. The aim of this study was to describe healthcare personnel's experiences using video consultation in their work in primary healthcare. A mixed methods design was used, and the data were analysed using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. Interviews were conducted with eight general practitioners and one district nurse, all of whom had conducted a video consultation with a patient and a specialist physician or a cardiac specialist nurse. After each video consultation, the participants completed a consultation report/questionnaire. Healthcare personnel considered video consultation to provide quicker access to specialist care for the patient, and greater security when the video consultation encounter was conducted at their own primary healthcare centre. They considered video consultation an opportunity to provide education and for the patients to ask questions. Video consultation is a satisfactory tool for healthcare personnel, and the technology is a new, useful method, especially for the district nurses. Further, video consultation is an opportunity for healthcare personnel to learn. However, for it to work as an accepted method, the technology must function well and be user friendly. It must also be clear that it is beneficial for the patients and the healthcare personnel.

Suture of Minimal-diameter Vessels Using Fingertip Support Technique

Dear Sir, During micro-surgical operations, complications may occur, which may endanger anastomoses. One of the basic factors is physiologic tremor, what is impeding the surgeon and the development of accurate sutures [1]. By using the fingertip support technique, the tips of the thumb, index- and middle fingers are supported on the fixed platform (bridge) which overpasses the operational area [2]. This bridge is commercially available in different shapes and sizes (Bethlehem-bridge) [2]. This technique may decrease the tremor by up to one third. Tese data have been verified with PAM tremorometry [2]. In plastic- and restorative surgery it is common to have to unify micro-vessels and nerves under diameter of 0.6 mm (finger-replantations, lobe-transplants). In such cases, decrease of high-level tremor can bring significant benefits in terms of operation result. During our measurements, we have searched, whether the significant tremor-decrease achieved by the fingertip support technique would enable us to create anastomoses with greater security. Furthermore we have analyzed, what is the vessel diameter, where this technique has to be used in order to create micro-vascular bypasses. A chicken wing (artery) is an adequate in vitro model [3]. We have measured the perimeters on various sections. We specified the average diameter in the most proximal, most distal and middle sections in vitro. Following these measurements we have found that the two main arteries are on average 1.1 mm in diameter in the proximal, 0.54 mm in the middle, and 0.29 mm in the distal area. On these sections, we have created end-to-end anastomoses (in comfortable sitting position, 90° positioning of the elbows, towel-support under the arm) with 10.0 thread (Ethicon®-Prolene). At the beginning of the modelling, the operator (medical student) did not have any prior experience either in traditional micro-surgical procedures or in the fingertip support technique. The learning of the two methods and microscopic stitching techniques has happened at the same time. He has performed both in approximately equal numbers (ca. 100 times each) in 1.5 years of preliminary practice, before he started comparative measurements. Afterwards, we have documented certain parameters we observed during the stitching of anastomoses including minimum and maximum times of stitching, knotting, the average of these values, and vessel ruptures have all been recorded. We have measured stitching time from the first penetration to the finishing to the last knot, and also knotting time from the beginning of looping to the cutting off of spare thread. We have classified all events as ruptures when the ends of vessels ripped in (from the edge of the vessel to the entry point of the needle), or were misplaced (donor and acceptor did not fit precisely, because one of the ends slipped under the other one. We have done 20 recorded procedures with each technique on vessels averaging 0.54 mm in diameter, and have compared the results. Furthermore, we have identified the vessel-sections that are inoperable due to the physiologic tremor causing overly frequent ruptures and where secure anastomoses cannot be created using traditional support technique. We have observed the possible accuracy on this section, and have recorded the parameters described earlier. A high degree of difference has shown between the traditional support technique and the fingertip support technique in every recorded parameter. The stitching time was with 26, the knotting time with 23, the numbers of ruptures with 86 percent lower. We could not perform anastomoses using traditional support technique on vessels averaging 0.29 mm in diameter in 10 attempts. Using fingertip support technique the average stitching time through 10 attempts was 3 min 5 sec and the average knotting speed was 45 sec. Out of 10 anastomoses, 3 ruptures have occured. It has been proven that under in vitro circumstances, the fingertip support technique can significantly decrease tremor, thereby decreasing operational time. Therefore, in situations where time is a critical factor (e.g. neurosurgery) it may be an important innovation. Furthermore, from the significant decrease in stitching time and the minimization of vascular ruptures, it is obvious that this technique yields a significant advantage over the traditional manual techniques in the more accurate placement of sutures and the secure and stable looping of knots. We would like to emphasize that under a certain diameter, this is the only technique that can be applied with confidence, hence in cases of operational procedures where the development of anastomoses of vessels with such properties is required, this may be the primarily chosen method.

High throughput FPGA Implementation of Data Encryption Standard with time variable sub-keys

<span lang="EN-US">The Data Encryption Standard (DES) was the first modern and the most popular symmetric key algorithm used for encryption and decryption of digital data. Even though it is nowadays not considered secure against a determined attacker, it is still used in legacy applications. This paper presents a secure and high-throughput Field Programming Gate Arrays (FPGA) implementation of the Data Encryption Standard algorithm. This is achieved by combining 16 pipelining concept with time variable sub-keys and compared with previous illustrated encryption algorithms. The sub-keys vary over time by changing the key schedule permutation choice 1. Therefore, every time the plaintexts are encrypted by different sub-keys. The proposed algorithm is implemented on Xilinx Spartan-3e (XC3s500e) FPGA. Our DES design achieved a data encryption rate of 10305.95 Mbit/s and 2625 number of occupied CLB slices. These results showed that the proposed implementation is one of the fastest hardware implementations with much greater security.</span>

Novel Technology for Secure Data Transmission Based on Integer Wavelet Transform and Particle Swarm Optimization

Steganography is the art and science of embedding hidden messages in a carrier medium such that no one apart from the sender and intended recipient even realizes that there is a hidden message. Mediums can include image, video and audio. The main goal of steganography is to maintain secret communication between two parties. There are many techniques available to achieve steganography. This study provides a robust and secure image steganography method to conceal secret image in digital cover image without incurring any perceptual distortion. The technique is based on Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in transform domain. The transform domain is employed to increase the robustness of the image steganography method. Integer wavelet transform evades the floating point precision problems of the wavelet filters. To achieve high security, an encryption mechanism utilizing PSO is proposed. The secret message to be transmitted is normalized and then embedded into the cover image using IWT and the key generated by PSO. The proposed method is tested on various cover and secret images. The experimental results substantiate that PSO in IWT domain can improve the quality of stego image effectively without any compromise in histogram and statistical analysis. The proposed method also maintains good perceptual quality in Stego image and greater security.

An Expansive Intelligence Community Regime as a Threat to U.S. National Security

It is often said that we live in a dangerous world. The rise of Al-Qaeda has underlined the threat of religiously-inspired terrorism to the maintenance international peace and security. The U.S. government has responded to this threat by embracing a new security agenda that entails creating new government agencies, revising existing laws or adopting new ones. Key to the process however has also been the adoption of a new security rhetoric where policymakers emphasis a pervasive, yet often imprecise threat that fuels the new security environment that has facilitated the rise of the National Surveillance State. Evidence for this threat comes from the intelligence community, which is beholden to the executive branch. The contribution made in this paper is twofold. First, that to have an effective counterterrorism agenda one needs multiple lines of discourse to test claims and hypotheses. Such a system does not seem to exist, as those responsible for security in the U.S. are insular as they constitute a regime, and yet it is they and the executive branch to which they answer to, who shape the security discourse. Second, to highlight that information — words and images — largely disseminated by intelligence community, which operates under the executive branch, have the ability to create the notion that the terrorist threat is greater than it actually is, enabling the executive branch to demand more power as a way to ensure protection. The paper concludes that the post-9/11 security apparatus instead of providing greater security is counter-intuitive, fueling anti-Americanism and undermining fundamental rights, which is why there is a need for greater oversight of the executive branch and by extension the intelligence community.

Comparative Analysis of Authenticated Key Agreement Protocols Based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography

Authenticated key agreement protocol must put in a nutshell of competent and strong cryptographic algorithm which is ensure confidentiality and integrity of message. Key Agreement Protocol using Elliptic Curve Cryptography provide significant development in cryptography to protect integrity, user anonymity and confidentiality of data than RSA, DSA. To examine, at a fundamental level, the environment of existing key agreement protocol. So that improved elliptic curve cryptosystem addressing implementation of secure key agreement protocol with greater security. To study network security tools in order to establish key agreement between two party or multi party communications various techniques and algorithms for implementation elliptic curve cryptosystem are discussed. Therefore suggested protocol can apply on wireless network to condense the security, performance requirement and cost of computation.

Analysis of IPv6 through Implementation of Transition Technologies and Security Attacks

IPv6 provides more address space, improved address design, and greater security than IPv4. Different transition mechanisms can be used to migrate from IPv4 to IPv6 which includes dual stack networks, tunnels and translation technologies. Within all of this, network security is an essential element and therefore requires special attention. This paper analyses two transition technologies which are dual stack and tunnel. Both technologies are implemented using Cisco Packet Tracer and GNS3. This work will also analyse the security issues of IPv6 to outline the most common vulnerabilities and security issues during the transition. Finally, the authors will design and implement the dual stack, automatic and manual tunnelling transition mechanisms using Riverbed Modeler simulation tool to analyse the performance and compare with the native IPv4 and IPv6 networks.

Predictive factors of aseptic loosening of cemented total hip prostheses

IntroductionLe descellement aseptique constitue la principale complication à long terme et signe la faillite de la prothèse totale de hanche. Les causes de descellement aseptique sont multiples et souvent intriquées. Le mal positionnement des implants reste le facteur le plus incriminé. D’autres facteurs liés au patient et à la prothèse prédisposent également au descellement mais à des degrés divers.MéthodesA travers une étude rétrospective portant sur 64 descellements aseptiques de prothèse totale de hanche, nous avons tenté d’individualiser les facteurs de descellement lié au patient, au type d’implant et à la technique chirurgicale et d’en dégager les recommandations visant à minimiser ce risque. Il s’agissait d’une étude rétrospective analytique portant sur 64 descellements aseptiques. La classification utilisée est celle de la Société Française de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique.RésultatsLa moyenne d’âge au moment de la première arthroplastie était de 40 ans. Elle était de 62 au moment du descellement. La tige type Charnley a été implantée dans 55 cas, celle de type Muller dans 9 cas. La pièce cotyloïdienne a été bien positionnée dans 69% des cas avec une inclinaison moyenne de 47,8°. Les tiges étaient remplissantes dans 86% des cas avec un cimentage Grade A dans 60% des cas. Le délai moyen de la survenue du descellement était de 12 ans. 72% des prothèses avaient une survie supérieure à 10 ans. L’analyse statistique des résultats a individualisé les facteurs de risque du descellement que sont: L’âge, l’indexe de masse corporelle, le niveau d’activité, l’inclinaison de la cupule, le déport fémoral et la qualité du cimentage.ConclusionUne réduction significative des descellements aseptiques des prothèses totales de hanche ne pourra être obtenue que par une plus grande rigueur dans la sélection des patients, une plus grande sûreté dans l’acte technique et un meilleur choix de l’implant à poser.

Lightweight two way authentication for low rate-wireless sensor networks

The main objective of this paper is to ensure that the data and node are authenticated during communication in any application environment. To ensure this, nodes are authenticated by checking their reply messages and timestamps using a simple lightweight mechanism. Lightweight Two-way Authentication (LTA) produces a new secret key that uses the received signal strength and the time stamp improving communication performance. The new lightweight method not only produces greater packet delivery but also greater security as well. The performance of the LTA method is tested against an Efficient and Lightweight User Authentication (ELUA). Simulation analysis of the LTA method is achieved by NS2.

India’s Strategic Imperatives in the Asian Commons

In May 2016, four Indian Navy warships sailed into the South China Sea on a two-and-a-half-month operational deployment to Southeast Asia and the northwest Pacific. The deployment was primarily to participate in Exercise Malabar 2016, an annual trilateral maritime interaction featuring the Indian, U.S., and Japanese navies, this year being held off Okinawa. But the deployment also included visits en route to the Philippines and Vietnam in the South China Sea. What raised eyebrows-particularly in Beijing-was that the foray came close on the heels of the first India-U.S. Maritime Security Dialogue on May 16, in which the two sides discussed Asia-Pacific challenges, naval cooperation, and multilateral engagement in the Asian commons.1If China needed further confirmation of India's growing security interests in the South China Sea, it was seemingly provided by reports in early June 2016 that New Delhi was set to sign an agreement to sell the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile to Vietnam, giving effect to a controversial proposal made many years earlier.2 Many saw this in conjunction with another media report released a few weeks earlier, which revealed that an Indian state-owned shipyard was being awarded a contract to build two warships for the Philippines.3 In addition, at the Shangri-La Dialogue in June 2016, Manohar Parrikar, the Indian defense minister, highlighted India's concerns about freedom of navigation in the South China Sea.4This essay posits that India's security role in the Asia Pacific is animated by its concerns over rising threats to freedom of navigation in the South China Sea-particularly the possibility that aggressive Chinese patrolling in the region may affect the flow of global trade. But India also believes that China's maritime maneuvers in Southeast Asia are motivated by a desire to eventually challenge India in its strategic backyard-the Indian Ocean-prompting New Delhi to take urgent steps to shore up Indian naval presence in the Indian Ocean region (IOR).India's Expanding Naval Presence in the Indo-PacificFor some analysts, India's recent activities in the western Pacific are primarily motivated by growing economic interests in East Asia. Since 2010, they argue, trade and commerce have been the key drivers of New Delhi's security policies in the Asia-Pacific. With more than 50% of Indian trade in the Asia-Pacific now flowing through the Malacca Strait, India has had little option but to raise its maritime profile in the region. 5 Indian observers claim that India's security operations in the South China Sea have only kept pace with the country's expanding economic interests.But the scope of Indian naval presence in the western Pacific cannot be explained merely in terms of commercial interests. With Indian naval deployments graduating from port calls, low-level exchanges, and benign flag showing to full-scale maritime operations with partner navies in the Pacific littoral, there appear to be other considerations underpinning Indian naval activism in the region.6 Specifically, two other factors are prompting the Indian Navy to increase its involvement in the Pacific. First, maritime disputes in the Southeast Asian littoral have given India an opportunity to demonstrate its support for international maritime law. With its steady rise in the hierarchy of powerful maritime nations, India now feels a greater obligation to take a stand on issues of maritime principle as enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Second, India is increasingly concerned about China's military rise and its adverse impact on the strategic balance in Asia. Uncertainty over China's geopolitical intentions in the South China Sea exacerbates existing power asymmetries. By playing a greater security role in East Asia, India hopes to contribute to the restoration of strategic equilibrium in the Indo-Pacific.By some accounts, it is China's recent maritime activism in the South China Sea that has been the most immediate trigger for Indian naval operations in the western Pacific. …

Princípios e valores organizacionais: a questão do treinamento e a excelência dos serviços hoteleiros. Um estudo de caso na JW Marriott Rio de Janeiro

O capital humano deve ser visto enquanto um dos bens mais valiosos às empresas hoteleiras que primam por oferecer excelência, hospitalidade, eficiência e prestatividade aos seus respectivos segmentos atuação. Nesse sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a exposição de princípios e valores que sustentam o processo de capacitação e treinamento do elemento humano em ambientes hoteleiros, visto aqui enquanto preceito fundamental a estruturação de um serviço e de um atendimento pautado em valores de excelência. Exposto isso, essa pesquisa tem seu alicerce metodológico sustentado em uma análise quanti-qualitativa apresentada através de um estudo de caso – JW Marriott Rio de Janeiro – que busca expor uma avaliação das políticas de treinamento e suas incidências sobre a excelência no atendimento, de forma a demonstrar como suas diretrizes refletem em seus resultados operacionais e gerenciais. Assim, seu universo amostral, pautado na percepção de 26 associados acerca das ações de capacitação organizacional, permitiu as seguintes ponderações: (1) há, entre os distintos departamentos hoteleiros, o reconhecimento da importância desse processo e de suas inferências nos resultados organizacionais e no condicionamento a excelência dos serviços prestados; (2) a lógica, a frequência e o comprometimento aos valores apresentados por essas diretrizes permitem uma maior segurança e confiabilidade ao elemento humano, instigando sua proatividade. Por fim, discute-se a maneira como tais questões necessitam ser vistas enquanto “diferenciais” competitivos, capazes de ofertar aos seus colaboradores um “know how” primordial à satisfação, ao encantamento e à fidelização de uma demanda hoteleira.

Secure Aware Communication using Novel End To End (ETE) Cipher Algorithm

This article aims to bring a novel method in cipher algorithm for secure aware communication. This paper proposes a unique scheme and ensures higher security during encryption and decryption process. The Key (ki) is generated for every Plain text pi. Plain text and key are converted to their equivalent ASCII values, by which the scrambled Cipher text (ci) is generated by implementing some of the concepts of the substitution techniques. During Decryption, the corresponding (ki) are used to recover the Plain text pi. It makes sure the need to send the full length key along with the cipher text for decryption process. The suggested method assures the greater security during transmission. There is a practical hindrance in guessing the Number of rounds (N) and the number of bits n shifted, by Cryptanalyst. This method will be more suitable for analyzing the discover key (ki) values from attempting Brute Force technique.

Two Schemes of Privacy-Preserving Trust Evaluation

Trust evaluation computes trust values by collecting and processing trust evidence. It plays an important role in trust management that automatically ensures trust relationships among system entities and enhances system security. But trust evidence collection and process may cause privacy leakage, which makes involved entities reluctant to provide personal evidence that is essential for trust evaluation. Current literature pays little attention to Privacy-Preserving Trust Evaluation (PPTE). Existing work still has many limitations, especially on generality, efficiency and reliability. In this paper, we propose two practical schemes to guard privacy of trust evidence providers based on additive homomorphic encryption in order to support a traditional class of trust evaluation that contains evidence summation. The first scheme achieves better computational efficiency, while the second one provides greater security at the expense of a higher computational cost. Accordingly, two trust evaluation algorithms are further proposed to flexibly support different application cases. Specifically, these algorithms can overcome attacks raised by internal malicious evidence providers to some extent even though the trust evaluation is partially performed in an encrypted form. Extensive analysis and performance evaluation show the security and effectivity of our schemes for potential application prospect and their efficiency to support big data process.

Portuguese

Modern buildings are becoming taller and lighter. Studies and analyses closer to reality appear necessary. To analyse multi-storey structures, where are taken into account the stages of construction and loading, it is said that the calculation is evolutionary. The aim of this work is to study the stresses caused by two different structural analysis to evaluate the differences between the classical and the incremental calculations. It was used computer analysis to compare both models, the incremental model with the conventional model. In the incremental model, analysis of the loads were gradually applied taking into consideration the construction stages, vertical and horizontal loads. The conventional analysis assumed the whole loading acting simultaneously on the structure after its ending. Comparing the test results discrepancies could be determined between both methods, making clear the importance of incremental model in the development of structural designs to ensure greater security for reinforced concrete of tall building structures. Keywords: sequential analysis, stages of loading, frames, tall buildings; structural systems.

An Approach to Generate 2-Dimensional AVK to Enhance Security of Shared Information

As the sharing of information through the communication channels increases, the indispensability of maintaining confidentiality of those shared information also increases proportionally. Providing reasonable security over the insecure channel is a challenging research. Due to the advancement of computational efficiency, confidentiality of the information cannot be assured with the help of a static key. Keeping this in mind, many researchers have proposed several time variant key generation techniques, out of which Automatic Variable Key (AVK) is a novel approach. In conventional AVK and in different variations of AVK; the key varies every time as new data is exchanged between sender and receiver while the key size remains constant throughout the data communication. Therefore, to increase the randomness among the successive keys that is the key for ensuring the greater security, we have proposed a 2-dimensional AVK in which the auto generated keys not only vary in bits sequence (i.e. session by session) but also in size.

An Analysis of the VIX Volatility Index on the US Treasuries, Specifically During the Periods of Quantitative Easing

Volatility is a concern of many investors. In turbulent financial times there can be a flight from the equity market to treasury bonds in order to provide greater security, liquidity and guarantee of returns. Calculated as a weighted average of put and call options on the SP across models the change in VIX was predictive of the change in treasury. The model examination determined that in the model that included the autoregressive and moving average provided the most accurate results.

Study of the Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Sisal and Polypropylene Fibers

Fiber concretes have been revolutionizing the market, as well as lower operating costs, structurally act. The total or partial replacement of steel with natural fiber reinforced concrete could be an economical way to provide an alternative method to achieve greater security in concrete structures, as well as a way to use materials that are energy efficient, economic and ecological.Sisal fiber reinforcement is promising for use in composite materials, due to their low cost, low density, high strength and specific modulus, without risk to health, readily available in some countries and renewal.We studied four different dosages of concrete: without fiber, with two different types of polypropylene (PP) fibers and with sisal fiber. Consistency of fresh concrete, bulk density, water absorption, capillary absorption, compressive strength and microstructural properties values of the samples were investigated.Regarding the consistency of fresh concrete, measured by testing Abrams cone, as the results show a substantial difference between the flowability of the concrete without addition of fibers and other dosages with different types of fibers studied. The compressive strength test at 7 and 21 days also shows resistance as early ages performed fiber, while with increasing days of curing, the resistance becomes a reaction product of cement and pozzolanic water have no effect added fiber. Absorption tests and capillary absorption of water, like the above, consistent with the results shown bibliographic polled, the results being higher in both assays for dosages comprised of PP and sisal fibers.

International Norms and the End of Apartheid in South Africa

This article examines the interface in the post-World War II era between expanding global movements supporting human rights and traditional great power concerns regarding global security, and asks why an international alliance of actors mobilized to pressure the Western powers, particularly the USA, to politically isolate and economically sanction South Africa in the midst of the cold war. We argue that in the international struggle against apartheid, humanist (human rights) ideology emanating from social movements in global civil society clashed with traditional realist ideology regarding what constituted state security in the global polity. The norms of self-determination of nations and anti-racism together fueled global activism and challenged powerful Western states. Facing mass protests and lobbying efforts from citizens, democratic states across the Western world found greater security in upholding their own professed human rights principles than in maintaining close economic ties to the apartheid regime.