Greater Profits Research Articles

The Effect of Cash Conversion Cycle on Profitability of the firm: A Study of Oil & Gas and Engineering Sector of Pakistan.

The research is aiming at assessing the effect of cash conversion cycle on profitability of the firm. Three components are used to measure cash conversion cycle (CCC); average receivable period (ARP), average inventory period (AIP) and average payable period (APP). Henceforth, cash conversion cycle and its determinants are taken as Independent variables. The dependent variable is profitability being measured by return on asset (ROA). The data was collected with the help of pooled data containing a sample of 10 firms of two manufacturing sector such as Oil & Gas and Engineering, listed on PSX for the period 2010-2018. Regression and correlation techniques were used for analysis and come up with the outcomes that average receivable period and average inventory period have an adverse significant association with profitability of the firm except average payable period. In the end, there exists a highly negative significant association among CCC and firm’s profitability as ROA. The results showed that lesser the no. of days of CCC, the firm has greater profitability. This paper contributes to the literature, which shows the association amongst CCC and ROA.

Analysis of the Effect of COVID-19 on the Stock Market and Investing Strategies

In this paper, we analyze the potential effects that the coronavirus, “COVID-19”, will have on the stock market and then we propose possible ways that an individual could profit off a market affected by a global viral outbreak. We look at past outbreaks and come to the conclusion that often markets will react adversely to these such incidents in the short run but that in the long run, markets eventually correct themselves and increase. In order to profit off of such a market, we propose shorting industries that will be immediately affected by the virus in the short run and then eventually buying back into those industries after their price has dropped significantly. Specifically, we look at the travel industry, technology industry, entertainment industry, and gold as potential areas where great profit can be made.

Design and production of high temperature heat pipe heat recovery units

By this study; it has been aimed to determine the design parameters and to manufacture a heat recovery unit using “heat pipe technology” in order to recover the energy of high temperature waste flue gases which are the exhaust product of a water-tube steam boiler, fire-tube steam boiler, superheated water boiler, hot water boiler, incinerator, any equipment producing heat energy or any power unit and machine.After having determined the scope of the Project, it has been decided that the system to be designed shall be a prototype “Heat Pipe Air Recuperator”. Thus, the heat energy of the high temperature waste flue gases which are the exhaust product of a boiler or of an equipment producing heat energy shall be recovered through the use of the “Heat Pipe Air Recuperator” to be designed. A heat exchange between the exhaust gases and the fresh air shall realize, and so, the air shall be heated as free of charge.As well as this is a new technical profit, by the technical application of the Project, by implementing waste heat recovery in such a way, an important energy efficiency and great profit shall be provided for the companies, industrial plants and also for the country economy by saving energy and fuel.

E-commerce Agricultural Product Marketing and Rental Vehicle

<p>The motive of the work is to give fair prices to the farmers for their goods. The gap between the farmer and the customer should be removed and the middleman should not interrupt in the farmer and the customer. The sell and buy of the goods from the farmer to the customer should be done with ease. The mahila udyog should grow widely and the mahila groups should gain great profit for their work and their products should be sold in more areas and the small business should widely grow. The exchange of the farming tools and the vehicles should be easy, and more option may be there for the farmers to get the equipment’s on proper time and in proper manner. The farmers usually also face a lot of problems in hiring the labours on time which lead to large damage in the crop. The app provides the facility to farmer and the customer to sell their product at fair price and in better manner and to get good product respectively. It also gives farmers and the labours to form groups and hire the available labours and save the crop from damages. As well as the exchange of farming equipment’s will be on time for preparation of the farm and in the better manner rather than asking or requesting for the groups.</p>

Marketing Principles in Establishing a Brand

Branding is a challenge for marketing people and not only. In branding the only limitations are set by imagination. Branding is in fact about creating or disseminating ideas, messages and experiences. Branding takes time, resources and continuous preoccupation. Investment in the brand may multiply significantly the earnings generated by the products associated to that brand. The greatest profits will go to companies that will know how to manage their brands in the mind of the consumers.

Bienestar y sus perspectivas en la producción animal

Animal welfare presents premises of concern with the production animal, since it has the right to express its natural behavior and to have access to its physiological, psychological and behavioral needs. Studies show an increase in production and reproduction when the animal has access to the five freedoms, since the animal with a good genetics can express all its productive or reproductive potential, according to its abilities, besides improving the quality of the final product. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to raise the prospects and influence of animal welfare in production, its interference in productivity and economy. Within these production perspectives, animal welfare provides greater profitability, as the profile of an ethical consumer arises, who wishes to buy food of animal origin that has been under welfare conditions during its life cycle until slaughter, where the animal does not suffered from suffering and can express its production and reproduction potential, in addition to meeting the requirements of the foreign market.

Auction-Based Permit Allocation and Sharing System (A-Pass) for Travel Demand Management

We propose a novel quantity-based demand management system aiming to promote ride-sharing. The system sells the permit to access a facility (conceptualized as a bottleneck) by auction but encourages commuters to share the permits with each other. The permit is classified according to access time and the commuters may be assigned one of the three roles: solo driver, ride-sharing driver, or rider. At the core of this auction-based permit allocation and sharing system (A-PASS) is a trilateral matching problem (TMP) that matches permits, drivers and riders. We formulate TMP as an integer program, and prove it can be reduced to an equivalent linear program. A pricing policy based on the classical Vickrey-Clark-Gloves (VCG) mechanism is proposed to determine the payment for each commuter. We prove, under the VCG policy, different commuters will pay exactly the same price as long as their role and access time are the same. We also show A-PASS can eliminate any deficit that may arise from the VCG policy by controlling the number of shared rides. Results of numerical experiment suggest A-PASS strongly promote rider-sharing. As ride-sharing increases, all stake holders are better off: the ride-sharing platform receives greater profits, the commuters enjoy higher utility, and the society benefits from more efficient utilization of infrastructure.

Channel coordination under Nash bargaining fairness concerns in differential games of goodwill accumulation

We study a supply chain coordination problem with an upstream manufacturer and a downstream retailer that have Nash bargaining fairness concerns. The evolution of consumer goodwill is assumed to be influenced by the final product's quality improvement level (from the manufacturer) and advertising effort level (from the retailer). We determine the optimal strategies by differential game models for centralized, fairness-neutral decentralized, and fairness-concerned decentralized channels under different power structures. A revenue- and cost-sharing contract is also developed to coordinate the fairness-concerned decentralized channels. We show that decision-makers will accept the proposed contract only if the revenue-sharing rate satisfies certain conditions. Comparison discussions, sensitivity analyses of some key parameters, and numerical studies are conducted to provide further insights. We observe that a dominant channel member's sensitivity to fairness is relatively more significant in the decision-making process and channel efficiency. Specifically, each member has a greater incentive to adjust the investment and pricing strategies in the channel that it dominates. Additionally, we find that when the supply chain members are fairness-neutral, no power structure exists that can simultaneously be the most beneficial to the channel with the greatest profit, the lowest selling price, and the most improved quality. However, when the supply chain members are fairness-concerned, conditions exist under which either the retailer- or manufacturer-dominated channel can exhibit optimum performance in all three aspects.

A Multi-Criteria Evaluation for Sustainable Supplier Selection Based on Fuzzy Sets

It is well known that sustainability strategies have moved further and further up over the past decade due to help companies to improve the effectiveness of their marketplace and perform better in their operations. For companies, sustainability would gain long-term consequences such as getting greater profits and creating their own consumer path. The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is a key element of the companies to achieve social, environmental, and economic benefits. Supplier’s performance directly affects a company’s performance not only environmental or economic issues but also sustainable issues. Thus, Sustainable Supplier Selection (SSS) has become the highly relevant topic and many authors and researchers have focused on this subject. This study investigates a hybrid multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) framework based on TBL to determine sustainable suppliers. After construction of hierarchy, the integrated fuzzy MCDM algorithm is implemented. At first, Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is used for obtaining the weights of the main criteria and related sub-criteria. Then, fuzzy TOPSIS method is applied for ranking the suppliers. Additionally, interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2FSs) that express uncertainty better than traditional type-1 fuzzy sets are used for selecting an appropriate supplier. The proposed approach is validated an actual case situation in Konya.

Economic Aspects and Evaluation of the Viability Period of Immunosexed and Diluted Ram Sperm in Powdered Coconut Water Conservation Extender (ACP-102c)

Background: Sperm sexing is increasing in use because pre-determining the sex of the calf allows greater profitability and promotes significant gains in the productive systems that utilize the technique. Deployment of a low-cost and practical preservation methodology may further favor the cost-benefit ratio. Flow cytometry, the most commonly used sexing technique, has high costs and is very restricted. As an alternative, immunosexing has been studied, which uses sex-specific monoclonal antibodies. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the immunosexing technique in conjunction with cryopreservation in ACP-102c and examine its economic aspects with regard to ram semen.Materials, Methods & Results: Ejaculates from two ram individuals were collected with the aid of an artificial vagina, evaluated, and submitted to the immunosexing protocol, according to the manufacturer's recommendations, using the Monoclonal Antibody Kit specific for mammalian sperm with “Y” chromosomes (HY; HY Biotechnology, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil). After sexing, the supernatant was resuspended in the cryopreservation diluent: ACP (ACP-102c + 20% egg yolk + 7% glycerol), packaged in 0.25 mL straws, refrigerated to 4°C, stabilized for 30 min, frozen in liquid nitrogen vapors (-60°C) for 15 min, immersed in liquid nitrogen, and stored in cryogenic cylinders. The samples were thawed and evaluated for sperm kinetics both by using computerized semen analysis with SCA® software (Sperm Class Analyzer version 5.0) and subjectively comparing specimens from the two animals using conventional microscopy (40x). Plasma membrane integrity (IMP) and sperm cell morphology were evaluated by the smear staining technique using eosin-nigrosine dye, and the percentages of healthy and normal spermatozoa were determined. A bibliographic survey and a market study of similar products and technologies were carried out to provide an economic viability metanalysis of the bioproduct (ACP-102c) and bioprocess (immunosex). The data were analyzed using R-project©, and comparisons made between animals and between thawing periods using T test. There were no statistically significant differences between animals and between periods (P > 0.05), except for the normal sperm parameter, in which animal A1 had the lowest percentage (P < 0.05). As for the cost-benefit ratio, flow cytometry as a technique is more laborious and expensive, while immunosexing associated with cryopreservation in ACP-102c diluent has proven more practical, with regards to both sperm sexing techniques and diluents for sperm conservation.Discussion: In general, the quality of cryopreserved sexed semen was lower than that of non-sexed semen; however, in this study, both in the comparison between animals and between evaluation periods, similar values of motility, viability, and sperm morphology were obtained for sexed and several non-sexed cryopreserved semen samples, demonstrating that immunosexing did not severely affect the sperm structure, and that the ACP-102c conservation medium was efficient at maintaining the plasma membrane of these sperm. In the evaluation of economic aspects, it was observed that immunosexing, associated with cryopreservation in ACP-102c diluent, proved to be the most practical technique, requiring only conventional equipment, and allowing a greater field of application, since the immunosexing semen can be used for primiparous and multiparous females. Thus, it was concluded that immunosexing associated with cryopreservation in an ACP-102c diluent was more cost-effective, more practical, and had significantly improved sperm quality results after sexing.

Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management by Caitlin Rosenthal

Reviewed by: Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management by Caitlin Rosenthal Julia W. Bernier Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management. By Caitlin Rosenthal. (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 2018. Pp. xvi, 295. $35.00, ISBN 978-0-674-97209-4.) In Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management, Caitlin Rosenthal presents a compelling “business history of plantation slavery” (p. 8). Rosenthal argues that slavery created a special set of conditions that allowed for modern business management and organizational practices to take shape. Rather than representing slavery as a strain on capitalist enterprise, Rosenthal shows that the unfree labor on which the plantation system depended allowed for intensive tracking, managing, and increased production in ways that were particular to slavery. Slavery allowed for long-term supervision of the enslaved in ways not possible in wage-labor economies that experienced high turnover. This data could lead to innovation and increased productivity in ways typically associated with capitalist business management. Rosenthal shows how the management of plantation systems in the West Indies and the United States mirrored advances that have been more closely followed in the field of traditional business history. She first reveals how eighteenth-century plantations in the West Indies were early models of the “multidivisional form” of organized and hierarchical production (p. 16). For Rosenthal, absentee ownership, particularly prevalent among English planters in the region, represented not so much decline but “a sign of sophistication and managerial complexity,” as a marker of separation between ownership and management (p. 43). Standardization and “paper technologies,” as Rosenthal describes them, allowed these accounting practices to circle the Anglo-Atlantic world (p. 63). Rosenthal excels at revealing how paper and people helped create standardized practices for the management of plantations. Preprinted forms in plantation ledger books made ideas travel well, as did young accountants with experience on the plantations. In the second half of the book, Rosenthal shows how the enslaved provided both the labor and the capital that allowed these systems to flourish. With their record keeping, some enslavers followed the value, depreciation, and markets for enslaved people as capital. Rosenthal argues that enslaved people were never completely commodified by slavery’s market because they were never “fully fungible” (p. 149). While enslavers followed the changing value of their human property, in ways similar to other long-term investments of the period, profit was not always readily apparent in relation to costs. Recording the value of the enslaved did provide economic opportunity in the form of mortgages and loans, which could also lead to investment and greater profits. Yet only through loans and sales could the value of the enslaved as human capital be used. What was often more important to enslavers was to improve methods to make the most efficient use of enslaved people’s labor. Productivity depended on early iterations of scientific management, agricultural advancements, and [End Page 472] control of the enslaved. Rosenthal’s work with plantation account books shows that “power enabled precise management” (p. 86). Tracking the work of the enslaved could make for more efficient labor systems. Enslavers and managers recorded data and experimented with planting techniques, punishment, and sometimes reward to increase production. The enslaved, however, were people who could stand in the way of even the most impressive innovations. As Rosenthal makes clear, each of these developments depended on power. This power was not absolute; the enslaved made themselves known as human beings rather than as perfectly willing parts of the plantation “as a kind of human machine” (p. 115). Yet the terror of slavery was routinized in ways that facilitated data collection and the implementation of new productivity schemes. In so many ways, technological advance depended on the enslaved and the violence enacted toward them. Rosenthal reminds readers throughout the book that even paperwork could enact its own chilling kind of brutality. These systems also depended on legal mechanisms that, of course, eventually changed. The capability of former enslavers to maintain such strict control over African Americans weakened during Reconstruction and through the Jim Crow era, but accounting as a mechanism of control remained and was used to the distinct disadvantage of those caught up in sharecropping, tenancy, and debt peonage. By exposing...

Law Perspective Business Competitionon The Motorcycle (Matic) Priceagreements Among Enterpreauners

The most common situation showed that there are only some businessmen who have big influence on an industry which impact to the tendency of the market dominant. This phenomenon will create a situation of the businessmen to do an agreement on determining the same price under the cooperation for taking greater profits from the business activities. In case of the situation out comes was the determining agreement on the specific goods price in a certain market or region. This research is an analytical descriptive that leads to the approach of normative juridical. The data in this study are secondary data sources, consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. A phenomenon of price determining agreement is a prohibited agreement issued in Article 5 and Article 11 of Law No. 5 of 1999. Perspective of civil law, the agreement was declared invalid, because it contradicted to the provisions of Article 1320 of the Civil Criminal Code, which was intended to be considered as an agreed exchange agreement. An agreement was made to determine the price of a 110-125 cc matic scooter between PT. Yamaha Indonesia Motor with PT. Astra Honda Motor, originated from the existence of communication between the two management companies through the company's official email. In the conversation through the email, Mr. Yukata Terada as the President Director of Kojima asked the marketing management group to follow the pattern of price increases starting on January 2014 as a promise to Mr. Inumaas the President Director of Honda. The impact of the agreement determines the price of 110- 125 cc scooter matic type made by PT. Yamaha Indonesia Motor with PT. Astra Honda Motor rose prices for Yamaha and Honda products, which caused much losses for consumers

Yield and profitability of flooded rice genotypes in relation to nitrogen doses and phosphorus and potassium application

ABSTRACT The use of hybrid genotypes is a good alternative for increasing the flooded rice yield. However, there is a need for validation of the fertilizer management under different edaphoclimatic conditions and its greater profitability. This study aimed to evaluate the grain yield and profitability of rice hybrids in relation to N doses and fertilization with P and K. Five hybrid cultivars and the conventional IRGA 424 CL cultivar combined with four N doses (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) were evaluated, all with fixed doses of 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O, besides an additional treatment without the addition of fertilizers. The N application increases, on average, by 10 and 35 % the flooded rice yield in years with favorable and unfavorable climatic conditions, respectively. Regardless of the year and genotype, the highest yields are obtained with doses of N between 106 and 200 kg ha-1, with the most profitable dose being the 150 kg ha-1 one (22 % higher than for the absence of N). The hybrids produce an average of 20 % more grains than the IRGA 424 CL cultivar, increasing the profitability by 18 %. In soil with adequate P and K availability, there is no increase in yield due to the application of these nutrients. However, in deficient soil, the fertilization with P and K increases the grain yield by 21 %.

Андрушко М. О. Продуктивність гороху залежно від сорту та норм висіву

It is proved that in conditions of sufficient moisture in the western forest-steppe, the highest grain yield is formed by Madonna variety peas – 6.38 t / ha, the smaller one by Gotivsky variety – 6.13 t / ha and the smallest one by Ataman variety- 5.94 t / ha. The Madonna variety also has the highest protein content of 24.5%, and the Gotivsky variety – 23.9%. the Ataman variety – 22.4%. It was established that the economically reasonable sowing rate for Madonna variety is 1.0 million / ha, for Ataman one is1.1 million / ha, for Gotivsky one is1.2 million / ha. It was revealed that the greatest profit from 1 ha was obtained when cultivating the Madonna variety – 20883 UAH.

Quality Regulation on Two-Sided Platforms: Exclusion, Subsidization, and First-Party Application

Managing the quality of complementary applications is vital to the success of a two-sided platform. While prior research has focused solely on restricting platform access based on a quality threshold, we compare three quality regulation strategies: 1) the platform excludes access to low-quality complementors, 2) it provides a fixed amount of subsidy to high-quality complementors, and 3) it develops its own high-quality applications in addition to those from third-party complementors. Our analyses reveal that the widely adopted exclusion strategy is a special case of the subsidization strategy, and it does not always benefit the platform. In contrast, both subsidization and first-party application strategies make the platform owner better off, with greater profits, higher average quality, and a larger consumer network size, but only subsidization always improves social welfare. In addition, the tradeoff between subsidization and first-party application strategies depends on the development cost of first-party applications, as well as the fraction of high-quality complementors, but the relationship is not monotonic. Interestingly, our results demonstrate that the platform does not have to sacrifice application quantity for higher application quality. With the right choice, it can profitably improve both measures simultaneously. This research provides concrete guidelines to help platform managers make decisions about regulating the quality of complementary applications.

ПРАКТИКА ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ ПАЦИЕНТОВ В РАМКАХ СЕРВИСА ТЕЛЕМЕДИЦИНЫ

Objective: To consider the development of telemedicine as an auxiliary tool for additional diagnostics, treatment correction and disease prevention. Methods: The research is based on an EY survey of medical organizations conducted for 2018 and 2019 in the framework of a study on the commercial medicine market and the healthcare system in Russia on topical issues and problems of the healthcare sector development. The study was conducted from August to December 2019; top managers of 25 largest private medical organizations, whose geography of activity covers 30 entities of the Russian Federation, took part in the survey. Results: The study showed that some of the interviews (43%) observed resistance to the development of the health service by doctors and medical personnel who remained a supporter of classical methods of providing medical care at a proper time and nor ready to provide remote counselling to patients. As a reason for the inert participation by medical professionals in telemedicine projects, 33% of respondents indicated low demand by patients and the peculiarities of the Russian’s mentality, 19% noted a misunderstanding of telemedicine. Some respondents (12%) see the telemedicine projects as the State social function for low-income citizens who live in remote areas and where there is no qualified medical staff. Conclusions: Most of the study participants expressed confidence that telemedicine services in the future will enter everyday life as a patient-friendly element of medical services, but it won’t become a direction that brings great profit to the private medical sector. Keywords: Remote patient care, telemedicine, healthcare, medical assistance, information technology.

Environmental and socioeconomic consequences of the ornamental fish trade in Colombia

El presente trabajo aborda una revisión de literatura científica de las principales consecuencias ambientales y socio-económicas del mercado de los peces ornamentales (PO) en Colombia. Como principales resultados se encontró que este comercio continúa siendo una actividad de intercambio mundial de especies exóticas que genera grandes ganancias. La extracción de estas especies causan desbalance en las poblaciones naturales que habitan los cuerpos de aguas, generando preocupaciones como el agotamiento del recurso asociado a la sobre pesca y prácticas de extracción, la introducción de especies exóticas a los distintos lugares de destino, los factores de estrés propios de los animales que han provocado riesgos emergentes al ser portadores de patógenos como virus y bacterias. El uso indiscriminado de compuestos químicos como sales, antibióticos, fármacos, entre otros, en la recepción de los peces, en el cultivo, en el tratamiento de enfermedades y cuarentenas. Sumado a lo anterior las malas prácticas de alimentación conducen al deterioro de la calidad de agua, causando impactos adicionales que deben ser considerados. Esta actividad ha contribuido al desarrollo socio-económico y bienestar en las comunidades pesqueras que dependen de manera directa e indirecta de este recurso. Se identificaron problemáticas relacionadas con la pobreza en las comunidades, el bajo nivel educativo, la falta de oportunidades, el abandono del Estado y el poco incentivo al cultivo que impiden el desarrollo de esta actividad, más allá de la recolección.

Self-reported health problems of tobacco farmers in south-eastern Bangladesh

Poor farmers are cultivating tobacco because they can obtain great profit and support from tobacco companies. However, they overlook tobacco-related health problems and consequences. In this study, we explored the impact of tobacco farming on farmers’ health, drawing on an empirical study in seven villages of Ruposhipara union, Bandarban district in Bangladesh. Following a mixed research method, data were collected by administering 200 pre-tested structured questionnaires, five group discussions and five in-depth interviews. We also reviewed existing and proposed policies related to tobacco control in Bangladesh. We followed grounded theory for analysing qualitative data and conducted a Chi-square test to observe any significant associations for selected quantitative data. Farmers’ self-reported tobacco-related sicknesses were nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, weakness, cough, dyspnoea and hypersalivation. Children, women and older people were equally affected. They experienced diverse tobacco-related health problems at different stages of tobacco farming. Continuous contact with tobacco leaves and not using any safety measures had put the farmers at greater risk of tobacco sickness. The proposed “Tobacco Cultivation Control Policy, 2017” emphasised to provide necessary supports to farmers for growing alternative crops. Implementation of this policy would encourage farmers to give up harmful tobacco farming and lessen their health problems.

Economic feasibility of gasoline production from lignocellulosic wastes in Hong Kong

In this study, the conceptual process flowsheet was developed and the economic feasibility of woody biomass conversion to biofuel as feedstock was analysed by considering several promising experimental processes for lignin depolymerization, such as hydrodeoxygenation and hydrogenolysis, along with lignocellulosic biomass fractionation processes. The engineering simulation process toward the commercial production of bio-gasoline from lignocellulosic biomass using SuperPro Designer® was modeled. The compatibility of the end products with the current gasoline specifications was evaluated and various blending options were investigated to meet the octane number and Reid vapor pressure requirement of the product. The economic potential of the simulated engineering process was then evaluated from an economic perspective. The operating costs and capital investment of three scenario using three different catalytic systems were estimated and discussed to assess of the potential of commercializing of woody biomass valorization process. The main potential market segments were identified, including the process by-products such as xylose and cellulose pulp. From the economic evaluation study, it was found that selling the biomass fractionation products alone does have a greater profit than valorization of lignin to produce bio-gasoline, with net present value of RMB 22,653,000 and RMB 177,000, respectively at the same return on investment if the plant is set up in Hong Kong. It was also found that catalysts play a pivotal role in determination of the profitability in the valorization process, not only because of the price of the catalyst, but also the product distributions obtained with various types of it. To obtain the same gross profit, the sale price of bio-gasoline has to be set higher with platinum catalysts than with ruthenium catalysts (nearly 10 folds). Thus, catalyst development and process improvement are crucial in the establishment of bio-based circular economy.

E-commerce based on the Marketplace in efforts to sell agricultural products using Xtreme programming approach

Along with the development of technology that enters all walks of life including agriculture provides an opportunity for farmers to be able to trade agriculture directly because of the problems that occur in the distribution of agricultural products for quite a long time so that they are directly in hand. Consumers sometimes make farmers quite disadvantaged because they get income that is not comparable if sold directly to consumers (end users). However, the limited space and lack of information make it a problem for farmers to sell it directly. E-commerce is one solution to this problem. E-Commerce is a forum that brings together sellers and buyers in buying and selling transactions directly using online electronic devices. The software development methodology that used in this study is the XP (Extreme Programming) method. This article aims to make e-commerce based on m-commerce to accommodate the needs of farmers in selling agricultural products directly and get greater profits, and customers get cheaper product prices. The results of this study are the form of e-commerce applications that can be used as a medium for promotion, communication, information, and provide direct benefits to farmers and consumers.