Greater Percentage Of Time Research Articles

An Evaluation of Exercise Pen Use by Circus Tigers (Pathera tigris tigris)

This study quantified the behavior of 11 tigers during periodic access to an exercise pen throughout the day and night. The study determined the amount of time spent in the pen and the percentage of time spent performing stereotypic pacing, normal locomotor behavior, and lying down while in the pen. Average access to the exercise pen was 10 hr 49 min overnight and 5 hr 30 min during the day. At night, the tigers spent 29.1% of their time in the exercise pen, during which they paced 19.6% and performed normal locomotor behavior for 23.1% of that time. By day, they spent 40.4% of their time in the exercise pen, during which they paced 10.0% and performed normal locomotor behavior 35.7% of that time. The tigers spent the rest of the time in the pen lying down. Overall, tigers will utilize an exercise pen, spending a greater percentage of time in the pen during the day than at night and also performing less stereotyped pacing than at night.

Dexlansoprazole MR in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Dexlansoprazole MR, an enantiomer of lansoprazole, is a unique proton pump inhibitor with a duel release mechanism. This release mechanism produces two distinct peak concentrations that result in a prolonged mean residence time with increased duration of plasma concentrations and a greater percent time the pH is maintained above 4. The prolonged residence time allows dexlansoprazole MR to be administered throughout the day without regards to meals or the timing before a meal. In two trials of patients with erosive esophagitis, dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg and 90 mg demonstrated comparable healing rates to lansoprazole 30 mg. In patients with healed EE, dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg (75%) and 60 mg (83%) were superior to placebo (27%; p < 0.0025) in maintenance of healing. Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg and 60 mg had a greater pecentage of heartburn-free days (91%-96%) and heartburn-free nights (96%-99%) than placebo (29%-72%) over the 6-month maintenance trial. Dexlansorpazole MR appears to be well tolerated with the safety profile being similar to lansoprazole with gastrointestinal adverse events being the most common. Dexlansoprazole MR provides a new treatment option for gastroesophageal reflux disease due to the flexible dosing, the unique release mechanisms and prologned pharmacodynamic effect.

Proestrous compared to diestrous wildtype, but not estrogen receptor beta knockout, mice have better performance in the spontaneous alternation and object recognition tasks and reduced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus and mirror maze

17β-Estradiol (E 2) may influence cognitive and/or affective behavior in part via the β isoform of the estrogen receptor (ERβ). Endocrine status and behavior in cognitive (object recognition, T-maze), anxiety (open field, elevated plus maze, mirror maze, emergence), and motor/coordination (rotarod, activity chamber) tasks of proestrous and diestrous wildtype (WT) and ERβ knockout (βERKO) mice was examined. Proestrous (WT or βERKO), versus diestrous, mice had higher E 2 and progestin levels in plasma, hippocampus, and cortex. The only effect of genotype on hormone levels was for corticosterone, such that βERKO mice had higher concentrations of corticosterone than did WT mice. Proestrous WT, but not βERKO, mice had improved performance in the object recognition (greater percentage of time with novel object) and T-maze tasks (greater percentage of spontaneous alternations) and less anxiety-like behavior in the plus maze (increased duration on open arms) and mirror chamber task (increased duration in mirror) than did diestrous mice. This pattern was not seen in the rotarod, open field, or activity monitor, suggesting effects may be specific to affective and cognitive behavior, rather than motor behavior/coordination. Thus, enhanced performance in cognitive tasks and anti-anxiety-like behavior of proestrous mice may require actions of ERβ in the hippocampus and/or cortex.

Ergonomic evaluation of an extension screw gun to improve work postures

Carpenters frequently work in awkward and stooped postures. Autofeed extension screw guns (ESGs) allow certain tasks to be performed upright. This study evaluated low back and wrist motion in fifteen carpenters using a traditional screw gun (TSG) and ESG during floor level work. ESG use required a greater percentage of time in awkward wrist postures with higher velocities and accelerations, yet neither tool placed workers at risk for wrist injury. The ESG resulted in significantly less low back flexion, left-sided bending and twisting, velocity and acceleration. The probability of low back disorder group membership risk was 53% with TSG use and 47% with ESG use. Carpenters liked using ESGs and reported less exertion when using them. The ESG's autofeed feature enhanced productivity. Training may be important to further reduce back flexion and improve tool maintenance, and design changes would improve ESGs overall.

The Influence of Parental Separation and Divorce on Father–Child Relationships

ABSTRACT Using a risk and resilience theoretical framework, this study examined the influence of parental divorce during childhood on father–child relationship quality in young adulthood. Relationship quality was measured using nurturant fathering and modified father involvement scales, and self-reports of current amount of face-to-face and verbal father–child contacts. Comparisons on these measures were made between 107 young adults from intact and 96 from divorced family backgrounds. The divorce group was also examined in isolation to explore how divorce-related factors—including structural, early contact, and interparental relationship factors—predict young adults' perceptions of their father–child relationship. Results demonstrate young adults from intact family backgrounds report a comparatively stronger father–child relationship. Among divorce group participants, structural factors (higher father socioeconomic status and joint custody) and early contact (greater percentage of time spent with father postdivorce) were predictors of higher scores on combined nurturant fathering and involvement measures. Greater early contact and stronger interparental relationship factors (low conflict and high contact and cooperativeness) similarly predicted current contact.

Impact of remitted substance use disorders on the future course of bipolar I disorder: Findings from a clinical trial

Given the high lifetime prevalence rates of bipolar disorder and comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs), the aim of the study was to examine the effect of a remitted SUD on the future course of bipolar I disorder in patients taking part in a clinical trial. Patients with bipolar I disorder were enrolled in a larger study examining the effects of pharmacotherapy plus family interventions. These patients were recruited during an acute mood episode and their mood symptoms and substance abuse were assessed longitudinally for up to 28 months. Patients with a remitted SUD showed a poorer acute treatment response, a longer time to remission of their acute mood episode, and a greater percentage of time with subthreshold but clinically significant depression and manic symptoms over follow-up compared to those without this comorbidity pattern. Subsequent substance abuse during follow-up could not fully account for the poorer course of illness. As remitted SUDs appear to negatively predict treatment outcome, current findings have implications for both clinical trials of bipolar patients as well as clinical practice.

Comparison of Heart Rate during Practices and Games in Ice Hockey

Ice hockey players perform repeated bouts of high-intensity skating interspersed with periods of gliding and sitting on the bench, therefore, the full spectrum of energy sources are utilized during a game. Preparation for game demands necessarily occurs during practices. Practices also need to stress the tactical and technical aspects of the game without over-or under-training the athlete. PURPOSE: To examine hockey practice sessions and games to determine if the intensity of the practice sessions approximated the intensity of the games. METHODS: 10 elite regional-level male hockey players (mean age = 17.1 + 0.9 years) were followed for 4 practices and 2 games within a nine day period during the middle of the season. The subjects were forwards (n=6), defensemen (n=3) and goaltenders (n=1) and not all subjects participated in every data collection session. Exercise demands were determined from heart rates obtained through the use of the Polar Team System. Maximal heart rate was predicted using the equation: HRmax = 207-0.7(age). Practices were held on days 1, 3, 5 and 6, with games on days 8 and 9. RESULTS: Each practice session began with an hour of land based exercise (i.e., running, plyometrics, weightlifting, stretching) followed by an on-ice session (mean = 1:30.00 + 23:48). The two games lasted 1:52:43 and 1:38:55 with the players being on the ice for 19:00 minutes. Mean percentage of time spent at the different percentages of maximal heart rate for both the practices and the games were as follows:CONCLUSIONS: A greater percent of time was spent at a heart rate >90% of maximal in the games than in practices. Continued research throughout the season is needed to insure that detraining does not occur throughout the hockey season.

Greater Immediate Gastric Acid Suppression with Lansoprazole 30 mg Administered as a 2‐Minute Intravenous Bolus Injection versus a 30‐Minute Infusion

To compare the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of lansoprazole administered as a 2-minute intravenous bolus injection versus a 30-minute continuous infusion. Phase I, open-label, randomized, crossover, single-center trial. Clinical research facility. Thirty-eight healthy volunteers aged 18-55 years. Each subject received one of three regimens. Each regimen contained the same three treatments but in a different sequence: an intravenous injection of lansoprazole 30 mg/10 ml of normal saline over 2 minutes, an infusion of lansoprazole 30 mg/60 ml of normal saline over 30 minutes, and an intravenous injection of 10 ml of normal saline (placebo) over 2 minutes. Each treatment was administered once/day for 7 days, with a washout period of at least 5 days separating each one. Blood samples were assayed for lansoprazole concentrations by using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. After the 2-minute administration, mean peak lansoprazole concentrations were about 2-fold higher than those after the 30-minute administration on days 1 and 7. Lansoprazole area under the concentration versus time curve met criteria for bioequivalence on both days. Two-minute administration resulted in a greater percentage of time that the 24-hour pH was above 4 compared with the 30-minute administration (53% vs 47%, p=0.045), with comparable 24-hour integrated gastric acidity (114.4 vs 91.6 mmol*hr/L for 2-min vs 30-min, p=0.335). Significantly greater acid suppression occurred during the first hour after the 2-minute administration compared with that after the 30-minute administration (p < or = 0.001). Safety profiles were similar among the regimens. Greater immediate gastric acid suppression occurred after administration of lansoprazole 30 mg over 2 minutes than over 30 minutes, with other pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profiles being similar.

Differential Effects of an Adult Observer’s Presence on Sex-Typed Play Behavior: A Comparison Between Gender-Schematic and Gender-Aschematic Preschool Children

The present study examined the differential effect of an adult observer's presence on the sex-typed play behavior of gender schematic and aschematic preschoolers. A total of 116 Israeli preschoolers (M age = 64.9 months) participated in the study. Children were classified as either gender schematic or aschematic based upon responses to a computerized measure of different sex stereotype components. Children's play behavior with gender typical and atypical, attractive and unattractive, toys was videotaped. An observer was present for half the children's play and absent for the other half's play. Observation status affected the aschematic, but not the schematic, children's play with gender typical toys. For example, observed aschematic boys spent a greater percent of time playing with the unattractive masculine toys compared to unobserved aschematic boys. This difference was not apparent for schematic boys. Additionally, a difference found for schematic boys was not apparent in schematic girls, i.e., when unobserved, schematic boys tended to spend a greater percent of time playing with the unattractive masculine toy than aschematic boys. Further, some differences were found for unattractive, and not attractive, toys. For instance, observed aschematic boys spent a greater percent of time playing with the unattractive masculine toy than did the unobserved aschematic boys. This gap was not found for the attractive masculine toy. Results are discussed with reference to the accessibility and complexity of gender schemas.

OUTCOME AFTER CYTOREDUCTIVE NEPHRECTOMY FOR METASTATIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA IS PREDICTED BY FRACTIONAL PERCENTAGE OF TUMOUR VOLUME REMOVED

OBJECTIVE To determine if the fractional percentage of tumour volume (FPTV) removed at cytoreductive nephrectomy predicts disease-specific survival (DSS), as metastatic renal cell carcinoma ((M+)RCC) is associated with poor overall survival with only a 10–20% patient survival at 2 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS The Columbia Urologic Oncology Database was reviewed; 1016 patients had renal surgery from 1988 to 2005, 78 patients with (M+)RCC underwent nephrectomy. The FPTV removed was determined using pathological and imaging reports. The patients were stratified as having a > or <90% FPTV. Kaplan–Meier analysis with log-rank test was used to determine survival advantage between groups. A Cox proportional hazard model was used for FPTV in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Secondary analyses were conducted to determine if the size of the primary tumour or volume of metastases affected outcome and if the FPTV affected hospitalization time. RESULTS In all, 55 patients had their FPTV calculated exactly; 45 had a >90% FPTV. The median DSS times were 11.6 and 2.9 months for patients with >90% and 90% FPTV in a univariate model (P = 0.016) and 0.29 in multivariate analysis (P = 0.02). Patients with a <90% FPTV spent a greater percentage of time hospitalized before death, 21.2% vs 6.5% (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION For patients with (M+)RCC, overall survival is limited, but can be extended by cytoreductive nephrectomy. The FPTV expected to be removed is a simple and available method to counsel patients regarding the benefits of surgical intervention.

Influence of food and nest predation on the life histories of two large honeyeaters

Nests of Red Wattlebirds (Anthochaera carunculata) and Noisy Friarbirds (Philemon corniculatus) were watched during four breeding seasons near Armidale, New South Wales (NSW). Friarbirds have larger clutches than Wattlebirds (mode of three v. two) and a shorter breeding season. Two hypotheses (food and nest predation) could explain these differences in life history between the species. We predict that if the food hypothesis is correct Friarbirds would experience a greater seasonal range in food abundance, and hence more abundant food during the breeding season. We also predict that Friarbirds should spend longer incubating, brooding and guarding chicks, because they need to spend less time feeding. If the nest predation hypothesis is correct, Wattlebirds would suffer higher nest predation, and so should spend more time incubating, brooding and guarding their nests, and should visit the nest more synchronously and attack more nest predators. Synchronous visits to the nest reduce the likelihood that predators will be attracted to the nest. We found that Friarbirds spent a greater percentage of time incubating and brooding in the first week after nestlings hatched, and had longer incubation and brooding bouts than Wattlebirds. Wattlebirds left their nests unattended for a greater percentage of the time during incubation, but there was no difference during the nestling stage. There were no differences in the number of incubation bouts per hour, nor in the number of brooding bouts per hour between species. Friarbirds more often visited the nest synchronously during the nestling stage. There was no difference in nest success between the species, with most failures resulting from predation. These results support more of the predictions of the food hypothesis than the nest predation hypothesis. Friarbirds feed themselves and their young on large insects, such as cicadas and scarab beetles, which are abundant for only a short period in the study area, when Friarbird young are dependent. Wattlebirds feed their young on a wide range of insects, including many small ones, which are available over a longer period. The range of clutch-sizes and breeding seasons shown by honeyeaters generally, and friarbirds specifically, provide the opportunity for further testing of these and other hypotheses.

Assessment of Public Health Educator Practice: Health Educator Responsibilities

This study presents a method for better understanding how practicing health educators in local health departments spend their time. The purpose of this study was to document the daily practice of health educators in the 10 areas of responsibility as defined by a competency-based framework for graduate-level health educators. The results of the current study present the average percentage of time health educators spent carrying out each area of responsibility and the percentage of health educators that did not carry out activities related to a specific area of responsibility. For example, the greatest percentage of time was spent implementing programs (21.2%), and approximately 60% of the health educators in the sample did not conduct research nor did they participate in activities to advance the profession. These findings have implications for the professional preparation of health educators and for their continuing education. The current study contains several suggestions for future research in this area.

Discrimination and Production of English Vowels by Bilingual Speakers of Spanish and English

The goal of this study was to examine whether listeners bilingual in Spanish and English would have difficulty in the discrimination of English vowel contrasts. An additional goal was to estimate the correlation between their discrimination and production of these vowels. Participants (40 bilingual Spanish- and English-speaking and 40 native monolingual English-speaking college students, 23-36 years of age) participated (M age = 25.3 yr., Mdn = 25.0). The discrimination and production of English vowels in real and novel words by adult participants bilingual in Spanish and English were examined and their discrimination was compared with that of 40 native monolingual English-speaking participants. Stimuli were presented within triads in an ABX paradigm. Novel words were chosen to represent new words when learning a new language and to provide a more valid test of discrimination. Bilingual participants' productions of vowels were judged by two independent listeners to estimate the correlation between discrimination and production. Discrimination accuracy was significantly greater for native English-speaking participants than for bilingual participants for vowel contrasts and novel words. Significant errors also appeared in the bilingual participants' productions of certain vowels. Earlier age of acquisition, absence of communication problems, and greater percentage of time devoted to communication contributed to greater accuracy in discrimination and production.

A Mentor Gap in Nursing?

Mary G. McKinley is a past president of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. She is currently a partner in Critical Connections, a consulting firm in Wheeling, WV, that is committed to creating best practice through education and consultation. Just because seasoned nurses have “been there, done that” does not mean that they know everything. In a recent article in US News and World Report, Marci McDonald identified a mentor gap for young women in business. McDonald sites 2 key points about today’s 20-something workers; the female worker of today comes with a very different set of expectations and anxieties but also feels that mentors are deaf to her concerns about worklife balance. McDonald goes on to say that young people today do not like what life looks like at the top and that current women mentors lack the key basic communication skill of listening. Although the article was written about women in business, some of the same things could be said about mentoring in nursing. How many of the more seasoned nurses are resentful of younger nurses who come breezing into the unit with exceptional confidence and little of the fear that their predecessors felt, wanting to make change in everything? “Shouldn’t those youngsters have to pay their dues like I did?” The more seasoned nurses are also in a quandary when younger nurses seem to lack the professional commitment that they believe is so key to nursing. “When I was a new nurse, I worked extra every time I was asked— I never thought of saying no!” But the younger generation seems to be of a new genre of workers who work to live, not live to work. Resentment may also originate in the lofty pay levels that new nurses “demand” upon entry— wages the other staff had to work decades to earn. This also creates a situation in which nurses with no experience and those with more than 10 years of experience are earning the same, thereby negating any pay differential for the senior nurses’ experience and expertise. Seasoned nurses have experienced the technology revolution from bouncing ball oscilloscopes to sweep screen monitors, from defibrillator units as big as refrigerators to ones the size of a tea bag. Just because seasoned nurses have “been there, done that” does not mean that they know everything. Younger nurses have fresher, cuttingedge knowledge. As experienced nurses, are we afraid of newer, fresher knowledge? Do we talk more than listen to hide fear or lack of knowledge? If such an attitude exists, it most certainly fosters the mentor gap in nursing. How can nursing overcome this mentor gap? First, drop the attitude. Paying dues and pining for the good old days simply does not cut it. Of course, seasoned nurses have an outstandingly valuable contribution to make and most certainly should be recognized for that contribution; but relying on different ways of thinking is not going to move the profession forward. It also does not serve us well with younger nurses who have new ideas and new ways of thinking. The experiential knowledge base on which seasoned nurse practices is invaluable; however, we can learn from

Intragastric pH during continuous infusion with pantoprazole in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer.

In managing patients with bleeding peptic ulcers, prevention of rebleeding is a particular challenge to hemostasis and fibrinolysis, both of which involve reactions that are impaired in acidic gastric environment. Therefore, such patients are expected to benefit from profound acid suppression. The present investigation aimed to establish a safe and, with regard to pH elevation, effective treatment that, based on in vitro evidence, should provide clinical benefit in this patient population. Patients with acute bleeding peptic ulcers (Forrest Ia, Ib, IIa) after successful endoscopic hemostasis were enrolled in two pilot studies (N = 20 each). They were given an intravenous bolus injection of 80 mg of pantoprazole immediately followed by continuous infusion of either 6 mg/h or 8 mg/h pantoprazole for 72 h. Intragastric pH was measured continuously over 24 h and, if possible, for up to 48 h. Intragastric pH increased rapidly to values of about 6 with both treatments. For the 0-24 h period, the median pH values were 6.1 (68% range 4.5-7.4) and 6.1 (68% range 5.2-6.7) in patients receiving 6 mg/h and 8 mg/h continuous infusion, respectively; the values for the 0-48 h period were 5.9 (4.9-6.7) and 6.3 (5.5-7.0), respectively. The median percentage time that pH was > or =6 during the 0-48 h interval was 47% (68% range 28-89) for the 6 mg/h treatment group and 64% (68% range 41-84) for the 8 mg/h treatment group. Both treatment regimens with pantoprazole were well tolerated based on electrocardiographic measurements, vital signs, clinical laboratory values, and adverse events. Compared with the infusion with 6 mg/h pantoprazole, the continuous infusion of 8 mg/h pantoprazole showed a lower interindividual variability of the intragastric pH and a greater percentage of time that pH was >/ or =6. Thus, with regard to safety and efficacy, an initial 80-mg bolus injection, followed by 8 mg/h continuous infusion, seems to be the adequate treatment in patients with a high risk of rebleeding.

Intragastric pH during continuous infusion with pantoprazole in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer

Objectives In managing patients with bleeding peptic ulcers, prevention of rebleeding is a particular challenge to hemostasis and fibrinolysis, both of which involve reactions that are impaired in acidic gastric environment. Therefore, such patients are expected to benefit from profound acid suppression. The present investigation aimed to establish a safe and, with regard to pH elevation, effective treatment that, based on in vitro evidence, should provide clinical benefit in this patient population. Methods Patients with acute bleeding peptic ulcers (Forrest Ia, Ib, IIa) after successful endoscopic hemostasis were enrolled in two pilot studies (N = 20 each). They were given an intravenous bolus injection of 80 mg of pantoprazole immediately followed by continuous infusion of either 6 mg/h or 8 mg/h pantoprazole for 72 h. Intragastric pH was measured continuously over 24 h and, if possible, for up to 48 h. Results Intragastric pH increased rapidly to values of about 6 with both treatments. For the 0–24 h period, the median pH values were 6.1 (68% range 4.5–7.4) and 6.1 (68% range 5.2–6.7) in patients receiving 6 mg/h and 8 mg/h continuous infusion, respectively; the values for the 0–48 h period were 5.9 (4.9–6.7) and 6.3 (5.5–7.0), respectively. The median percentage time that pH was ≥6 during the 0–48 h interval was 47% (68% range 28–89) for the 6 mg/h treatment group and 64% (68% range 41–84) for the 8 mg/h treatment group. Both treatment regimens with pantoprazole were well tolerated based on electrocardiographic measurements, vital signs, clinical laboratory values, and adverse events. Conclusions Compared with the infusion with 6 mg/h pantoprazole, the continuous infusion of 8 mg/h pantoprazole showed a lower interindividual variability of the intragastric pH and a greater percentage of time that pH was ≥6. Thus, with regard to safety and efficacy, an initial 80-mg bolus injection, followed by 8 mg/h continuous infusion, seems to be the adequate treatment in patients with a high risk of rebleeding.

The Anatomy of Asthma Care Visits in Community Family Practice

Background: We know little about the activities that occur during asthma-related visits with primary care physicians. A better understanding of how time is spent during visits for asthma may facilitate the design of programs to enhance asthma disease management.Objective: To describe the content of asthma visits made to family physicians.Methods: Research nurses directly observed consecutive outpatient visits during two separate days in the offices of 138 community family physicians. Time was classified into 20 different behavioral categories using the Davis Observation Code, and compared for visits for asthma, visits for other chronic conditions, and visits for non-asthma-related acute illnesses during 3035 visits by patients of all ages. Results: Visits for asthma shared several characteristics with visits for other chronic conditions but were longer than visits for other chronic illnesses or for acute illness. Asthma visits were distinguished from both acute care and other chronic care visits by a greater percentage of time spent discussing patient compliance, evaluating patient knowledge, and providing smoking assessment and cessation advice. Conclusions: Visits for asthma are structured differently than acute care visits and specifically address issues important to asthma self-management. Future quality improvement initiatives should recognize, affirm, and enhance many current behaviors by family physicians, while working to expand specific areas of care that still fall short of asthma care guidelines.

Combining Abuse and Neglect Investigations With Intensive Family Preservation Services: An Innovative Approach to Protecting Children

Objective: Evaluate an experimental model for enhancing child protective service (CPS) investigations by teaming CPS investigators with family preservation services (FPS) caseworkers. Method: Using a posttest-only experimental design, high priority cases referred to a state child welfare agency for abuse or neglect were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. During the interval between referral and case determination, families in the experimental group were served by a pair of caseworkers—CPS and FPS—who investigated the allegation and prepared a joint recommendation. Results: When compared 7 months later, families in the experimental group (a) had their children home for a greater percentage of time, (b) used a broader array of services, and (c) were more satisfied. Both CPS and FPS caseworkers felt that (a) better decisions were made, (b) families were strengthened, and (c) job satisfaction was greater. Conclusions: The model was effective and should be implemented on a broader scale.

Social Contact Following Severe Aggression in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): A New Test of the Consolation Hypothesis

Previous studies on macaque species revealed no evidence of consolation: affiliative contact between the loser of an aggressive interaction and a third party. However, typically, the researchers used short observation periods and latency to make first affiliative contact as a dependent measure. Based on social stress buffering literature, I predicted that by employing longer observation periods and percentage of time in affiliative contact as a dependent measure, I would be more likely to detect increases in affiliative contact following aggression. I observed adult female rhesus macaques for 1 hr after they received severe aggression and for 1 hr after some affiliative contact, and measured time spent in affiliative contact using instantaneous recording at 30-sec intervals. Contrary to prediction, victims of attack did not spend a greater percentage of time in affiliative contact postaggression as compared to postaffiliation. Subjects were also less likely to initiate contact with other individuals and were more likely to have contact with individuals that were dominant to their aggressor, following aggression. These results provide converging evidence that affiliative contact is not increased following aggression in macaques. I discuss the failure to bear out the predictions based on the social stress buffering literature in terms of rhesus social dynamics, the nature of aggression as a stressor, and possible mechanisms for the social stress buffering effect.

A Comparison of Listeners' Musical Cognition Using a Continuous Response Assessment

The purpose of this study was to assess the degree to which listeners can discern if melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic parameters and pairings of these parameters are abstracted from the ongoing flow of a musical event. Students in Grades 3, 6, 9, and 12(N = 114) listened three times to 12 prerecorded, four-phrase songs and moved the pointer of a Continuous Response Digital Interface dial to indicate whether they considered the second, third, and fourth phrase of each song to be the same as, similar to, or different from the songs initial phrase. In the significant grade-by-phrase-type interaction, students in Grades 3, 6, and 9 identified phrases predetermined as being the same as a song's initial phrase a greater percentage of time than they did similar or different phrases; students in Grade 12 identified different phrases more often than they identified phrases that were the same as or similar to the initial phrase.