Greater Khorasan Research Articles

Cultural coherence of architecture in Greater Khorasan from Bactria to South Khorasan in Iran during the Late Iron Age/Achaemenid period

AbstractTappe Takhchar-Abad, near Birjand in south Khorasan, is a recently discovered and excavated almost circular adobe building with six towers, dating to the Achaemenid period. This article suggests that the architectural tradition of circular buildings and sites in the late Iron Age/Achaemenid period, in Greater Khorasan, apparently originated from Bactria in which most such sites have been reported.

The Charaweemak Hazara in Power Dynamics from the Era of Darvish Ali Khan to the Constitutional Period

The Hazara tribe of Badghis is one of the important sub-branches of the large Charaweemak tribe of Khorasan, which played a significant role in the regional power dynamics over a vast area in Greater Khorasan and along the borders of Central Asia. This research examines the role of Hazara leaders from the rise of Nader Shah to the events that followed his death. It explores the presence of Darvish Ali Khan Hazara in power dynamics in the western part of present-day Afghanistan and the Herat region, the presence of Bonyad Khan Hazara in power dynamics and his confrontation with Shoja-ol-Saltaneh, as well as his alliance with Fateh Khan Afghan. Additionally, the role of Shir Mohammad Khan Nezam-od-Dowleh in the political issues of the time, which led to tensions between him and Asaf-od-Dowleh Qajar, is examined. The activities of the successors of Karimdad Khan and their relations with the Alikozai ruler of Herat, confrontations with the Turkmens, the rivalry between the Qarai and the Hazara, the presence of Hazara forces in the conflicts in northern Khorasan alongside the central government, and their participation with the Constitutionalists of Khorasan and the Provincial Council of Khorasan are also analyzed. The findings revealed that the Charaweemak Hazara tribe, Badghis branch, played a significant role in local and regional power dynamics from the time of Nader Shah’s reign, throughout the Qajar dynasty, and up to the Constitutional Revolution, alongside other local tribes of Western Khorasan, Northwestern Afghanistan, and the Central Asian Khanates in the region's power equations.

Solving the Mystery of Mowbed Kird-īr’s Journey to Heaven

In this research, the journey of mowbed Kird-īr to heaven will be investigated. Kird-īr was a great Sassanid priest who has mentioned the description of his ascension in two of his inscriptions. These two inscriptions are Naqsh-i Rostam (KNRm) and Sar Mashhad (KSM). According to the findings of this research, after examining all the events that happened in the ascension of Kird-īr, it was determined that this ascension was based on Mani’s religion. As it can be seen from the existing Manichaean texts, this ascension describes the events that happen to the soul of a righteous person after death in the Manichaean religion. According to the available documents, Kird-īr was the leader of Mazda-worshipper religion. He was from the royal family and from the Greater Khorasan, Wakhan region.

The Parent-Child Relationship of Adolescents in the Quarantine of COVID-19 in Greater Khorasan

The Parent-Child Relationship of Adolescents in the Quarantine of COVID-19 in Greater Khorasan

A Comparative Study of Internal Music in the Lyric Poems of Anvari Abivardi and Zahiruddin Faryabi

Anvari and Zahiruddin Faryabi are two of the most famous speakers in the history of Persian poetry. These two have had a major impact on Persian lyric poetry. This article is a research on the most important manifestations of poetry music in the lyric poems of these two poets. Therefore, after mentioning an introduction about these two speakers in the evolution and development of sonnets, he has studied the inner music (verbal novelty) in their sonnets and along with presenting graphs and analyzing statistics, has reached these results.Both poets have used internal music in inducing concept and influencing the audience. Due to the small number of his sonnets, Zahefaryabyabi has been able to show his mastery and skill well, so that in this Crafts such as phonetics, repetition, and full puns play the most important role in the inner music of his sonnets.Anwari has also benefited a lot from this type of music and has been much more successful than Zahir in this area, especially in wording, punctuation and repetition.If we look at the evolution of lyric poetry in the history of Persian poetry, we will find that there are poets who have played a major and important role in the promotion of Persian lyric poetry. It can be boldly said that Anwari and Zahir Faryabi are two of these poets with style and They were very influential in Persian lyric poetry. These two great lyric poets lived in Greater Khorasan in the sixth century, which is the peak period of Persian lyric poetry, and although they were very famous in the form of ode, but each Which have somehow been effective in the development and promotion of Persian lyric poetry. Regarding Anwari's role in the sonnet, it should be said: His importance in the sonnet is that he has brought the language closer to dialogue. In addition, it is for the first time in his works that we encounter the tenderness of a sonnet.

Tarih'te Horasan'ın Yeri (İslâmiyet Dönemi)

Horasan, tarihte ayrı bir yere ve öneme sahiptir. Geniş bir coğrafyaya sahip olan büyük Horasan'ın, Ceyhun bölgesinden başlayan, Rey civarına kadar süren, İran'ın diğer yerlerine göre farklılıklar ve değişikler gösteren bir durumu vardır. Horasan'ın farklı ve kendine münhasır bir diğer özelliği de; buraların geniş ve düz bir coğrafyaya ve stratejik bir öneme sahip olması; şehirler, köyler ve ticari bölgeleri kapsamasıdır. Bu durum, özellikle İslâm sonrası İran tarihini ve kültürünü derinden etkilemiştir. Bu coğrafyada ilk olarak İranlı unsurların hilafete karşı isyanı gerçekleşti ve mezheple ilgili ayaklanmalar baş gösterdi. Bu nedenlerden dolayı her tarihçi, İslâm sonrası Horasan bölgesini dikkate almak durumundadır. İslam'ın kabulünden hemen sonra Horasan ve civarı sakinlerinin yaşam tarzlarında radikal değişiklikler yaşanmış; yeni bir ekonomik sınıf doğmuş ve Arapların bölgeye yerleşimi, Horasan bölgesinde yaşayan halkın, Araplık ve Perslik kültürü etkisinde kalmaları gibi sonuçlar ortaya çıkarmıştır. Böylesi bir ortamda ilmi araştırmaların, edebi ve kültürel eserlerin ortaya çıkışı da bir rastlantı değildir. Ancak, Horasan'da yaşayan insanlar gelenek, kültür ve dillerini korumaya çalışmışlardır.

Rewriting of the History and Rebuilding of Geography of Iran's Handmade Carpet in the First Centuries A.H.

With regard to type of raw materials in use, impermanency of handmade carpet incurs the most damage on its historical studies body. The expanse of this damage is to an extent that has made almost empty from civilization works the history of carpet in the first century in the Islamic Iran. Rewriting of the history and geography of Iran's handmade carpet in the first five centuries, according to the written references, is among the aims of this research. In this research, it was found that the indirect written references would have the ability to extract the acceptable information on handmade carpet. Therefore, types of common words related to the handmade carpet were extracted from the above references. In terms of the words frequency; straw-like mat, Kilim (or rug), carpet and prayer mat, allocate respectively the most frequency to themselves. Moreover, the major production centers were distinguished in Fars, Tabarestan and Deylaman, Greater Khorasan, Khuzestan and Azerbaijan that among them, Khorasan, Fars, Tabarestan, respectively, have had the most frequency in the productions volume.

Rocco Rante (ed.). Greater Khorasan. History, Geography, Archaeology and Material Culture. Studies in the History and Culture of the Middle East

Following a major study by Christine Nolle-Karimi (2014) which posited that historical Khorasan was where Herat was perceived as an imaginary centre, this newest volume about the same region assumes a decentralised approach to the Iranian East. It shows Khorasan to be a multipartite entity made of irrigated arable lands and oases under the dominance of four cities, Nīsāpūr, Marv, Herat, and Balkh, and bordered by the Dast-e Kavīr and Qara Qūm deserts, the Āmū Daryā, and the Hindu Kush range. ...

Qajar Ambitions in the Great Game: Notes on the Embassy of ‘Abbas Qoli Khan to the Amir of Bokhara, 1844

Literature on the Great Game presents a strong dichotomy between European aggressors and Oriental victims. However, Qajar Iran possessed its own forgotten imperial project in Central Asia, explored here through an 1844 travelogue published anonymously in Iran as Safarnameh-ye Bokhara. This text, whose author is identified here as Qajar statesman ‘Abbas Qoli Khan, details a diplomatic exchange with the amir of Bokhara over the life and death of Rev. Joseph Wolff and the infamous disappearance of British agents Stoddart and Conolly. Notably, ‘Abbas Qoli Khan pressed Qajar claims to Marv to the amir, utilizing a discourse of historical and cultural unity between Iran and Greater Khorasan, in contrast to that of difference and hierarchy common in Anglo-Russian imperial projects.

Towards proposition of a diagnostic reference level for mammographic examination in the greater Khorasan Province, Iran

Although, over the past few years, the application of mammography has risen up sharply in Iran, very little, if any, has been reported of the extent of patient's dose from this type of imaging. The purpose of this study was to establish local diagnostic reference level (DRL) arising from mammography in the great Khorasan province of Iran. It is generally assumed that the glandular tissue is the most vulnerable type of breast tissue. Therefore, the mean glandular dose (MGD) has been widely accepted as the most appropriate dosimetric quantity to predict the risk of radiation-induced cancer. Literary, DRL for mammography is defined as the 75th percentile of MGD distribution. In Khorasan province, 7 out of 40 centres were randomly selected. In this work, 100 patients were studied. Thermoluminescence dosimeters have been used to measure entrance surface doses (ESDs). Since, it is difficult to directly measure MGD, Monte Carlo model-based conversion factors were utilised to conclude MGD from ESD. The results have revealed that patients dose is varied widely. The measured ESDs ranged from 0.74 to 19.81 mGy for the craniocaudal (CC) view and 1.20 to 25.79 mGy for the mediolateral oblique (MLO) view. The average MGDs per image were 0.88 and 1.11 mGy for CC and MLO views, respectively. Based on the internationally adopted definition, DRL arising from mammography tests for Khorasan is 1.33 mGy. Implementation of a dose reduction programme is suggested because of the large variations observed in patient MGD values. In this study, the DRL value is significantly lower than the corresponding values suggested by other researchers elsewhere.

An Iranian Perspective of J. B. Fraser's Trip to Khorasan in the 1820s

This paper is based on an earlier one about James Baillie Fraser's trip to Khorasan in the 1820s, the first European to travel there in the Qajar era. But instead of focusing on Fraser's experience, the information given by him is used to view the circumstances in Khorasan from an Iranian perspective, which, in turn, is derived from a study of the three main categories of people met by Fraser. Through them and their careers, the paper analyzes the problems, both inherited and new, that the early Qajars faced from the outset. Each of the three categories is dealt with separately under the headings of Prince-Governors, Princes in Exile or in Obeisance and, finally, High Priests. Together these complete the overall picture in Greater Khorasan and, by extension, throughout Iran at that particular time. What emerges from a study of their careers are the seeds of some of the major trends that were to mark nineteenth-century Iran. Khorasan, with its size and position, was particularly well placed to afford a view of a society still dependent on tribal vagaries and the dominant role of the religious hierarchy. Above all, the geo-strategic location of the province affords a privileged view across to the outlying parts of Greater Khorasan which, although still viewed from inside as a part of Greater Iran, were, due to inherent instabilities, liable to manipulation by British and Russian imperialism. The most effective tool of the latter was a propensity to promote new national entities on the ruins of an empire struggling to sustain itself without means and with a dated mindset of which most people were sorely unaware. By projecting the circumstances of time and place onto the future, one can perceive a certain degree of inevitability in the upcoming history of Qajar Iran.