Greater Investment Research Articles

Disparities in pre-health advising across California's public universities.

The Supreme Court's decision in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc., v. Harvard College is likely to result in the matriculation of fewer students from historically excluded racial/ethnic groups at more selective colleges and universities and matriculation of more students at less selective colleges and universities. Because of this, it is important to understand how resources for pre-health advising, a modifiable factor that can help increase the diversity of the health workforce, vary across institutions with differing levels of selectivity. Colleges are known to vary in resources, structure, and investment in pre-health advising but data are lacking and there is no estimate of any pre-health advising resource gap. To quantify availability of advising resources and identify perceived challenges in pre-health advising in California's highly diverse public and select private undergraduate institutions. Structured 60-minute Zoom interviews from June 2022 -October 2022 at 18/23 CSU (California State Universities), 9/9 University of California (UC) institutions and 6 select private institutions with varying levels of selectivity. Two investigators independently analyzed interviews using a Grounded Theory Approach. The full study team reviewed transcripts and themes. Pre-health advisor capacity varied greatly across the three types of institutions. CSU: mean = 1 FTE advisor: 24,620 graduates (range: 1: 1,059-1: 150,520); UC mean = 1 FTE advisor: 4,526 graduates (range: 1: 1,912-1: 10,920); private institutions mean = 1 FTE advisor:1,794 graduates (range: 1: 722-1: 5,300). Participants reported common challenges: advising capacity, lack of advisor training, advisor turnover, and student difficulties in accessing clinical opportunities and required coursework. CSU and UC participants noted that these had greatest impact for first generation and racially/ethnically underrepresented students for whom lack of informal professional networks, lack of other mentors, and financial responsibilities complicate college navigation and professional school application. Students at CSU campuses had 5 times less access to pre-health advising per graduate than UC students, and 13 times less than students at private institutions. Much greater investment is needed in California's public institutions, particularly CSUs, to increase equity in access to advising for pre-health professional students. Research should examine pre-health advising resource capacity in other states, especially those that are now facing race-neutral admissions policies at undergraduate institutions and health professions schools.

Yams (Dioscorea spp.) in shellmounds and swiddens: ancient history in Babitonga Bay, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil

BackgroundIn Babitonga Bay, southern Brazil, records of yam consumption exist among shellmound builders from at least 4000 years ago. Shellmounds (sambaquis) are anthropogenic structures in the form of mounds with layers of shells associated with other faunal remains, as well as with charcoal, artefacts and burial. Larger sambaquis are considered to be funerary monuments. The indigenous Jê and Guarani people also lived in the region before the European invasion and cultivated yams. Currently, exotic and domesticated yams are cultivated in the region by farmers. Our aim is to describe the long-term history between the people and Dioscorea in the Babitonga Bay region based on its consumption and occurrence in shellmounds and swiddens.MethodsSurveys of Dioscorea spp. and host were carried out in the vegetation of shellmounds and in the surrounding area using visual detection through intensive searches in transects using the walking method. The survey of Dioscorea species used and cultivated in the precolonial, colonial and current periods was carried out based on the literature. In the present study, only Dioscorea trifida cultivations were recorded.ResultsDioscorea cayennensis, Dioscorea chondrocarpa, Dioscorea dodecaneura, Dioscorea laxiflora, Dioscorea olfersiana, and Dioscorea scabra, all recorded in associated vegetation of shellmounds, in different combinations of the species. In swiddens, D. trifida is most common, followed by Dioscorea alata and, to a lesser extent, Dioscorea bulbifera and D. cayennensis. Records of food use prevail, but they are used as medicinal plants. Yams are integrated on anthropogenic soils of shellmounds and in swiddens in monoculture systems or in intercropping with Zea mays or Colocasia esculenta. The presence of exotic food trees and D. cayennensis in some shellmounds indicates the influence of colonizers on the composition of the vegetation. In sambaquis, there are overlapping processes of construction of cultural niches by different human groups at different times.ConclusionsThe sambaquis and the associated vegetation and swiddens form part of a domesticated landscape. The native species of Dioscorea recorded in shellmounds and surrounding vegetation do not depend on human action to perpetuate themselves in the environment. However, this does not rule out human influence in the past, but it does not indicate horticulture among the Sambaquianos. Greater investment in genetic, archaeobotanical and ethnobotanical research can contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between people and yams over thousands of years.

The Triple Helix of innovation as a double game involving domestic and foreign actors

Abstract Purpose The collaboration relationships between innovation actors at a geographic level may be considered as grouping two separate layers, the domestic and the foreign. At the level of each layer, the relationships and the actors involved constitute a Triple Helix game. The paper distinguished three levels of analysis: the global grouping together all actors, the domestic grouping together domestic actors, and the foreign related to only actors from partner countries. Design/methodology/approach Bibliographic records data from the Web of Science for South Korea and West Africa breakdown per innovation actors and distinguishing domestic and international collaboration are analyzed with game theory. The core, the Shapley value, and the nucleolus are computed at the three levels to measure the synergy between actors. Findings The synergy operates more in South Korea than in West Africa; the government is more present in West Africa than in South Korea; domestic actors create more synergy in South Korea, but foreign more in West Africa; South Korea can consume all the foreign synergy, which is not the case of West Africa. Research limitations Research data are limited to publication records; techniques and methods used may be extended to other research outputs. Practical implications West African governments should increase their investment in science, technology, and innovation to benefit more from the synergy their innovation actors contributed at the foreign level. However, the results of the current study may not be sufficient to prove that greater investment will yield benefits from foreign synergies. Originality/value This paper uses game theory to assess innovation systems by computing the contribution of foreign actors to knowledge production at an area level. It proposes an indicator to this end.

Homelessness And Health: Factors, Evidence, Innovations That Work, And Policy Recommendations.

On a single night in 2023, more than 653,000 people experienced homelessness in the United States. In this overview, we highlight structural and individual risk factors that can lead to homelessness, explore evidence on the relationship between homelessness and health, discuss programmatic and policy innovations, and provide policy recommendations. Health system efforts to address homelessness and improve the health of homeless populations have included interventions such as screening for social needs and medical respite programs. Initiatives using the Housing First approach to permanent supportive housing have a strong track record of success. Health care financing innovations using Medicaid Section 1115 waivers offer promising new approaches to improving health and housing for people experiencing homelessness. To substantially reduce homelessness and its many adverse health impacts, changes are needed to increase the supply of affordable housing for households with very low incomes. Health care providers and systems should leverage their political power to advocate for policies that scale durable, evidence-based solutions to reduce homelessness, including increased funding to expand housing choice vouchers and greater investment in the creation and preservation of affordable housing.

Cultivar ideotype for intensive olive orchards: plant vigor, biomass partitioning, tree architecture and fruiting characteristics

In order to achieve higher and earlier yield, modern olive orchards are increasingly intensified, with tree densities up to > 1500 trees hectare-1. With increasing tree densities, individual-tree canopy volume must be proportionally reduced. Not all cultivars are adaptable to high and very high orchard densities, because of excessive vigor and/or insufficient bearing when the canopy is pruned to a small volume. However, what makes an olive cultivar suitable for intensive and super intensive orchards is not clear. Recently, few studies have addressed this topic, suggesting that tree architecture and early bearing are essential traits. Yet, what architectural and productive features are important, how they work and whether they are interrelated remains elusive. This review summarizes and interprets the literature on olive, as well as the more abundant literature available for other fruit species, aiming to provide a comprehensive knowledge framework for understanding how tree architectural characteristics, plant vigor, and fruiting vary across olive genotypes, and how they are interconnected. It is concluded that, among the architectural characteristics, greater branching and smaller diameters of woody structures are particularly important features for cultivar suitability to intensive and super intensive olive orchards. Greater branching allows to produce more fruiting sites in the small volume of canopy allowed in these systems. It also reduces investments in woody structures, liberating resources for fruiting. Additional resources are liberated with smaller structure diameters. Greater branching also increases resources by increasing biomass partitioning into leaves (i.e. the photosynthetic organs), relative to wood. Since yield is affected by the competition for resources with vegetative growth, reducing resource investments in woody structures and/or increasing resource directly, increases yield. Yield, in turn, depresses vegetative growth, reducing vigor and the need for pruning. High yields also produce short shoots which have relatively greater investments in leaf mass and area, and lower in the woody stem, making them more suitable than long shoots to support concurrent fruit growth. This single framework of interpretation of how the different architectural and fruiting characteristics work and interact with one-another, will provide guidance for cultivar selection and breeding for intensive and super intensive olive orchards.

Digital inclusive finance, R&D investment, and green technology innovation nexus.

Green technology innovation is an effective means to achieve high-quality economic development. The impact and mechanism of digital financial inclusion on regional green technology innovation are tested using a threshold regression model and the panel fixed effect model, based on China's provincial Panel data (provincial Panel data are regional annual report data) from 2011 to 2020. According to the study, there is a direct link between local green technology innovation and digital financial inclusion. This paper highlights the differences in their influence by location and usage depth and underscores the necessity of government engagement to improve these characteristics. Information infrastructure needs to be strengthened, especially in areas with gaps. Greater investment in research and development (R&D) indirectly supports regional green technology innovation since it is impacted by digital financial inclusion. Interestingly, a threshold effect becomes most noticeable when digital financial inclusion rises above a particular threshold. Promoting utilizing digital financial inclusion to lessen regional differences in green technology innovation is important.

Childfree Perspective Imam Syafii and Ulama Jamaah Tabligh in Bandar Lampung City

The childfree phenomenon has sparked debates in Indonesian society for its pronatalist and religious values. The act of choosing to be childfree is feared to create a crisis in future human resources. This study aims to describe the views of Imam Shafi’i and compare them with the views of scholars from the Tabligh Jamaat in the city of Bandar Lampung regarding childfree. This research adopts a qualitative comparative approach, with informants being scholars from the Tabligh Jamaat in the city of Bandar Lampung. Data were obtained through interviews. The results of the study indicate that Imam Shafi’i did not specifically discuss childfree; he linked it to the practice of ’azl as a means of preventing pregnancy. Imam Shafi’i allows individuals to not have offspring, but such an act is considered leaving behind virtues and not following the Prophet’s Sunnah. On the other hand, scholars from the Tabligh Jamaat believe that childfree is not prohibited in Islam, but Islam strongly encourages the multiplication of offspring. The existence of the Muslim community is essential for the development and expansion of Islamic da’wah. Having righteous children is the greatest investment that will eventually intercede for their parents. The common ground between the two opinions is that both allow for childfree and view it as an act that forsakes marital virtues. The difference lies in the fact that Imam Shafi’i merely considers it as leaving behind virtues and opposing human nature, while scholars from the Tabligh Jamaat perceive Muslims who choose to be childfree as incurring great loss. The act of being childfree contradicts the concept of tanâsul, which entails permanently cutting off progeny.
 Keywords: Childfree, Imam Syafi’i, Ulama Jama’ah Tabligh

Critical research gaps in treating growth faltering in infants under 6 months: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

In 2020, 149.2 million children worldwide under 5 years suffered from stunting, and 45.4 million experienced wasting. Many infants are born already stunted, while others are at high risk for growth faltering early after birth. Growth faltering is linked to transgenerational impacts of poverty and marginalization. Few interventions address growth faltering in infants under 6 months, despite a likely increasing prevalence due to the negative global economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Breastfeeding is a critical intervention to alleviate malnutrition and improve child health outcomes, but rarely receives adequate attention in growth faltering interventions. A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken to identify and evaluate interventions addressing growth faltering among infants under 6 months that employed supplemental milks. The review was carried out following guidelines from the USA National Academy of Medicine. A total of 10,405 references were identified, and after deduplication 7390 studies were screened for eligibility. Of these, 227 were assessed for full text eligibility and relevance. Two randomized controlled trials were ultimately included, which differed in inclusion criteria and methodology and had few shared outcomes. Both studies had small sample sizes, high attrition and high risk of bias. A Bangladeshi study (n = 153) found significantly higher rates of weight gain for F-100 and diluted F-100 (DF-100) compared with infant formula (IF), while a DRC trial (n = 146) did not find statistically significant differences in rate of weight gain for DF-100 compared with IF offered in the context of broader lactation and relactation support. The meta-analysis of rate of weight gain showed no statistical difference and some evidence of moderate heterogeneity. Few interventions address growth faltering among infants under 6 months. These studies have limited generalizability and have not comprehensively supported lactation. Greater investment is necessary to accelerate research that addresses growth faltering following a new research framework that calls for comprehensive lactation support.

Health promotion policies, perceptions, actions and needs in sports clubs in Ireland

Objective: Policy development is the biggest gap for health-promoting sports clubs. The present study aims to identify Irish sports club’s involvement in health promotion (HP) policy development. Design: Mixed methods concurrent survey design, with quantitative data providing insights into priorities, activities and documentation and qualitative data documenting stakeholders’ perceived needs. Setting: Two hundred and thirty-nine sports clubs in Ireland. Method: The survey measured perceptions of HP, the importance of promoting 10 health topics (e.g. suicide prevention, healthy eating, addictive behaviours) and corresponding actions relevant to HP in club policy documents and future needs. Quantitative data were analysed using multivariate statistics. The policy cycle was used to conduct a deductive analysis of qualitative data on sports clubs’ perceived needs. Results: A high importance score (>70%) was found for the 10 health topics. Sports clubs reported their greatest investment was in physical activity promotion, and the lowest investment was in supporting the participation of disabled people. Up to two thirds of sports clubs had no HP policy. Irish sports clubs’ perceptions of HP showed higher but similar patterns of response relative to sports clubs in other countries. Conclusion: Findings suggest that sports clubs consider HP to be an important part of their remit, but up to 66% have no policy in this regard. The policy cycle analysis helped identify the key tools needed to promote sports clubs’ HP policy development. Practical implications include fostering the inclusion of HP in sports clubs’ development plans by establishing templates and receiving support from sports federations.

Refusal and Acceptance in Reciprocal Social Exchange

In this article, we apply a social exchange theoretical approach to the study of rejection. We investigate how the explicit refusal and acceptance of offered resources affect reciprocal exchanges. We distinguish contexts with explicit communication of refusal from contexts in which refusal is uncommunicated or concealed and investigate how context and the actual experience of refusal affect reciprocal social exchange behaviors and the emergence of social bonds. We also examine the effects of contexts and experiences of communicated acceptance. Results of a controlled laboratory experiment show that the contextual possibility of refusal increases giving but nevertheless weakens emerging social bonds. Experiencing refusal increases self-isolation but also, under certain conditions, greater investment in alternative relationships. The contextual possibility of acceptance, on the other hand, has little effect on giving behaviors or social bonds. The experience of acceptance, however, may reduce partner switching.

Tuberculosis incidence in Brazil: time series analysis between 2001 and 2021 and projection until 2030.

To assess the incidence of tuberculosis in Brazil between 2001 and 2022 and estimate the monthly incidence forecast until 2030. This is a time-series study based on monthly tuberculosis records from the Notifiable Diseases Information System and official projections of the Brazilian population. The monthly incidence of tuberculosis from 2001 to 2022 was evaluated using segmented linear regression to identify trend breaks. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (Sarima) was used to predict the monthly incidence from 2023 to 2030, deadline for achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs). There was a decrease in incidence between January/2001 and December/2014 (4.60 to 3.19 cases-month/100,000 inhabitants; β=-0.005; p<0.001), followed by an increase between January/2015 and March /2020 (β=0.013; p<0.001). There was a sharp drop in cases in April/2020, with the onset of the pandemic, and acceleration of the increase in cases since then (β=0.025; p<0.001). A projection of 124,245 cases in 2030 was made, with an estimated incidence of 4.64 cases-month/100,000 inhabitants, levels similar to those in the 2000s. The Sarima model proved to be robust, with error of 4.1% when removing the pandemic period. The decreasing trend in tuberculosis cases was reversed from 2015 onwards, a period of economic crisis, and was also impacted by the pandemic when there was a reduction in records. The Sarima model can be a useful forecasting tool for epidemiological surveillance. Greater investments in prevention and control need to be made to reduce the occurrence of tuberculosis, in line with the SDGs.

Turismo de saúde e bem-estar nos Açores: Caso de turistas seniores

Global demographic aging comes from economic, social, and health policies, in which the individual plays an active role in his or her own health and well-being. The Autonomous Region of the Azores, internationally known for the beauty of its natural landscapes, is recognised as the first archipelago considered a sustainable destination at the world level. This research aimed to explore the concerns, activities/interests, and motivations of seniors who have visited or wish to visit the Azores Region. This article analyzes the profile of the senior “tourist”, explores the motivations and interests for visiting the Azores, investigates differences between the groups, and analyses possible predictors. It is suggested that stakeholders should have greater investment in the quality and (re)creation of health and wellness tourism products.

Learning difficulties in school children: health and education professionals' perceptions.

to understand health and education professionals' perceptions regarding children's learning difficulties in public schools. qualitative research, of the participatory action type, linked to Paulo Freire's Research Itinerary. Forty-five professionals participated, through interviews and a Virtual Culture Circle. The analysis was developed through careful reading, reflection and interpretation of highlighted topics. professionals discussed the (in)visibility of learning difficulties, strategies and resources in the educational sector and the search for solutions in the health sector. It was found that the production of complaints related to school learning is attributed predominantly as an individual problem of children or their family, exempting the educational institution from this process. greater investment in professional training and development policies is urgently needed to facilitate coordination between sectors, with a view to overcoming outdated pedagogical and health models.

Global trends in antimicrobial resistance on organic and conventional farms

The important hypothesis that organic livestock management reduces the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is either fiercely supported or bitterly contested. Yet, empirical evidence supporting this view remains fragmentary, in part because relationships between antimicrobial use and drug resistance vary dramatically across contexts, hosts, pathogens, and country-specific regulations. Here, we synthesize global policies and definitions of ‘organic’ and ask if organic farming results in notable reductions in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance when directly examined alongside conventional analogs. We synthesized the results of 72 studies, spanning 22 countries and five pathogens. Our results highlight substantial variations in country-specific policies on drug use and definitions of ‘organic’ that hinder broad-scale and generalizable patterns. Overall, conventional farms had slightly higher levels of antimicrobial resistance (28%) relative to organic counterparts (18%), although we found significant context-dependent variation in this pattern. Notably, environmental samples from organic and conventional farms often exhibited high levels of resistance to medically important drugs, underscoring the need for more stringent and consistent policies to control antimicrobial contaminants in the soil (particularly on organic farms, where the application of conventional manure could faciliate the spread antimicrobial resistance). Taken together, these results emphasize the challenges inherent in understanding links between drug use and drug resistance, the critical need for global standards governing organic policies, and greater investment in viable alternatives for managing disease in livestock.

Role of Academic Libraries in Scientific Production Evaluation

Since internationally visible scientific productivity is a criterion for state evaluation of Croatian academic and scientific institutions and their scientists, Croatian academic libraries have a key role in quantitative evaluation of scientific productivity using methods such as bibliometrics, scientometrics and the like. The aim of this case study is to identify and illustrate the current situation of library services for evaluating scientific production at the University of Zagreb, Croatia, and to make recommendations for the further development of such services, which could serve as a framework for the systematic implementation of this type of service in all libraries at the University of Zagreb and beyond. More specifically, the purpose of this paper was to identify the existence of the bibliometric services in the libraries of the University of Zagreb (UNIZG), examine the status and involvement of university librarians in the academic advancement procedures and to identify the required competences for bibliometric experts in Croatia. The research was conducted using the content analysis method, the survey method, and the focus group method. The research results show that although UNIZG libraries are integrated into the system of academic promotion and the role of UNIZG libraries is enshrined in Croatian regulations, the bibliometric service is not standardised at the University level. The results also indicate that the service needs to be strengthened in terms of training of professional staff and greater investment in staff capacity and infrastructure. The fact that the study was conducted at a single Croatian university is a possible limitation that could relate to the application of guidelines for further actions and the development of bibliometric services at national level. It would therefore be desirable to conduct future research to identify the situation at other Croatian universities as well. It would also be necessary to determine the open science and open access policies at UNIZG through further research and, in this context, to establish guidelines for possible improvements in the processes of evaluating scientific productivity. The results of this study make an important contribution to the possible future positioning of university libraries and UNIZG librarians in the process of evaluating scientific productivity. In addition, some practical advice is given so that this case study may be a good introductory overview for the wider academic community in relation to this topic.

International law for public health in aviation: the challenges of harmonisation

International laws for commercial aviation have achieved an exceptional degree of harmonisation and greatly improved passenger safety. Yet, despite much international guidance, enforceable laws for public health protection in aviation are mainly the responsibility of national authorities. As a result, public health laws may be incoherent, in conflict with other countries and/or based on disputed scientific evidence. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the responsibility of airlines and regulatory authorities to protect not only air passengers but also populations in destination countries. While the greatest risk to global public health is the potential spread of disease by infected passengers or vectors, lesser-known risks include food contamination, inadequate sanitary facilities and poor air quality within the cabin. In preparedness for inevitable future disease outbreaks and pandemics, an urgent review of international law as it applies to public health in commercial aviation is needed, with greater investment in scientific research to enable more accurate and effective risk assessment and management, supported by enforceable laws and clear responsibility.

Investing in hope in dementia care practice: What do we need to consider?

AbstractAlthough most countries have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, only a quarter have a national dementia plan which outlines a strategy to support People Living with Dementia (PLWD) and their families. Majority of PLWD reside in low‐and‐middle‐income countries where the numbers are expected to increase disproportionately over the coming decades. Healthcare systems in these regions are already overburdened, and resources for dementia are often inaccessible or unaffordable for most of the population. Factors like low public awareness, misconceptions about early symptoms being a natural part of aging and societal stigma also contribute to delays in diagnosis and hesitancy in help seeking.However, a recent Alzheimer’s Disease International report highlights that challenges in dementia care are not limited to low resource settings, and up to an astounding 85% of PLWD worldwide may not receive post‐diagnostic support. Research using paradigms like patient public involvement have highlighted how PLWD and their families often feel devalued as dementia has ‘no‐cure,’ drawing attention to experiences which have made them feel unsupported during interactions with health systems. Globally, the majority of dementia care is actually provided at home and by family members until a stage where institutional care is possible in settings where these resources exist. This highlights the importance of interventions which can support at‐home care, particularly since home care has also been shown to be a more cost effective model when compared to institutional care. Along with building public awareness and making society more dementia inclusive, training of healthcare professionals is also required for more hopeful communication. Using the value of hope can extend support to PWLD and their families by encouraging meaningful engagement within the family context and encouraging PLWD to continue participating in socially enriching activities.Whilst endeavors to find a cure for dementia must continue, greater investment is required in interventions that instill realistic hope in PLWD and empower their families to provide care within the community. These interventions play a critical role in reducing the negative impact that social withdrawal and social isolation can have on the well‐being of PWLD and their families.

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Global Cardiac Surgery-Accessibility to Cardiac Surgery in Developing Countries: Objectives, Challenges, and Solutions.

Cardiac surgery is a modern science in the history of medicine. The impact of cardiac disease, in terms of treatment and prognosis, has made this discipline indispensable to global health. In recent decades, the greatest investment has been dispensed to technological and material improvements to increase life expectancy. This surgery must address different epidemiological aspects dictated by the geography and economic-social conditions of the global populations. For this reason, it is progressively important to address the cardiac surgery accessibility disparity. Many scientific papers and international meetings have studied how cardiac surgery can be more accessible in various countries around the world. In this review, we analyze all the challenges, solutions, and suggestions that can make this surgery accessible to the entire global population, with the purpose of reducing its disparity across all seven continents. For a long time, high-income countries have invested in technological capabilities and experimental advancements without caring about unequal access in the rest of the world. We believe that it is time to reverse this growth trajectory, placing the accessibility and distribution of surgical science as a priority, which is significant for the right to health of all people worldwide. This is the real new challenge in cardiosurgery.

Trends in global ambient fine particulate matter pollution and diabetes mortality rates attributable to it in the 1990–2019: 30 years systematic analysis of global burden of disease

AimTo analyze the trends in ambient fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) and the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of diabetes attributable to it from 1990 to 2019 by region, country, and socio-economic development status. MethodsThe main data, including the summary exposure value (SEV) of ambient PM2.5 and the ASMR of diabetes due to ambient PM2.5, was collected from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database. The socio-demographic index (SDI) was employed for assessing a particular region or country's degree of socio-economic development. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess the changes of ambient PM2.5 and ASMR of diabetes attributable to it. ResultsGlobally, the SEV of ambient PM2.5 increased from 15.65 μg/m3 in 1990 to 26.22 μg/m3 in 2019, with an annual average percent change (AAPC) of 1.788 (95 % CI 1.687–1.889) μg/m3. The ASMR of diabetes attributable to ambient PM2.5 increased from 1.57 per 100,000 population in 1990 to 2.47 per 100.000 population in 2019 (AAPC = 1.569 [95 % CI 1.42–1.718]). Most regions and countries had an increase of SEV of ambient PM2.5 and ASMR of diabetes attributable to ambient PM2.5. The largest increase of SEV of ambient PM2.5 was observed in South Asia (AAPC = 3.556 [95 % CI 3.329–3.875]), while the largest increase of ASMR of diabetes was in Central Asia (AAPC = 5.170 [95%CI 4.696–5.647]). Moreover, the increase of SEV of ambient PM2.5 and ASMR of diabetes attributable to it were positively associated with SDI in low SDI countries (SDI < 0.46), whereas the opposite result was observed when SDI ≥ 0.46. ConclusionFrom 1990 to 2019, the population's exposure to ambient PM2.5 and ASMR of diabetes attributable to it increased generally, especially in low-middle SDI regions. Ambient PM2.5 remains a threat to global health. Greater investment in ambient PM2.5 and the mortality attributable to it are needed.