Greater Interest Research Articles

Enhanced interest in letters and numbers in autistic children

BackgroundAn intense and precocious interest in written material, together with a discrepancy between decoding and reading comprehension skills are defining criteria for hyperlexia, which is found in up to 20% of autistic individuals. It may represent the extreme end of a broader interest in written material in autism. This study examines the magnitude and nature of the interest in written material in a large population of autistic and non-autistic children.MethodsAll 701 children (391 autistic, 310 non-autistic) under the age of 7 referred to an autism assessment clinic over a span of 4 years were included. Ordinal logistic regressions assessed the association between diagnosis and the level of interest in letters and numbers. A nested sample of parents of 138 autistic, 99 non-autistic clinical, and 76 typically developing (TD) children completed a detailed questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models analyzed the age of emergence of these interests. Linear regressions evaluated the association between diagnosis and interest level. The frequency of each behaviour showing interest and competence with letters and numbers were compared.ResultsIn the two studies, 22 to 37% of autistic children had an intense or exclusive interest in letters. The odds of having a greater interest in letters was 2.78 times higher for autistic children than for non-autistic clinical children of the same age, and 3.49 times higher for the interest in numbers, even if 76% of autistic children were minimally or non-verbal. The age of emergence of these interests did not differ between autistic and TD children and did not depend on their level of oral language. Non-autistic children showed more interest in letters within a social context.LimitationsThe study holds limitations inherent to the use of a phone questionnaire with caregivers and missing sociodemographic information.ConclusionsThe emergence of the interest of autistic children toward written language is contemporaneous to the moment in their development where they display a strong deficit in oral language. Together with recent demonstrations of non-social development of oral language in some autistic children, precocious and intense interest in written material suggests that language acquisition in autism may follow an alternative developmental pathway.

Studies on The Economic Valuation of Environmental Goods and Ecosystem Services: A Systematic Review

Purpose: This investigation aimed to analyze the focus of scientific studies that involve the economic valuation of environmental goods and ecosystem services. Method: The method used was a systematic literature review, carried out in six stages: a) selection of articles on the Capes Periodicals Portal, b) screening of articles for systematization using the PRISMA Flowchart, c) definition of systematization variables, d) analysis of information in articles according to defined variables (codes), e) qualitative and quantitative inferences from information collected in articles and f) generation of research results. Results and discussion: The results showed that there was a) greater interest in studies valuing ecosystem services, with 69.2% in 2020, b) an increase of 43.5% in bibliographic studies in 2021 compared to 2020 and 37, 5% in 2022 compared to 2021, c) a decrease in the valuation of environmental damage from 2018, and d) a decrease in environmental valuation in 2020. Research implications: The findings contribute to decision-making for new research initiatives in economic and environmental valuation and the managerial decision-making process related to the challenges of ensuring ecosystem sustainability. Originality/value: The study shows that economic valuation methods for estimating the use of ecosystem goods and services come from environmental economics and other measurement approaches.

Gender Differences in Language Acquisition Patterns among Adolescents in Japan

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the gender differences in language acquisition patterns among adolescents in Japan Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: This study examines gender differences in language acquisition among Japanese adolescents. Males typically prefer informal methods like digital media for vocabulary, while females favor formal instruction. Females show stronger syntax, grammar, and pragmatic skills, driven by a greater interest in language learning for social reasons. Males' attitudes vary more, influenced by socioeconomic factors. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social learning theory, gender schema theory & critical feminist theory may be used to anchor future studies on the gender differences in language acquisition patterns among adolescents. By tailoring language instruction to the specific needs of male and female adolescents, educators can create more inclusive learning environments that support equitable language development. Policymakers should prioritize the integration of gender-sensitive language policies and initiatives within educational systems.

A Causality Perspective: Investments in Green Energy Business vs. Conventional Business

Abstract At the level of the European Union numerous sustainability programs are being created. Considering these the main role f the research is to explore the potential of green energy production along with its limitations. Studies have found that by combining multiple sources of green energy and harnessing technological advances, there is the possibility to believe that one can reduce human’s dependence on fossil fuels. The aim of this study is to create a stock market analysis in order to identify future investment trends by assessing whether there is greater interest in investing in renewable electricity companies. The current paper explores the impact of investing in renewable electricity companies versus investing in the stock market of fossil fuel-based energy companies. The dataset includes closing stock price data for two major companies, one of which is the British-Dutch company SHELL.L Global (known in the oil industry as well as the energy sector) and the other company is Vestas Wind Systems (a Danish company that manufactures wind turbines for renewable energy parks around the world). This dataset covers the period 3rd of January 2011 to 24th of November 2023 and is used together with time series statistical tests. The purpose is to highlight the main objective of this article: to demonstrate through Granger causality whether investment in the renewable electricity market affects investment in the conventional energy market. This result will shed light on whether long-term investments in fossil fuel-based businesses are worth investors’ attention going forward. While the major purpose of the paper is the research mentioned above, there is also a secondary objective, that of carrying out a descriptive analysis of the two listed companies and their evolution in order to identify the key periods that led to significant fluctuations in the series temporal.

What is news? Exploring differences in how younger and older cohorts use news in today’s media environment

ABSTRACT This study investigated how younger and older cohorts used news to meet their needs. It used diaries and focus groups with 25 New Zealanders to examine their news sources, characteristics of news they valued, and factors influencing their consumption. Using content analysis, this information was analysed through the lenses of news values and uses and gratifications theory. The findings showed news maintained a critical role in giving people information they wanted to know. Younger participants spent more than half of their time consuming news from non-traditional news sources and valued timeliness and shareability of news. Older participants generally used traditional news sources and had greater interest in elite persons, local news, and news that elicited emotion. Participants emphasised news credibility, suggesting veracity and live news are potential new news values. However, this study suggests personalised news consumption will disrupt the direct journalist/audience relationship and impact understanding of news value frameworks.

Assessment of Calcaneal Spongy Bone Magnetic Resonance Characteristics in Women: A Comparison between Measures Obtained at 0.3 T, 1.5 T, and 3.0 T.

There is a growing interest in bone tissue MRI and an even greater interest in using low-cost MR scanners. However, the characteristics of bone MRI remain to be fully defined, especially at low field strength. This study aimed to characterize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), T2, and T2* in spongy bone at 0.3 T, 1.5 T, and 3.0 T. Furthermore, relaxation times were characterized as a function of bone-marrow lipid/water ratio content and trabecular bone density. Thirty-two women in total underwent an MR-imaging investigation of the calcaneus at 0.3 T, 1.5 T, and 3.0 T. MR-spectroscopy was performed at 3.0 T to assess the fat/water ratio. SNR, T2, and T2* were quantified in distinct calcaneal regions (ST, TC, and CC). ANOVA and Pearson correlation statistics were used. SNR increase depends on the magnetic field strength, acquisition sequence, and calcaneal location. T2* was different at 3.0 T and 1.5 T in ST, TC, and CC. Relaxation times decrease as much as the magnetic field strength increases. The significant linear correlation between relaxation times and fat/water found in healthy young is lost in osteoporotic subjects. The results have implications for the possible use of relaxation vs. lipid/water marrow content for bone quality assessment and the development of quantitative MRI diagnostics at low field strength.

The impact of changing engineering perceptions on women’s attitudes and behavioral intentions towards engineering pursuits

BackgroundWomen are underrepresented in the field of engineering within academic and professional settings. Based upon premises outlined by social role theory and goal congruity theory, a key factor that contributes to this underrepresentation is a gendered societal belief that there is a disconnect between engineering (seen as more agentic, or self-oriented) and women’s values and abilities (which are believed to be more communal, or other-oriented). While there is evidence that this perceived disconnect influences women’s pursuit of engineering, the extent to which an intervention could realistically counter these perceptions at key points along the engineering pathway has not been explored. Across two studies, we examine the impact of a communal-based intervention (in which we frame engineering majors and careers in more, though not exclusively, communally oriented ways) on women’s engineering-related attitudes and behavioral intentions at two points along the academic-employment pathway: women’s major selection and women’s job selection.ResultsStudy 1 found that women with undeclared majors had more positive attitudes (confidence and interest) towards engineering majors when engineering major descriptions were framed as more communal versus more agentic. However, there was no impact on their behavioral intentions to pursue the major. Study 2 found that women with engineering majors were more confident in their ability to be successful in a job role and were more likely to apply when the job role was framed as more communal as compared to more agentic. However, they did not indicate greater interest in the job role.ConclusionsTesting this intervention on relevant populations advances the literature by providing greater evidence for the potential of such an intervention to meaningfully address women’s underrepresentation at multiple points along the engineering pathway. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that a messaging-based intervention is impactful with a realistic representation of engineering as both an agentic and communally oriented field, which ensures that the retention of those attracted to the field is not negatively impacted by idealistic messaging. While addressing women’s pursuit of engineering is important, work must continue to seek ways to always improve women’s experience in engineering contexts as well.

Physical training and external load management for young athletes

Football today is more intense and demanding than ever before and these increasing physical demands have a direct impact on grassroots players, leading to ever greater interest in determining the external load variables using GPS in lower categories. The objective of this study is to observe and analyse the mean figures for the variables Distance(m), High Acc(m) and High Dec(m), HSR Abs(m), HMLD(m) and MAX Speed (km·h-1) per player aged 15, 16 and 17 based on their position in a competitive match. We also aim to determine if U16 players are able to compete in a U17 and U18 category team. A total of 57 male players, between 15 and 17 years old, participated in the study, divided by team corresponding to their age, and members of farm teams of a professional football club in the Community of Madrid. The results obtained for the mentioned variables show that some players could play at a higher category, specifically U16 Centre-Backs and Forwards and U17 Wing-Backs, Midfielders and Wingers. However, it must be noted that these results may be influenced by factors such as biological age of the players, the minutes of play, the style of play, the rival in the match, the pitch conditions and weather. Keywords: Grassroots Football, External Load, GPS, Distance(m), High Acc(m)/Dec(m), HSR Abs(m), HMLD(m), MAX Speed(km·h-1)

Putting the pieces together: comparing the effect of jigsaw cooperative learning and lecture on public health students’ knowledge, performance, and satisfaction

ABSTRACT The present research was conducted to compare the effects of two methods of traditional lecture and Jigsaw Cooperative Learning on the students’ knowledge, performance, and satisfaction. This quasi-experimental study was done on 50 public health students, who had been chosen through available sampling. The performance and satisfaction of students was measured through two researcher-made 80 and 18-item questionnaires after receiving the training. Data were analyzed through SPSS 2423.0 software. The mean score of knowledge in the pre-test stage in the jigsaw and lecture groups was 11.40 and 10.56, respectively, while these values in the post-test stage significantly increased in the jigsaw group compared to their lecture counterpart (16.68 vs. 10.76) (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the score of poster and pamphlet preparation, role-playing, and slide preparation in all subscales (P < 0.001). The mean score of satisfaction was higher in the jigsaw group in all subscales except for motivation (P = 0.17) and problem-solving (P = 0.43), compared to the lecture group (P < 0.001). The results indicated that the JCL method, by engaging students in the teaching-learning process, could cause enhanced knowledge, performance, and satisfaction of the learner, helping them deal with their courses with greater interest. .

Use of complementary therapies and supportive measures of patients with intracranial gliomas—a prospective evaluation in an outpatient clinic

PurposePatients with intracranial gliomas frequently seek for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), in addition to guideline-directed therapy. In this study, we therefore assessed patients’ information needs regarding treatment and support, and evaluated their attitudes toward experimental trials and alternative therapies.MethodsA prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted in our center. We developed an interview focusing on how patients obtain further information about therapy and the use of alternative/complementary therapies.ResultsA total of 102 patients participated in the survey. 50% (n = 51) of patients reported that they had not attempted any additional therapies. When patients attempted self-therapy, it was most commonly in the areas of nutrition (25%, n = 26) and dietary supplements (17%, n = 17). Alternative or complementary therapies were used by 14% (n = 14) of the patients. Younger age (Odds ratio (OR) 0.96 (95% Confidence interval (CI) 0.92–0.99, p = 0.012) and tumor entity (OR 5.01 (95% CI 1.66–15.11, p = 0.004) for grade 4 vs. 3 tumors and OR 7.22 (95% CI 1.99–26.28) for grade 4 vs. other tumors p = 0.003) were significantly associated with a greater interest in CAM.ConclusionsInterest in complementary and alternative medicine, as well as nutrition and dietary supplements is high (51%) among glioma patients, and significantly higher among younger patients and those with a worse diagnosis (WHO grade 4). A comprehensive approach to information, including paramedical topics, is needed to provide optimal patient counseling and care for glioma patients.

Family, partnership, life satisfaction and well-being, emotional burnout and depression of employees of anesthesiology and intensive care departments: a multicenter anonymous observational trial

INTRODUCTION: Currently, emotional burnout and its predictors are insufficiently studied among the staff of the departments of anesthesiology and intensive care. At the same time, burnout is associated with a decrease in the quality of medical care, patient safety, as well as the quality of life of the doctors themselves. An anonymous study was conducted in hospitals and clinics in Russia. OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of life satisfaction, well-being, emotional burnout and depression of the staff of the departments of anesthesiology — intensive care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Maslach Burnout Inventory, Projective psychological technique “unfinished sentences” (based on Sacks sentence completion test) — tested by G.G. Rumyantsev, Beck Hopelessness Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Satisfaction with Life Scale (E. Diener, R.A. Emmons, R.J. Larsen, S. Griffin). Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) (R. Su, L. Tay, E. Diener). RESULTS: The average level of life satisfaction of anesthesiologists was 14.7 points, which corresponds to the level of dissatisfaction, resuscitators and nurses had 19 points and 17.7 points, respectively — below the average level. Average and high levels of burnout in all three subscales had: 32.77 % of anesthesiologists, 52.26 % of resuscitators, 33.7 % of nurses. Depression symptoms varying degrees was detected in 83.62 % of anesthesiologists, 80 % of resuscitators and 51.7 % of nurses. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary today not only to identify the first symptoms of burnout, but also to assess the level of satisfaction with the life and work of doctors, because they can directly affect the quality of medical care provided. It is probably that the even greater interest in the problem of doctor’s burnout and greater number of publications about this problem will become the element that encourages medical workers to seek psychological help.

Student definitions of ownership and perceived ways ownership influences writing in a biology laboratory class.

Laboratory courses offer a unique opportunity, and sometimes challenge, to engage students in projects where they can experience ownership and authentic science practices. An important science practice is writing, which can lead to increased learning about concepts and science communication. Experiencing a sense of ownership in research can lead to various student outcomes, such as increased motivation, greater interest in research, and higher retention in STEM fields. Although previous work has extracted aspects of ownership from students' descriptions of research experiences, studies have not examined directly how students define and perceive ownership. In addition, we do not have a clear idea of whether a sense of ownership is related to student attitudes toward scientific writing in a lab course setting. To better understand the relationship between ownership and writing directly from students' perspectives, we used analysis of student responses to surveys and interviews in an upper-division laboratory course. Using a grounded theory approach for the analysis of 167 survey responses and 9 interviews, we found that students have varying perceptions of project ownership, with the most frequent being opportunities to contribute ideas and shape the project (autonomy), doing the work, and leadership. Students largely perceived that increased ownership had positive influences on their writing, such as increased understanding and thinking, freedom in writing, and increased motivation. Learning about how students perceive ownership in the context of a lab course is useful for considering how lab course structure may support the development of a sense of ownership and may influence how we can engage students in meaningful writing practices.

Model of Quality Assurance and Audit Quality Based on International Standards for Internal Auditing

Purpose — This study aimed to address the concept of internal audit quality and how to enhance and improve the quality of internal audit units in hospitals by identifying and designing a proposed new model based on the International Auditing Standard 1300 to ensure quality assurance and improve transparency and accountability. Design/methodology/approach — This study aims to achieve these objectives. Qualitative methods and semi-structured interviews using an inductive approach were adopted to cover the theoretical aspect of research and the deductive approach to develop a new model for a quality assurance and transparency program in hospitals in Iraq Mosul City. Findings —The findings of this internal audit division do not cover all hospital activities. In addition, it is not possible to apply standardized audit programs to the various units. Rather, the type of activities carried out by these units should be considered, whether service, economic, commercial, or agricultural. Thus, many factors improve the quality of internal auditing related to work procedures in the unit. Among the most important recommendations is implementing a quality assurance and transparency program in these hospitals to raise the quality of internal auditing and carry out its activities efficiently and effectively. Practical implications —This proposal can serve as a guide for later use by those authorities as they evaluate and determine the strength of the internal audit of any establishment, company, or governmental institution. Therefore, hospitals must apply the paragraphs that are not included in the program, and there should be greater interest in the paragraphs that are applied in a weak way to reach real integration of the quality assurance and improvement program, which enhances the quality of internal auditing on all hospital activities. Originality/value —This paper describes a quality assurance and transparency program in these hospitals to improve internal audits and efficiency.

Does Support for Professional Development in Early Childhood and Care Settings Matter? A Study in Four Countries

AbstractProfessional Development (PD) can be a powerful lever for improving the quality of teacher-child interactions in early childhood education and care (ECEC) and teachers’ feelings of support and competence. However, there is a dearth of studies examining different formats of PD and their links with workplace features. The present study aims to understand (a) different types of PD participation (structured and center-embedded) and their levels of interest of preschool teachers in four European countries (Cyprus, Greece, Portugal, and Romania), and (b) the extent to which they are associated with PD incentives and perceived support. Participants were preschool teachers from Cyprus (N = 93; Mage = 41; SD = 7.47), Greece (N = 92; Mage = 40; SD = 9.81), Portugal (N = 92; Mage = 45; SD = 9.65), and Romania (N = 97; Mage = 40; SD = 10.40). The vast majority of participants were women (95-99%). Participants reported on PD attendance – structured (courses/seminars, conferences) and center-embedded (e.g., observation visits, peer and/or self-observation) –, levels of interest in PD; PD incentives (e.g., release from working with children; reimbursement/payment of costs); and perceived workplace support. Results from the Multi-Group Path Models showed that, in all countries, the provision of incentives was associated with increased participation in center-embedded PD, but not in structured PD. Additionally, the perceived support from their setting was positively associated with greater interest in PD. Understanding what best supports different types of PD can be critical to inform policy efforts aiming to increase PD attendance.

Assessment of the Risk Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Prevalence between Cats and Dogs in America and Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic represented a huge obstacle for public health and demonstrated weaknesses in surveillance and health promotion systems around the world. Its etiological agent, SARS-CoV-2, of zoonotic origin, has been the target of several studies related to the control and prevention of outbreaks and epidemics of COVID-19 not only for humans but also for animals. Domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, have extensive contact with humans and can acquire the infection both naturally and directly from humans. The objective of this article was to summarize the seroprevalence findings of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs and cats and correlate them with the strength of infection risk between each of them. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis following the recommendations of PRISMA 2020. The search and selection of papers was carried out using in vivo experimental works with animals using the descriptors (MeSH/DeCS) "Animal", "Public Health", "SARS-CoV-2" and "Pandemic" (together with AND) in English, Portuguese or Spanish for Science Direct, PUBMED, LILACS and SciELO databases. The ARRIVE checklist was used for methodological evaluation and the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis v2.2 software with the Difference Risk (RD) test to evaluate statistical inferences (with subgroups by continent). Cats showed greater susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 compared to dogs both in a joint analysis of studies (RD = 0.017; 95% CI = 0.008-0.025; p < 0.0001) and in the American subgroup (RD = 0.053; 95% CI = 0.032-0.073; p < 0.0001), unlike the lack of significant difference on the European continent (RD = 0.009; 95% CI = -0.001-0.018; p = 0.066). Therefore, it was observed that cats have a greater interest in health surveillance due to the set of biological and ecological aspects of these animals, but also that there are a set of factors that can influence the spread and possible spillover events of the virus thanks to the anthropozoonotic context.

Measuring the Quality of Internal Control and its Impact on the Performance of the Banking Institutions

The researcher aimed to assess the impact on the institutional performance of the bank’s sample research, the statement of relationship, and the quality of internal control through his research. There were seven banks in the government commercial bank research community, and two banks were included in the sample research. To evaluate his research hypotheses, the investigator used a two-axis resolution distributed among 45 questions, totaling 68. A basic linear regression model was employed by the researcher. According to Pearson's coefficient of correlation with the research findings, the study sample banks demonstrated both high levels of institutional performance and internal control quality. Additionally, it demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between the quality of internal control and the banking institution's performance. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended that banks take a greater interest in internal control, which will help to improve the institutions' overall performance.

National Benchmarks to Understand How Doctor of Physical Therapy Learners From Minoritized Race and Ethnicity Groups Perceive Their Physical Therapist Education Program.

The demographic homogeneity of the physical therapist workforce and its educational pathway may undermine the profession's potential to improve the health of society. Building academic environments that support the development of all learners is fundamental to building a workforce to meet societal health care needs. The Benchmarking in Physical Therapy Education study uses the Physical Therapy Graduation Questionnaire to comprehensively assess learner perceptions of the physical therapist academic environment. The present report examined whether racial and ethnic minoritized (REM) physical therapist learners perceive their doctor of physical therapy education differently from their non-REM peers. Five thousand and eighty graduating doctor of physical therapy learners in 89 institutions provided demographic data and perceptions of a range of learning environment domains. Analyses included REM versus non-REM comparisons as well as comparisons among individual race and ethnicity groups. Compared with their non-minoritized peers, REM respondents expressed less satisfaction with their education and lower confidence in their preparedness for entry-level practice. REM respondents observed more faculty professionalism disconnects and demonstrated less agreement that their program had fostered their overall psychological well-being. REM respondents experienced higher rates of mistreatment than their peers and reported higher rates of exhaustion and disengagement, the 2 axes of academic burnout. Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino/a/x (Hispanic, Latino, Latina, and/or Latinx) respondents incurred significantly more educational debt than Asian and White respondents. REM respondents reported greater empathy and greater interest in working in underserved communities. REM respondents perceived the physical therapist learning environment more negatively than their non-minoritized peers but expressed strong interest in serving people from underserved communities. These national benchmarks offer academic institutions the opportunity to self-assess their own environment and to work to improve the quality of the educational experience for all learners. In a nationwide benchmarking study, learners from minoritized race and ethnicity backgrounds reported more negative experiences and outcomes during physical therapist education than their non-minoritized peers. These same learners demonstrated high empathy and interest in serving people from underserved (under-resourced) communities. Learning environments that permit all individuals to thrive may be an essential avenue to improve the health of a rapidly diversifying society.

An Exploration of Analgesia Options for Australian Sheep.

During their lifetime, sheep undergo many painful husbandry and disease processes. Procedures undertaken on the farm, such as tail docking, castration, and mulesing, all cause considerable pain. In addition, sheep may experience painful diseases and injuries that require treatment by veterinary practitioners, and in biomedical research, sheep may undergo painful experimental procedures or conditions. It is important due to ethics, animal welfare, social licence, and, at times, legal requirements for farmers, veterinary practitioners, and researchers to provide pain relief for animals in their care. While there is a heightened awareness of and a greater interest in animal welfare, there remain few licensed and known analgesia options for sheep within Australia. A literature review was undertaken to identify currently known and potential future options for analgesic agents in sheep in farm and biomedical settings. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, opioids, local anaesthetics, α2 adrenoreceptor agonists, and NMDA receptor antagonists are some of the more common classes of analgesic drugs referred to in the literature, but few drugs are registered for use in sheep, with even fewer proven to be effective. Only six analgesic product formulations, namely, lignocaine (e.g., Numocaine®), Tri-Solfen®, ketamine, xylazine, and meloxicam (oral transmucosal and injectable formulations), are currently registered in Australia and known to be efficacious in some types of painful conditions in sheep. The gap in knowledge and availability of analgesia in sheep can pose risks to animal welfare, social licence, and research outcomes. This article presents a summary of analgesic agents that have been used in sheep on farms and in clinical veterinary and biomedical research settings along with details on whether their efficacy was assessed, doses, routes of administration, indication for use, and pain assessment techniques (if any) used. The outcome of this research highlights the challenges, gaps, and opportunities for better analgesia options in sheep.

Examining Parent Mood, Feeding Context, and Feeding Goals as Predictors of Feeding Practices Used by Parents of Preschool Children With Avid Eating Behavior: Protocol for an Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.

An avid eating behavior profile is characterized by a greater interest in food and a tendency to overeat in response to negative emotions. Parents use specific strategies to manage feeding interactions with children with avid eating behavior. While momentary and contextual factors, such as parental mood, have been found to influence parental feeding practices, there is a lack of research examining parents' daily experiences of feeding children with avid eating behavior. Examining this is important because parental feeding practices are key levers in tailored interventions to support children's healthy eating behavior. We aim to describe the ecological momentary assessment methods and procedures used in the APPETItE (Appetite in Preschoolers: Producing Evidence for Tailoring Interventions Effectively) project, which aims to examine how variation in parental mood, feeding goals, and the context of eating occasions affect the parental feeding practices used to manage feeding interactions with children with an avid eating behavior profile. Participants are primary caregivers from the APPETItE cohort who have a preschool-age child (aged 3-5 years) with an avid eating behavior profile. Caregivers complete a 10-day ecological momentary assessment period using signal- and event-contingent surveys to examine (1) mood and stress, (2) parental feeding goals, and (3) contextual factors as predictors of parental feeding practices. Recruitment and data collection began in October 2023 and is expected to be completed by spring 2024. The data have a 3-level structure: repeated measurements (level 1) nested within days (level 2) nested within an individual (level 3). Thus, lag-dependent models will be conducted to test the main hypotheses. The findings from this study will provide an understanding of caregivers' daily experiences of feeding preschool children with avid eating behavior, who are at greater risk for the development of obesity. Understanding the predictors of feeding practices at the moment they occur, and across various contexts, will inform the development of tailored resources to support caregivers in managing children's avid eating behavior. DERR1-10.2196/55193.

The association between food neophobia, bi-dimensional aspects of orthorexia, and anxiety among vegetarians and omnivores

Vegetarianism is a growing trend, and food neophobia and orthorexia nervosa could act as barriers to achieving a healthy vegetarian diet. The aim of this study is to compare the levels of food neophobia, anxiety, and both healthy and pathological aspects of orthorexia among vegetarians and omnivores. Additionally, the study aims to identify the relationships between food neophobia, anxiety, and orthorexia. In this cross-sectional online survey, a total of 324 vegetarian and 455 omnivores adults participated. The questionnaire consisted of four sections: sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related characteristics, the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS), the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 Scale. Vegetarians exhibited lower FNS scores (p < 0.001) and had higher healthy orthorexic scores (p < 0.001) than omnivores. There were no differences between groups for anxiety scores (p > 0.05). Regression analysis indicated that higher food neophobia (OR: 0.953, 95% CI:0.937–0.968) and TOS-OrNe scores (OR: 0.946, 95% CI: 0.901–0.993) were associated with lower odds of following a vegetarian diet. Conversely, higher TOS-HeOr scores (OR: 1.135, 95% CI:1.096–1.176) were linked to an increased likelihood of adopting a vegetarian diet. Furthermore, both FNS and GAD-7 scores showed negative correlations with TOS-HeOR (r = −0.124, p < 0.001 and r = −0.129 p < 0.001, respectively), and positive correlations with TOS-OrNe (r = 0.106, p < 0.001 and r = 0.146, p < 0.001). In conclusion, vegetarians exhibit lower levels of food neophobia and a greater interest in healthy eating than omnivores. Additionally, the distinct correlation between two dimensions of orthorexia and food neophobia and anxiety provides support for the two-dimensional nature of orthorexia.