Greater Income Research Articles

Decision Making Analysis on The Use of The Mobile Wallet As A Payment Transaction Tool (Case Study of Diponegoro University Students, Semarang)

This study aims to analyze factors affecting decision making on the use of mobile wallet as a payment instrument. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prices, risks, income, prices of other payment instrument, and risks payment instrument influence the decision to use mobile wallet as payment instrument. The study population was students of HIPMI PT Undip Semarang with a total sample of 100 respondents. The analysis used is validity, reliability and Binary Logistic Regression analysis. The results showed that: (1) Price had a positive and significant effect on the decision to use a mobile wallet. Lower price changes will increase the probability of using a mobile wallet. (2) Risk has a positive and not significant effect on the decision to use a mobile wallet. (3) Income has a negative and significant effect on the use of mobile wallet. Greater income will reduce the use of mobile wallet. (4) The price of other transaction instruments has a positive and not significant effect on the decision to use a mobile wallet. (5) The risk of other transaction instruments has a positive and not significant effect on the decision to use a mobile wallet.

School, Shocks, and Safety Nets: Can Conditional Cash Transfers Protect Human Capital Investments during Rainfall Shocks?

Short-run income shocks can negatively impact school attendance when children are pulled out in order to work, either based on the need for greater income during negative shocks or the increased opportunity cost of child time during positive shocks. This paper proxies for income shocks using fluctuations in local rainfall and evaluates its impact on child schooling, labour force participation, and domestic work. We then investigate whether conditional cash transfers are able to protect school attendance during these temporary shocks. Using data on Brazil’s Bolsa Família programme along with municipal-level rainfall data, we find that positive rainfall shocks cause children to increase the likelihood of paid labour but Bolsa partially mitigates these effects, though less so among boys and older children. Furthermore, we find evidence that even when children do not drop out of school during these shocks, Bolsa may not fully maintain their intensity of school attendance and shocks may hinder academic progress. These results suggest that higher wages cause children to substitute time away from schooling, but that Bolsa acts as a partial safety net that stabilises human capital investments during short-run shocks and may help produce larger long-run benefits.

THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON FARMERS’ AWARENESS OF DEVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES IN KITUI COUNTY, KENYA

Purpose: Agriculture is the main stay and driver of Kenyan rural economy. Despites the critical role of agriculture in Kenya, poor access to extension support services persist. This study sought to assess the influence of selected socio-economic factors on farmers’ awareness of devolution of agricultural extension services in Kitui County.
 Methodology: The study used an ex post facto descriptive survey design. A total sample of 99 farmers drawn from the population of 222,781 households in 40 wards (GOK – Economic Survey 2019.) was selected from Kitui County using a stratified random sampling approach. Questionnaires were administered to the sampled farmers. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive, inferential statistics (binary logistic regression).
 Findings: This study established that older farmers were aware about devolution of agricultural extension services. This study also found that male farmers were more aware about devolution of agricultural extension services as compared to their female counterparts. Moreover, educated farmers were more aware about devolution of agricultural extension services as compared to their less educated counterparts. Family heads from wealthier households (with greater income) were more aware about devolution of agricultural extension services as compared to their counterparts from low income households. The respondents that had larger sizes of land were more likely to be more aware of about devolution of agricultural extension services as compared to household heads with smaller sizes of land.
 Unique Contribution to Practice and Policy: This study recommends that more campaigns and sensitization should be made in the vast Kitui County to create awareness about the devolution of agricultural extension services and encourage more women smallholder farmers to take advantage of this service especially through organised groups. Key campaigns should especially be implemented through women groups, since women farmers had the least awareness of the devolution of agricultural extension services.

Егалітарна та ринкова земельні реформи у контексті суспільного добробуту і базових прав людини

Based on the generalization and analysis of modern scientific and applied approaches and real results of land transformations in the last century in transition economies, the article reveals the essence of the nature of market and egalitarian land reforms, as well as their goals and general economic results. Egalitarian reform has as its main priority a rapid reduction of rural poverty and development of the new landowners’ skills to build their potential for its implementation in the general societal context. Market-oriented land reform aims at economic efficiency of the market based allocation of resources to ensure the growth of export-oriented agricultural production. Egalitarian land reform focuses on human and the realization of his or her basic rights, while market land reform focuses on the economy. Empirical data on land reforms in China show that their egalitarian nature was based on the creation of a society with equal opportunities of its members in the management of and access to land resources and material benefits obtained from them, and on ensuring a wide spread of the benefits from rural growth in society as a whole. Currently, China is the only country in the world that progressed from a "country of low human development" in 1990 to a "country of high human development" in 2018. The author proves that the purpose of land reform cannot be primitivized to a simple division of land into plots for transfer to private ownership based on free market turnover. Guaranteeing basic human rights and achieving public welfare from a land reform are achieved not only via obtaining land in private ownership, but also via supporting these acts with a fair distribution of control over the production process. Imposing on society a pseudo-scientific concept that land is a commodity that, like an apartment, mobile phone or bag of feed, can be freely bought and sold on market at open auctions, which will consolidate the country's economic power would inevitably lead to even greater income polarization, violation of basic human rights and, consequently, to social confrontations and significant social upheavals. The publication was prepared within research project on "Spatial justice in land use for sustainable development of rural areas" (State Registration No 0121U108142).

Eksistensi Perbankan Syariah Melalui Dominasi Pembiayaan Profit And Loss Sharing

The beginning of the presence of the first Islamic bank in Indonesia was known as a bank with a profit and loss sharing concept. But in reality, profit and loss sharing financing is no longer dominant in Islamic banks, because non-profit sharing financing is more dominant, especially financing with the buying and selling model. The purpose of this research is to determine the development of financing in Islamic banks, as well as to determine the need to dominate profit-sharing financing in Islamic banks. This research is a qualitative descriptive which shows the development of Islamic bank financing products and the need to restore the concept of profit and loss sharing to be dominant in Islamic banks. The results of this study indicate that the growth of period financing is quite good. Then there are three reasons for the need to dominate profit and loss sharing financing in Islamic banks, namely restoring the identity of the Islamic bank as a profit-sharing bank, being the main differentiator between conventional and Islamic banks, and the opportunity to grow the real sector with greater income.

Demographic Characteristics Driving Disparities in Receipt of Long-term Services and Supports in the Community Setting.

Research suggests that growth in Black and Hispanic (minority) older adults' nursing home (NH) use may be the result of disparities in access to community-based and alternative long-term services and supports (LTSS). We aimed to determine whether minority groups receiving care in NHs versus the community had fewer differences in their functional needs compared with the differences in nonminority older adults, suggesting a disparity. We identified respondents aged 65 years or above with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease or dementia in the 2016 Health and Retirement Study who reported requiring LTSS help. We performed unadjusted analyses to assess the difference in functional need between community and NH care. Functional need was operationalized using a functional limitations score and 6 individual activities of daily living. We compared the LTSS setting for minority older adults to White older adults using difference-in-differences. There were 186 minority older adults (community=75%, NH=25%) and 357 White older adults (community=50%, NH=50%). Between settings, minority older adults did not differ in education or marital status, but were younger and had greater income in the NH versus the community. The functional limitations score was higher in NHs than in the community for both groups. Functional needs for all 6 activities of daily living for the minority group were greater in NHs compared with the community. Functional need for minority older adults differed by setting while demographics varied in unexpected ways. Factors such as familial and financial support are important to consider when implementing programs to keep older adults out of NHs.

Evaluation of the Role of Leisure Time Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Simultaneously on the Income-Overweight/Obesity Relationship.

In the United States, overweight/obesity is more prevalent among those with low-income; higher income is related to greater leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and sedentary behavior (SB), which are inversely related to overweight/obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the role of LTPA and SB simultaneously in the income-overweight/obesity relationship. Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2014) were utilized (n = 10,348 non-older adults (aged 20–59 years)). A multiple mediator structural equation model was conducted to evaluate the indirect effects from income to overweight/obesity (Body Mass Index ≥25 kg/m2) through LTPA and SB simultaneously, controlling for confounding variables, including diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption. As expected, greater income was negatively associated with overweight/obesity. Income indirectly influenced overweight/obesity through LTPA (Indirect effect: B = −0.005; CI = −0.01, −0.003), and through SB (Indirect effect: B = 0.008; CI = 0.005, 0.01), in opposing directions. The direct effect from income to overweight/obesity remained statistically significant. LTPA partially accounted for the negative relationship between income and overweight/obesity; SB reduced the strength of the negative relationship between income and overweight/obesity. Targeted behavior approaches for weight management may be beneficial. Increasing LTPA among adults with lower income and decreasing SB among adults with higher income may provide some overweight/obesity protection.

Connectivity and Savings Propensity among Odisha Tribals

Tribal areas are some of the poorest regions of India. An increase in local savings is an important tool in fostering sustainable growth in these areas. This paper uses the results of a survey to examine the factors affecting saving in a rural part of Odisha state populated primarily by tribals. We find that an important determinant of savings propensity is connectivity, which we interpret as a measure of the extent to which individuals feel connected to the broader economy, and an indication of their economic optimism. This interpretation is buttressed by the relationship between savings propensity and variables such as food consumption patterns and asset ownership that may also reflect attitudinal factors. One implication of these findings is that connecting rural areas to other, possibly urban, locations could elicit greater savings and thus lead to greater income growth. By relating savings behavior to new sociological population characteristics, such as perceived connectivity and food consumption patterns, this paper provides hitherto unexplored clues for policy initiatives to increase savings.

A Cross-Country Analysis of the Determinants of COVID-19 Fatalities

Over the last year the world experienced the COVID-19 pandemic coupled with unprecedented policy responses. In this paper we examine the determinants of COVID-19 infections and fatalities in a cross-country analysis. We find that countries with greater income, less dense and greater elderly populations, fewer hospital beds, and more freedom experienced greater fatalities, and that travel restrictions and use of hydroxychloroquine reduced deaths. However, we find little evidence that lockdowns reduced fatalities, and though use of PCR testing resulted in more recorded infections, it was unassociated with fatalities.

Spatial pattern of supporting facilities in mangrove ecotourism Karawang regency, West Java

Karawang regency has the second area of mangrove forest in West Java Province with an area of 10.005.93 Ha, which encourages the formation of mangrove ecotourism in Karawang regency. Tangkolak mangrove ecotourism, Cilamaya Wetan district and Pasir Putih mangrove ecotourism, Cilamaya Kulon district is ecotourism that developed in 2018. However, the place has had thousands of visitors, even though it’s classified as a new ecotourism and the facilities that provided are still quite simple. This research purpose is to find out the spatial pattern of supporting facilities based on the interval distance. This study uses a descriptive spatial analysis method. The result is the distance interval affects the formation of facilities patterns around ecotourism. The spatial pattern of these supporting facilities also affects the amount of income and the development purpose, where the facilities that located in close range will have a greater income than intermediate and long-distance intervals as well as the purpose of approaching tourist attractions.

Mortgage Forbearance and Economic Recovery from the Pandemic

Providing households with some financial flexibility at a time of great uncertainty and income loss may have played a role in the recovery from the COVID-19 recession.

Polish Thematic Media on Video Games 1990–2020

This article presents the history and contemporary state of Polish media on the theme of video games. Media about video games emerged on the Polish market after the country’s political transformation of 1989 and quickly became very popular. The ever increasing multitude of players led to demand for information and reviews on games. During 1990’s there were many more or less significant magazines about video games in Poland. Almost all of them perished. Currently, there are only three of them on the Polish market. TV programmes about video games appeared during the 90s which effectively showcased them in action. The media landscape has changed as the internet has become widely available and largely overtaken the information and entertainment function of the press and television in regards to video games. Today thematic websites about games are still important but youtubers and Twitch streamers are taking advantage. Their broadcast is especially important for younger generation of gamers. Presenting video games in action and live commentary is a very popular way of communication. Many online content creators have built great audience and income doing so.

An Old Problem in Draft of the New Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences

The article analyzes the provisions of the draft of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, developed on the basis of the Concept approved in 2019 by the Russian Government. Attention is drawn to the fact that the Concept, for the first time in domestic practice, contains a provision stating that improving the institution of administrative responsibility will require work to transform it from a predominantly punitive-fiscal instrument into the institution of sentencing, subject to differentiated application taking into account the risk-based approach. Based on the analysis of particular compositions of the draft of the Code of Administrative Offenses, it has been concluded that the punitive-fiscal orientation in it remains. Suggestions have been made on possible ways to overcome this. Administrative penalties should only provide general and specific prevention. The economy of administrative repression should become an element of the administrative policy of the executive branch. After the entry into force of the new Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, it has been proposed to conduct annual monitoring of its application, which will make it possible to identify the compositions that bring the greatest income to the budget. The problem of the existence of a profitable business on administrative responsibility is outlined. Attempts to introduce public-private partnership related to the provision of police assistance are assessed negatively. Based on Russian realities, it can be assumed that in practice this will lead to abuse by police officers and, as a result, to violation of human and civil rights and freedoms. Only in the future, the Russian police should gradually transform from a purely security structure focused on the use of state coercion measures into a structure that is largely service, providing citizens with specific services, in particular, providing them with police assistance when necessary. The idea is supported to recognize the “right to error” and “the right to forgiveness” for an administrative offender. It is proposed to implement it by expanding the possibilities of applying a warning as an alternative to such a punishment as an administrative fine, as well as by expanding the list of possible grounds for exemption from administrative liability. It is concluded that the adoption of the draft of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses does not look obvious.

Developing a latent class analysis model to identify at-risk populations among people using medicine without prescription

ABSTRACT Introduction There exist limited strategies to address the issue of topical medication without prescription (MWP) use. Material and methods A survey with pre-coded questionnaires was conducted with 210 patients following up in the dermatology clinic of a tertiary care center. The knowledge and attitude scores were regressed against demographics and exploratory practice questions, and latent class analysis was carried out to check any particular set of characteristics associated with study subpopulations. Results Forty-seven (22%) participants were found using topical antimicrobial containing MWP. Participants with good knowledge score had 3.41 (95% C.I. = 1.68–7.33), 2.99 (1.37–6.73), and 2.49 (1.26–5.15) times association with opting of distance as the prime reason for availing topical MWP, habit of always reading the accompanying drug leaflet, and understanding that OTC topical medication may change the effect of the already prescribed drugs. Participants with good attitude score showed 2.76 (1.50–5.13) times association with limiting the use of steroid containing topical MWP. Latent class analysis identified one subset of participants having lesser knowledge and attitude scores and quoted financial reasons for the procurement of MWP; however, it was found to have greater income as compared to remaining participants. Conclusion The strategy to identify the target patient audience so as to deliver patient education intervention programs, regarding safe and effective use of MWP was built.

Health literacy profiles of adults with multiple chronic diseases: A cross-sectional study using the Health Literacy Questionnaire.

Health literacy is multidimensional, comprising functional, communicative, and critical thinking dimensions. Understanding health literacy is crucial for clinicians to develop effective health education strategies. In this study, we examined the multiple dimensions of health literacy in Vietnamese adults with chronic comorbidities. A cross-sectional sample of 600 patients, aged ≥18 years with a diagnosis of at least two chronic diseases (cardiovascular conditions, chronic kidney disease, or diabetes), completed the Health Literacy Questionnaire, an instrument assessing nine distinct domains. Descriptive and parametric tests were performed to analyze the health literacy levels for various demographic characteristics. Generalized linear models using backward modelling explored factors associated with higher health literacy. The lowest scoring domains were "Healthcare provider support" and "Appraisal of health information." In multivariate models greater health literacy was associated with those <65 years, having a postsecondary degree or higher level of education, greater income, urban residence, being cared for by spouses/children, and having fewer comorbidities. To improve health literacy, clinicians in primary and acute healthcare settings should build supportive relationships with patients and assist them with understanding and appraising health information.

Association Between T-Stage and Cancer-Specific Mortality among Men with High-Risk Prostate Adenocarcinoma

Risk group stratification identifies men with high-risk prostate adenocarcinoma (Gleason 8-10, PSA > 20 ng/mL, or cT3-T4) who benefit from more intense treatment. However, many patients are classified as high-risk with only one high-risk feature. Although many trials that are the basis for 2-3 years of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) studied patients with mostly cT3/T4 disease, PSA-detected, non-palpable T1c disease is currently the most commonly detected. We assessed whether within localized high-risk prostate cancer, survival differences existed based on T-stage. Data from men with high-risk N0M0 prostate adenocarcinoma from the 2004 to 2015 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were used. Ten-year PCSM was estimated using Fine-Gray competing-risk regression. The independent variable of interest was clinical T-stage (cT1/2 vs. cT3/4); adjustments were made for PSA, Gleason score, treatment with radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiation (RT), and relevant demographic factors. A second analysis assessed PCSM only among men who received RP, with pathologic T-stage as co-variate (pT2 vs. pT3/4). The average of 12 prostate cancer prognostic signatures, including Decipher prostate cancer signature, compared genomic risk score by pT-stage. For 63,319 men included (median follow-up 6.4 years, median age 68 years), 56,322 (89.0%) had cT1/2, and 6,997 (11.1%) had cT3/4 disease. Ten-year PCSM for men with cT1/2 disease was 12.5%, and for men with cT3/4 disease was 17.5% (competing risk regression HR 0.55, 95CI 0.51—0.60, P<0.001). Greater PSA and greater Gleason score were associated with greater PCSM; receipt of RP, RT, being married, greater income, and later year of diagnosis were associated with lower PCSM. African American and Other race were also associated with lower PCSM. Of the 20,409 men who received radical prostatectomy, 9,953 (48.8%) had pT2 disease and 10,456 (51.2%) had pT3/4 disease. Ten-year PCSM for post-RP men with pT2 disease was 3.5%, and for men with pT3/4 disease was 11.9% (competing risk regression HR 0.29, 95CI 0.24—0.35, P<0.001). Greater PSA, Gleason score, receipt of radiation, and earlier year of diagnosis were associated with worse PCSM. Within a high-risk prospective RP cohort (n = 10,419) from the Decipher GRID registry (NCT02609269), patients with pT3/4 had significantly higher genomic risk scores than patients with pT2 (p<0.001). Men with cT1/2 disease had improved cancer-specific outcomes compared to men with cT3/4. Among men treated with RP, pT2 disease was associated with lower PCSM compared to pT3/4. Genomic risk scores validated these findings. Therefore, treatment paradigms given clinically relevant sub-classification of high-risk tumors based on size merit further study, with a focus on shorter-duration ADT among men with high-risk but T1/2 disease. As cT1c disease is most commonly diagnosed, more men with smaller tumors should be included in trials.

Is Telemedicine Suited for Lower Extremity Pathologies? An Analysis of Non-Urgent Follow-Up in a Foot and Ankle Practice

Category:Other; Ankle; Hindfoot; Midfoot/ForefootIntroduction/Purpose:A lack of access to care is predictably associated with negative outcomes in foot and ankle surgery. Despite recent advances in telecommunication technologies, the field of orthopaedics has been slow to adopt these resources in offsetting barriers to care. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced departments to change their clinical approach, lending unprecedented opportunity to better understand how telehealth may bridge this care gap in foot and ankle practices. The purpose of this study was to assess patient-reported outcomes of telemedicine encounters, including comfort and patient satisfaction. Our hypothesis was that patients would be significantly less satisfied with telemedicine when compared to in-office appointments for all non-emergent visit types.Methods:Retrospective analysis of patients seen via telemedicine between April 13, 2020, to June 19, 2020, by one surgeon in the Emory Orthopedics Foot and Ankle department was conducted. Patients were contacted by one of the study authors via telephone to complete a questionnaire; satisfaction and other visit characteristics were assessed with a modified Likert scale from 1 to 5. Patients were designated as either ‘New’ or ‘Established’ based on whether or not they had completed an in-office clinic visit within the last year. Anatomy and pathology of disorder were determined by chief complaint and billing code. Patient demographics were recorded, and data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests for parametric continuous data, Fisher’s exact and chi-square tests for non-continuous data.Results:338 eligible patients were contacted via telephone, with 216 (63.9%) completing the telemedicine questionnaire. The patient cohort had an average age of 50.6 (19-84) years old and was 73.6% female (n=159). Overall mean satisfaction for telemedicine visits (4.69) was significantly lower than in-office visits (4.86) (p<0.001). In a subgroup analysis of patient satisfaction, patients seeking fracture care had significantly higher telemedicine satisfaction when compared to those receiving non-fracture care (4.90 vs. 4.64, p=0.001). Telemedicine satisfaction was also significantly greater in patients traveling more than 50 miles from their home to clinic (4.96 vs. 4.67, p<0.001). Patients with median household income less than the Georgia state median ($55,679) were more satisfied with their telemedicine visits than those with greater income, though the difference was non-significant.Conclusion:our data suggest those with significantly hindered mobility such as increased distance from clinic, lower socioeconomic status, and those seeking care for fractures had higher telemedicine satisfaction than their peers. Further study is needed to detail the precise and safe use of telemedicine in practice, but these data illuminate the high ceiling telemedicine offers in expanding patient care. Our hope is that this study aids as a supportive rationale for the continued use of telehealth visits past the period of the pandemic and encourages a more nuanced view of what visit types may be best-suited for telehealthcare

Economic effects of projected decrease in Brazilian agricultural productivity under climate change

This paper aims to analyze the economy-wide and regional effects of climate change-induced productivity decrease in Brazil. Our methodological framework was based on the General Equilibrium Analysis of the Brazilian Economy Project—PAEGDyn, a dynamic CGE model. The results show that the projected falls in agricultural productivity impose reductions in the performance of Brazilian GDP over time. Even with the use by other sectors of the economy of the factors unemployed in agriculture, there is no intersectoral compensation in economic production over time able to bring it back to the reference trajectory. In addition, the impact will be greater in warmer and poor regions, which depend on agriculture and present greater income inequality, accentuated by the free mobility of production factors within the national border. Therefore, the main implication of this study is the need to allocate scarce resources for adaptation and mitigation policies primarily for these regions, including broadly stimulating economic development with more income distribution. This will allow these regions to protect themselves by making investments in new technologies and modern infrastructure for the agricultural sector.

Sustainable Touristic path toward cultural identity

Historical streets are considered as the main spines of the city, it provides cultural knowledge and great income from cultural tourism. Alexandria is one of the most important cities around the world where it embraces a big number of monuments with different styles and history, while the city has witnessed different cultural periods. By studying the map of Alexandria, El- Nabi Daniel street was found as one of the oldest spines in the city which made it rich in history by holding many different significant buildings. All this leads the researchers to introduce a designed proposal for a cultural touristic tour in this special spine. This paper aims to enhance cultural tourism in the oldest street in Alexandria “El-Nabi Daniel street” and to revive the street’s heritage buildings. The proposed cultural path will present a new experience of Alexandria’s Downtown, exploring its multiple points of interests and heritage sites.

Stress Among a Sample of Returning Citizens Living with HIV and Substance Use Disorder: A Mixed Methods Analysis.

This mixed-methods study asks: among a sample of returning citizens living with HIV and substance use disorder, how is stress experienced; and what are the leading stressors and stress-coping strategies? Data is from a parent study that randomized 36 people to a yoga intervention and 36 people to treatment as usual. Qualitative analysis found that securing basic life needs was more acute in early reentry, and challenges with HIV acceptance were greater among those with a more recent HIV diagnosis. Social support was the most widely employed coping strategy but many lacked social networks. Post-program, multiple regression found older age(β = -0.38, p < .05), greater income(β = -0.002, p < .01), shorter incarceration(β = .03, p < .01) and randomization to yoga(β = 6.92, p < .01) predicted lower levels of stress. Results indicate that reentry needs for people living with HIV and substance use disorder include basic life needs, social supports, and stress-coping interventions that address physical and mental stress symptoms (such as yoga).