Great Impact Research Articles

Interactions between rumen epithelium-associated microbiota and host immunological and metabolic adaptations in response to different milk replacer feeding intensities in dairy calves

The milk replacer feeding regime in dairy calves has a great impact on metabolic and immunological functioning and affects animal welfare and lifetime performance. The feeding regime influences the rumen microbial composition, and epithelium-associated microbes may interact with the immune system of the host. We examined the correlations between blood leukocyte counts and the rumen epithelium-associated microbiome in dairy calves fed 2 different milk replacer feeding intensities and if these factors related to metabolic traits. Fourteen newborn female dairy calves were allocated to a group receiving either 10% (n = 7) or 20% (n = 7) milk replacer of their body weight (on average 41 kg) and provided ad libitum access to grass hay and concentrate pellets. At 3 weeks of life, all calves were fitted with a rumen cannula. Calves were weaned at 12 weeks of life and received a total mixed ration for ad libitum intake. Pre- (8 to 10 weeks of life) and post-weaning (21 to 23 weeks of life), methane production was measured in respiration chambers, and rumen epithelium and blood were sampled for 16S rRNA sequencing and leukocyte analyses, respectively. Pre-weaning, the reduced milk replacer feeding intensity was accompanied with higher concentrate intake but lower growth performance (P < 0.001), a higher abundance of amylolytic and lower abundance of cellulolytic epimural microbes. The group fed a low milk replacer intensity had also greater portions of monocytes (P = 0.031), CD8+ (P < 0.001), and CD14+ (P = 0.044) leukocytes, suggesting elevated inflammatory conditions. Correlations between CD8+ T cells and rumen methanogens, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae were recorded, but these were not consistent throughout maturation. Post-weaning, differences in feed intake and rumen microbial composition converged among milk replacer groups, while differences in growth performance (P = 0.040) and CD8+ cells (P < 0.001) were still present. In conclusion, a reduced milk replacer feeding intensity in dairy calves compromised growth performance and immunity and this effect persisted in the long-term. Significant correlations between the proportion of leukocytes and distinct epimural microbe taxa indicated an interplay between rumen epimural colonization and immune functioning of the host. However, further research is required addressing this interplay between rumen epimural microbes and immune functioning in dairy calves.

Financial Analysis of New Oriental under the Framework of Harvard

Based on the environment of increasing domestic competition for learning and employment and the increasing willingness to study abroad, New Oriental, which was initially mainly responsible for language training and language examination and exam-oriented services, has developed rapidly, but the reform of the national education system after 2021 has had a great impact on enterprises related to after-school courses. This essay is based on the analysis framework of Harvard, including the financial analysis of the enterprise from the perspectives of strategy, accounting, finance and prospect, and find that after 2022, the income declined and scale contraction and liabilities gradually increased, and the application of working capital is not flexible. Besides, New Oriental is shifting its focus on overseas study. This analysis of New Oriental can reflect the impact of education reform on tutoring enterprises because New Oriental can be representative of this industry. Besides, we can understand the development trend of overseas study industry including language training and application strategy.

Key Challenges, Influencing Factors, and Future Perspectives of Nanosuspensions in Enhancing Brain Drug Delivery.

Many brain diseases pose serious challenges to human life. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are common neurodegenerative diseases that seriously threaten human health. Glioma is a common malignant tumor. However, drugs cannot cross physiological and pathological barriers and most therapeutic drugs cannot enter the brain because of the presence of the Blood-brain Barrier (BBB) and Bloodbrain Tumor Barrier (BBTB). How to enable drugs to penetrate the BBB to enter the brain, reduce systemic toxicity, and penetrate BBTB to exert therapeutic effects has become a challenge. Nanosuspension can successfully formulate drugs that are difficult to dissolve in water and oil by using surfactants as stabilizers, which is suitable for the brain target delivery of class II and IV drugs in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). In nanosuspension drug delivery systems, the physical properties of nanostructures have a great impact on the accumulation of drugs at the target site, such as the brain. Optimizing the physical parameters of the nanosuspension can improve the efficiency of brain drug delivery and disease treatment. Therefore, the key challenges, influencing factors, and future perspectives of nanosuspension in enhancing brain drug delivery are summarized and reviewed here. This article aims to provide a better understanding of nanosuspension formulation technology used for brain delivery and strategies used to overcome various physiological barriers.

A methodology for predicting and optimizing the lubrication of an off-road machine transmission

This article presents an analysis method based on lumped-parameters (LP) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to evaluate the behavior and calibrate the lubrication (LUB) circuit in an agricultural dual-clutch transmission. Gearbox LUB is crucial because it affects reliability, life, and transmission efficiency. The transmission’s hydraulic circuit consists of the higher pressure power transmission control and actuation circuit and the low pressure LUB circuit. The former was analyzed with LP approach, instead the latter was modeled with CFD approach due to its geometric complexity. The results will be contextualized by commenting on the advantages and limitations of LP and CFD analysis, finally outlining a mixed analysis methodology. The simulations are solved for different engine speed. The results are used to calibrate a comprehensive LP model (model) and to optimize the LUB circuit by adjusting some critical design parameters. As an experimental approach, simplified tests are usually performed ignoring the action of the centrifugal force, which has a great impact on the flow regime inside the LUB ducts. This work aims to develop a methodology for analyzing LUB in all parts of the gearbox, which can help designers test various combinations within industrial timeframes and obtain reliable and the most efficient configuration.

Detection methods for antibiotics in wastewater: a review.

Antibiotics are widely used as fungicides because of their antibacterial and bactericidal effects. However, it is necessary to control their dosage. If the amount of antbiotics is too much, it cannot be completely metabolized and absorbed, will pollute the environment, and have a great impact on human health. Many antibiotics usually left in factory or aquaculture wastewater pollute the environment, so it is vital to detect the content of antibiotics in wastewater. This article summarizes several common methods of antibiotic detection and pretreatment steps. The detection methods of antibiotics in wastewater mainly include immunoassay, instrumental analysis method, and sensor. Studies have shown that immunoassay can detect deficient concentrations of antibiotics, but it is affected by external factors leading to errors. The detection speed of the instrumental analysis method is fast, but the repeatability is poor, the price is high, and the operation is complicated. The sensor is a method that is currently increasingly studied, including electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, biosensors, photoelectrochemical sensors, and surface plasmon resonance sensors. It has the advantages of fast detection speed, high accuracy, and strong sensitivity. However, the reproducibility and stability of the sensor are poor. At present, there is no method that can comprehensively integrate the advantages. This paper aims to review the enrichment and detection methods of antibiotics in wastewater from 2020 to the present. It also aims to provide some ideas for future research directions in this field.

Modelling the Blast Cracking Processes of Rock Masses Using a Total Lagrange Meshless Method

The dynamic damage of surrounding rock masses has a great impact on the tunnel stability during the drilling and blasting construction processes. However, traditional FEM has some difficulties in simulating the blast damage processes of rock masses during mesh re-divisions. In our work, the smoothing kernel function in traditional SPH method has been improved, and the momentum equation considering the blasting load is derived, which realizes the modeling of the dynamic damage evolution processes under the SPH framework. Firstly, two typical examples are numerically simulated: 1) Upper slow and lower steep “Y” shaped fissure and 2) Upper short and lower long “Y” shaped fissure. The simulation results are compared with previous experimental results to verify the correctness of the SPH method. Then, the progressive blast damage processes are simulated, and the effects of different stress wave loading modes, different pre-existing fissure distances, different fissure dip angles as well as different ground stress levels on the blast cracking morphologies are investigated. Results show that: The blast cracks first appear around the blast hole, then the radial cracks propagate to the model boundary; The radial crack length increases with the increase of peak blast stress wave; The length of the horizontal radial crack decreases and the length of the vertical radial crack increases with the increase of the horizontal ground stress; The existence of pre-existing fissure prevents the further extension of the blasting cracks, and the increase of the fissure dip angle leads to the crack propagation at the fissure tips; The increase of fissure distance leads to the larger crack propagation in the around the fissure; The damage count increases with the increase of peak blast stress wave; The increase of the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress decreases the damage count; The damage counts increase with the increase of fissure dip angles; The damage degree of the model increases with the increase of the fissure distance.

Indonesia’s Confidence Crisis: A Bibliometrics Analysis

The low self-confidence of students in Indonesia has an impact on many aspects. In education, students often plagiarize their friends' answers to get good grades. Apart from that, cases of bullying, body shaming, and even suicide are caused by students' low self-confidence. This article aims to bibliometrically examine research trends on self-confidence in Indonesia. This article uses bibliometric analysis to conclude the position of the self-confidence crisis on the research map in Indonesia. With the help of Publish or Perish software from Harzing and VOSviewer, 1,000 articles were obtained. These articles were then analyzed based on scientific impact categories from Google Scholar, assisted by Publish or Perish, as well as visual displays from VOSviewer. The display produced by VOSviewer shows that self-confidence is still something that can be researched, especially if it is associated with several keywords that are far from the word self-confidence. Apart from that, from the search results, it was found that parents and educators have a great impact on efforts to increase self-confidence.

환경포스터 디자인의 시각적 표현요소가 정보이해에 미치는 영향

This study derived results through quantitative research methods to determine how various visual expression elements in environmental poster design affect information understanding. The multi-layered meaning of visual expression elements in environmental poster design has a great impact on public understanding and behavior patterns. However, it cannot be denied that there may be limits to validity in the process of receiving information, not all information sent is valid, and there may be misunderstandings. Therefore, in order to proceed with this study, we selected the top award winners from various international poster competitions, combined Roland Barthes' semiotic theory as an analysis standard, enumerated the objective signification and subjective signification processes of visual expression elements, and derived analysis results. did. In addition, through surveys and empirical research, the application and influence of various visual expression elements in the information understanding process were revealed, and the impact of the public's individual differences and cognitive preferences on information understanding was studied. As a result of the study, images, colors, and typography played a role as important media of information in the process of understanding information. It is hoped that the results of this study will serve as a theoretical basis for correct design direction and environmental poster design when designing environmental posters in the future.

Embryonic and Fetal Mortality in Dairy Cows: Incidence, Relevance, and Diagnosis Approach in Field Conditions

Pregnancy loss (PL) in dairy cattle results in animal health and welfare disruption and has a great economic impact on farms, with decreases in fertility and increased culling. It can occur at any stage of embryonic or fetal development. Abortion occurring from the second half of pregnancy has a more negative impact on dairy farms. There are several infectious and non-infectious factors that can lead to PL and vary according embryonic or fetal stages. As this is a multifactorial or multi-etiological occurrence, it is important to identify the risk factors and the best diagnostic tools to approach these reproductive losses that can occur sporadically or by outbreaks. Reaching a final diagnosis can be challenging, especially when it occurs at a very early stage of pregnancy, where losses may not be detected and neonatal deaths may be related to alterations in the fetus in utero. Also, laboratorial results from animal samples should be interpreted according to the full clinical approach. This review aimed to highlight all these essential aspects, identifying the main infectious and non-infectious causes leading to PL, as well as the best veterinary practices for diagnosing it, mainly through transrectal palpation, ultrasound, and laboratory methods, in bovine dairy farms.

First report of Oreochromis niloticus in the Sonora River, Mexico

Commercial farming of tilapia species has been spread to many countries worldwide to meet the need for animal protein at an affordable price, which has led tilapias to invade natural areas. Consequently, tilapias have established wild populations, causing a great negative impact on native biodiversity. The Sonora River, located in northwest Mexico, has an approximate length of 400 km, and at least four native fish species inhabit it. Nevertheless, the Sonora River has been severely reduced and contaminated by open-pit mining. According to existing knowledge, the presence of tilapias is not reported in the Sonora River; hence, the present study is the first report of the presence of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in a site near the town of Baviácora, Sonora, Mexico. The presence of this invasive species may represent a severe threat to the biotic component of this ecosystem, which is already affected by mining pollution.

An Assessment of Psychological Distress among Fatherless Students in Secondary Schools in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria

This study investigates the effects of psychological distress among fatherless secondary school students in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi, Nigeria. Through a descriptive survey design, data was collected from a sample of fatherless senior secondary school students, considering factors such as anxiety, depression, and emotional stability. The findings suggest a significant effect of psychological distress among fatherless students in Birnin Kebbi Secondary Schools. The results underscore the need for targeted interventions to address the multifaceted challenges fatherless students face in this context. The study population consisted of 2595 people and a purpose-sampling technique was used to sample 413 respondents. The study used self-designed questionnaires tagged Psychological Stress Questionnaire (PDQ) to collect data. The content validity of the research instruments was done by experts in the field of Measurement and evaluation and the reliability of the instrument was obtained through the test-retest method hence reliability coefficient of 0.78. The study used descriptive statistics to answer research questions while the corresponding hypothesis was tested with Chi-square using the application of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0. The results of the analysis indicated, among others, that the level of psychological distress affects fatherless students psychologically and also can affect their well-being and their level of concentration in school. The study concluded that providing social support will improve their well-being and give them opportunities to improve their well-being and their concentration in school. Approaching the effect will have a great impact to our society.

Características de la mortalidad por COVID-19 durante y después de la pandemia en el Perú

Introduction. The COVID-19 emergency caused a pandemic with a great impact on mortality in Peru. Objective. To analyze the magnitude of mortality due to COVID-19 and identify some sociodemographic characteristics. Methods. A descriptive ecological study was carried out, analyzing data on deaths due to COVID-19 during the period 2020-2023, as well as publicly accessible socioeconomic and demographic indicators. The variables included in the study were: year of death, number of deaths, sex, age group, province of origin, natural region, macroregion, human development index (HDI), unmet basic needs (UBN) and population density. Results. 220,628 deaths due to COVID-19 were reported, of which 219,374 (99.43%) occurred during the pandemic and 1,254 (0.57%) in the post-pandemic period; The cumulative mortality rate was 6.76 deaths/1000 inhabitants. The COVID-19 death curve shows that between 2020-2023, five waves occurred, with the second wave having the highest mortality, followed by the first wave. Mortality predominated in men, older adults (69.77%) and adults (28.11%). The macroregion of Metropolitan Lima and Callao had the highest mortality rates with 9.36 deaths/1000 inhabitants. The provinces with the highest cumulative mortality rates were those located on the coast, in quintiles with less NBI, in quintiles with a higher HDI and in those provinces with a higher population density. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic caused high mortality in Peru, being higher in males, older adults, from coastal cities, with higher population density and better socioeconomic indicators.

"Both My Body and My Spirit are Incomplete": Care Needs and Difficulties Experienced by Patients with Amputation

Introduction: It is frequently performed for reasons such as amputation, circulatory system problems, accidents, cancers, infections and surgical interventions due to congenital anomalies, and it affects individuals psychosocially. This research was conducted to better understand individuals' amputation experiences and care needs. Methods: Descriptive phenomenological type research, one of the qualitative research designs, was conducted with 13 participants between November 2023 and January 2024. Results: 10 of the participants are male, 9 are married, 11 do not use prosthesis, and the average age is 54.4. Six themes were obtained in the thematic analysis: "Physical effects", "Socioeconomic effects", "Adaptation and coping", "Emotional effects", Amputation perception" and "Prosthesis Perception". Most of the participants are dependent in their daily living activities. Post-amputation body image impact, emotional difficulties such as loss and helplessness, and feelings of social isolation and dependency have affected many people. Participants frequently emphasized the importance of support systems such as family and healthcare professionals. In particular, receiving support from family members played an important role in the adaptation process of individuals after amputation. Almost all of the participants perceived amputation negatively. However, it was noted that participants using prosthesis used more positive expressions. Many of the participants talked about their desire to use a prosthesis and their hope that the prosthesis would have a positive impact on their lives. Conclusion: Amputation is an important surgery performed due to acute or chronic health problems and affects individuals biopsychosocially. Perioperative preparation and care processes and support systems have a great impact on individuals' ability to adapt to living with an amputated limb. The application of prostheses that make life easier for individuals, gaining new skills and the rehabilitation process are other factors that will facilitate adaptation.

Changes in microbial communities during high-rate microbial selenate reduction in an up-flow anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

Biological fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a promising treatment option for removing selenium oxyanions from wastewater by converting them into elemental selenium. The process can achieve high rates and be efficiently operated at low hydraulic retention times (HRT). However, the effects of HRT on the changes in microbial community in the FBR process have not been previously explored. In this study, dynamic changes of microbial communities both on biofilm carrier and in suspension of a selenate-reducing FBR were explored at various HRTs (0.3–120 h). Based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the microbial communities, alpha diversity of microbial communities in suspension rather than in the biofilm were impacted by low HRTs (0.3 h–3 h). Members from genera Geobacter, Geoalkalibacter, and Geovibrio were the main selenate-reducing bacteria on carrier throughout the FBR process. Genus Geobacter was dominant in FBR carrier at HRT of 24 h–120 h, whereas Geoalkalibacter and Geovibrio dominated at low HRT of 0.3 h–6 h. Suspended microbial communities detected in the FBR effluent were more sensitive to HRT changes than that in biofilm. “Shock loading” at HRT of 0.3 h had a great impact on microbial community compositions both in the biofilm and effluent. Reactor operation in batch mode and long HRT of 24 h helped recover the community from “shock loading” and improved selenite reduction and ethanol oxidation. Redundancy analysis revealed that HRT, influent pH and selenate loading were key operational parameters impacting both the FBR performance and the composition of microbial communities associated with both the FBR carrier and effluent. Overall, the microbial communities in FBR biofilm flexibly responded to the changes of HRT and showed resilience to the temporary shock loading, enabling efficient selenate removal.

Multilayer‐coated polyphenylsulfone membranes with superior antifouling properties of PEG‐NH2 hydrogel for ultrafiltration process

AbstractThis study explores application of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based hydrogel to improve the antifouling properties and performance of polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) membrane. The modification of PPSU membrane was performed via coating different ratio of polydopamine (PDA) to 3‐(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as interlayer on surface of PPSU membrane followed by grafting of PEG‐NH2 hydrogel. The as‐prepared membranes were characterized and results confirmed the successful coating of interlayer and hydrogel. The performance of as‐prepared membranes was measured using pure water flux, humic acid (HA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) separation. The PDA‐APTES (50:50) was selected as the optimal interlayer to graft hydrogel with respect to their superior effect on properties of resultant membrane. The permeate flux and HA rejection increased from 35.2 LMH and 55% for pristine PPSU membrane to 83 LMH and 96% for optimal membrane. For optimal membrane the flux recovery ratio (FRR) value of 96% and 93% determined for BSA and HA separation, respectively. Chemical stability examined and the results confirmed that the hydrogel‐coated membrane was more stable in acidic media compared with alkali media. In summary, the simultaneous presence of the interlayer and the grafted hydrogel had a great impact on the morphology, performance, anticlogging properties, and acid resistance of the modified membranes.

Causal effect of COVID-19 on longitudinal volumetric changes in subcortical structures: A mendelian randomization study

A few observational neuroimaging investigations have reported subcortical structural changes in the individuals who recovered from the coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the causal relationships between COVID-19 and longitudinal changes of subcortical structures remain unclear. We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to estimate putative causal relationships between three COVID-19 phenotypes (susceptibility, hospitalization, and severity) and longitudinal volumetric changes of seven subcortical structures derived from MRI. Our findings demonstrated that genetic liability to SARS-CoV-2 infection had a great long-term impact on the volumetric reduction of subcortical structures, especially caudate. Our investigation may contribute in part to the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying COVID-19-related neurological and neuropsychiatric sequelae.

Employee Well-being: An Emerging Strategy for Human Capital Management

Wellbeing is fundamentally associated with numerous aspects in one's life say health, job, family, community, environment, and financial benefits to name a few of them. The term employee wellbeing is very comprehensive and hence it has a widespread impact not only on the employee's performance at the workplace and her/his life at home but also creates a great impact on the organizations where they are working. After the COVID-19 pandemic employers are focusing more on wellbeing now than ever before. On one side it is seen that this pandemic has introduced the Work from Home (WFH) concept more rigorously and employees could balance work and life profoundly. In contrast, on the other side, some found juggling between work and life, as there are no distinctive boundaries between work and life. When employees can maintain healthy and positive mental states, they can take on their roles confidently and enthusiastically, leading to higher productivity and job satisfaction. This article explores the concept of employee well-being, examining its advantages for organizations and current practices in Indian companies. Further, it offers recommendations for strategies that organizations can implement to enhance employee well-being.

Developing a Deep Learning network “MSCP-Net” to generate stalk anatomical traits related with crop lodging and yield in maize

Plant stem is essential for the delivery of resources and has a great impact on plant lodging resistance and yield. However, how to accurately and efficiently extract structural information from crop stems is a big headache. In this study, we first established a Maize Stalk Cross-section Phenotype (MSCP) dataset containing anatomical information of 990 images from hand-cut transections of stalks. Then, to large-scale measure the stalk anatomy features, we developed a Maize Stalk Cross-section Phenotyping Network (MSCP-Net) which integrated a convolutional neural network and the methods of instance segmentation and key point detection. A total of 14 stalk anatomical parameters (traits) can be automatically produced with high mAP@.5 (0.907) for the parameter “vascular bundles segmentation” and high DICE (0.864) for the parameter “functional zones segmentation”. The cross-validation with the MSCP dataset indicated the good performance of MSCP-Net in predicting anatomical traits. On this basis, the correlation analysis across 14 anatomical traits and 12 agronomic importance traits in 110 maize inbred-lines was conducted and revealed that the stalk related traits (stem cross-section, large vascular bundles, fiber contents, and aerial roots) are key indicators for lodging resistance and grain yield of maize. In addition, the maize inbred-lines were classified into two groups, and the higher value of group II compared with group I in breeding hybrid varieties was discussed. The results demonstrated that the MSCP-Net is expected to be a useful tool to rapidly obtain stem anatomical traits which are agronomic important in maize genetic improvement.

Interplanetary Influence on Thermospheric Mass Density: Insights From Deep Learning Analyses

AbstractIn this study, the thermospheric mass density (TMD) features observed by the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload between 2002 and 2010 were extracted using deep learning (DL) technology; the TMD features were then mapped and modeled with the Interplanetary environment information (IEI), solar radiation, and geomagnetic indices. The DL model was used to simulate the TMD features during Day of Year (DOY) 222–241 in 2014, a period that experienced complex solar‐terrestrial environmental variations. We explore the TMD features under different solar‐terrestrial environmental conditions and discuss the effects of various inputs by comparing the DL simulation results with satellite observations from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment‐A and Swarm‐A, as well as the simulation results from Jacchia‐Bowman 2008, Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter radar model 2.1, and Drag Temperature Model 2013. These results show that the DL model can better capture the TMD features after adding IEI. Part of these TMD features, including the high‐latitude TMD enhancement during the space hurricane event (DOY 232, 2014) and global TMD variations under complex solar‐terrestrial environmental disturbances (DOY 222–225, 2014), cannot be well described by the geomagnetic indices. The DL model indicates that the east‐west component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF By) has a great impact on TMD variations, and its modulation is different from the typical energy injection process during storms. Our results emphasize the crucial influence of IEI on TMD under both geomagnetic disturbances and quiet conditions.

Modelling connected and autonomous bus on dynamics of mixed traffic in partially connected and automated traffic environment

Since connected and autonomous buses (CABs) have great potential of being operated in partially connected environment and raise great impact on mixed traffic flow, this study develops an analytical model for modeling system dynamics of mixing connected and autonomous vehicles (CAV), human-driven vehicles (HV), and CABs in both cases of dedicated bus lane and non-dedicated bus lane, in which the impact of CABs is specifically quantified under varied levels of connected vehicle penetration. A Vissim-Matlab simulation evaluation is also developed for validating the model’s effectiveness. The results demonstrate that the proposed model performs well with an accuracy of over 85%, and it can be up to 95% in case of non-dedicated bus lane when the inflow rate is higher than 2000veh/h. Besides, the impacts of CABs’ volume, bus dwelling time, and bus stop location on the performance of mixed traffic flow are verified in two CAB operating environments. The obtained results can be used as the basis for planning and operating CABs in partially connected environment.