Great Historical Significance Research Articles

Medieval and Restoration Bricks: Water Transport (Hygric) and Microstructural Properties – A Compatibility Study

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to analyze and ascertain the physical, hygric and mechanical properties of historical bricks, in order to deepen knowledge about the properties of existing historical building brick structures. Laboratory tests, such as density, water absorption and compressive strength, were conducted. In order to assess the microstructural characteristics of the tested bricks, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were performed. These tests were conducted on clay bricks from four medieval buildings (14th Century) of great historical significance, as well as on those currently produced, in order to identify the similarities and differences between specific groups of material properties. The results of this study and previous research will form a basis for creating a database of complete information in terms of physic, hygric and mechanical properties of historical bricks from different time periods, from the Middle Ages to modern times. The results will supplement modeling programmes utilizing materials specific to Polish construction periods, which can help simulate, as closely as possible, humidity transfer in real conditions. Moreover, the results will lead to the development of a useful tool for selecting materials in restoration processes, that will correspond with those used historically.

ОРТАҒАСЫРЛЫҚ АҚТӨБЕ (БАЛАСАҒҰН) ҚАЛАСЫ АУМАҒЫНДАҒЫ ЖҮРГІЗІЛГЕН АРХЕОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ЗЕРТТЕУ ЖҰМЫСТАРЫНЫҢ МАҢЫЗЫ

In the history of the Kazakh steppe, many hills and urban settlements have been studied. As evidence, we can talk about the early medieval city of Aktobe (Balasagun), which is located on the Shu River, belonging to the territory of the Zhambyl region. The article examines it within the framework of research conducted in the early medieval city of Aktobe (Balasagun), which was the center of the Karakhan state, the capital of the Karakhan era, which was of great importance in history. The fact that on our vast land there are ancient cities, inherited from our ancestors, possessing unique luxury, is already quite known to Kazakh society today. Really, by excavating and exploring the territories in which such historical complexes are located, we can obtain new data and information of great historical and archaeological significance, providing unique information about the society in which our ancestors lived. In history, there were scientists who hastily declared the city of Akbeshim located in Kyrgyzstan as the city of Balasagun. Such a controversial issue requires accurate data and consistent research. There are similarities and differences in the medieval cities along the Silk Road. The central part, consisting of castles and shakhristan, built by local townspeople, is of particular interest to archaeological researchers. The length of collapsed piles in the central part of cities here ranges from three kilometers to tens of kilometers or more. It describes the unique features of each city. Medieval cities were also divided into groups according to importance.

The Great Historical Significance of Promoting Common Wealth in the New Era

The promotion of common prosperity in the new era is the beautiful expectation of all groups in Chinese society, and the continuous breaking of the shackles of class is the collective vision of all groups in society; private ownership of the means of production is the root cause of the polarization of capitalist society, and common prosperity is the fundamental denial of the existence of polarization in capitalist society; and unswervingly taking the road of common prosperity for all people is the inevitable choice for building a socialist modernized and powerful country in an all-round way.

云南省抗战遗址的数字化保护价值及路径

The Anti-Japanese War site in Yunnan is an important content in the history of Chinese Anti-Japanese War cultural heritage, which highlights the patriotic feelings of the Chinese nation and the great “Yunnan Anti- Japanese War spirit”. It is of great historical value and practical significance to make good use of the resources of Anti-Japanese War sites, carry forward the spirit of patriotism and keep the red blood. On the basis of understanding the value of Anti-Japanese War sites in Yunnan, strengthening the digital protection of Anti-Japanese War sites and constructing the digital memory of Anti-Japanese War culture should focus on the value orientation: the transmission of red memory; Transfer of technology: extension of cultural resources; The construction of information database: three aspects of active storage to promote, in order to realize the active heritage of Yunnan Anti-Japanese War sites.

Climate-neutral historic buildings, Slowacki Theatre in Poland - case study

Global policy identifies achieving neutrality in sectors with the highest energy intensity rates as a priority for action. Countries are taking important and necessary measures to achieve this goal. The European Union has introduced a near-zero energy building standard in the construction sector. The next step is the Fit to 55 package, which is a milestone for Europe to achieve total neutrality in 2025. The climate-neutral policy has resulted in requirements and regulations already implemented in the sectors that consume the most energy and emit the most greenhouse gases. One such sector is construction, which accounts for around 40% of total energy consumption. Buildings newly designed in EU countries must now meet stringent thermal protection requirements. In Europe and Poland, governments are allocating substantial funds for the thermal modernisation of existing buildings. The exceptions to this are listed buildings and buildings under preservationist care. Such buildings are not subject to thermal protection regulations. In historic buildings, the priority is to protect the national heritage. However, the recent Energy Performance Directive introduced, for the first time, a recommendation that historic buildings should also be investigated for energy efficiency measures, under strict protection of the historic character of the building, of course. In this article, the authors present an analysis of a historic building of great historical significance. It is the Słowacki Theatre in Krakow. The research question the authors answer in their analysis is whether and how a historic building can be brought to a level of zero energy and climate neutrality. The second research question is whether, in addition to aspects related to energy saving and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, other aspects of designing the improvement of the historic building and its surroundings should also be considered in the analysis. The results of the authors' analysis indicate that a building level of near-zero energy demand can only be achieved for a listed building if the building undergoes thermal modernisation measures approved by the conservation officer and then the heat source is replaced with biomass or a heat pump powered by photovoltaic panels. To the aspects related to the preservation of the historical heritage, the improvement of energy efficiency and the reduction of CO2 emissions, the authors propose to include aspects related to the comfort of use of the building and aspects related to the accessibility of the building for people with special needs (the elderly and people with disabilities).

Cachaça production: from sugar cane to spirit

Why was the work done: Cachaça, the oldest distilled beverage in the Americas, has great historical and cultural significance. A review of cachaça production is important to preserve tradition, standardise industry processes, promote innovation and quality. This review offers a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and advancements in cachaça production, covering regulation, process control, product quality and future developments. What are the main findings: Thev production of Cachaça works within well defined regulations, with its production encompassing both field and industrial practice. The review focuses on sugar cane cultivation, fermentation, distillation, and ageing in wooden barrels. It underscores the significance of regional factors such as climate, soil, and sugar cane variety in shaping the sensory profile of cachaça. While a range of sugar cane cultivars have been developed and grown in different environments, further research on the adaptation of sugar cane crop is necessary. The fermentation of cachaça is spontaneous utilising the microbiota in the sugar cane juice. However, the use of wild sugar cane yeasts, complemented with commercial strains is increasingly used by producers. With regard to distillation, production of the spirit in copper still pots and ageing in tropical wood barrels remain prevalent in the industry. Why is the work important: This review contributes to ongoing efforts to enhance the quality of cachaça. Whilst the importance of traditional production methods is recognised, this review embraces advancements in technology coupled with insights to future perspectives.

Engraved Property: The Titles and Names of Rasulid Women on Ayyubid and Mamluk Metalwork

Abstract Inscriptions containing women’s titles and names on objects are relatively rare occurrences throughout the Islamic world, whether they belong to known personalities or to unknown individuals. This article examines graffiti in the names of women from the Rasulid dynasty in Yemen (626–858/1229–1454), incised on silver-inlaid brass objects mostly made in Mamluk workshops (seventh–eighth/thirteenth–fourteenth centuries) as commissions, gifts, or purchases for the Rasulid sultans of Yemen, which have hitherto been unidentified. Moreover, the titles of these princesses also are found on Ayyubid metal objects. Although of little aesthetic value, these inscriptions hold great historical and social significance by providing details on inheritance, lineage, ownership, and the object’s history.

Digital terrain interactive editing technology for landscape planning and design based on deep learning

Abstract In the era of big data information digitization, digital terrain editing technology is an important research content in the virtual geographic environment, 3D landscape simulation system, which has significant value in digital planning and design practice of cities and villages, regional road networks, and landscape gardens. This paper focuses on deep learning-based digital terrain interactive editing technology for landscape planning and design. Firstly, it introduces the concept and principle of digital terrain interactive editing technology, constructs the model and terrain interactive editing algorithm, and then analyzes three systems’ digital geography interactive data from two aspects of accuracy and convergence. The results show that A system planning digital landscape garden landscape accuracy, planning accuracy, and convergence are small, and the planning accuracy reaches a minimum of 88% and a maximum of 95%. The intersection reaches a minimum of 75% and a maximum of 87%. Compared with the other two systems are high, so it can be seen that the digital interactive terrain editing for landscape planning of this design has high planning accuracy and convergence. Digital interactive editing technology is developing rapidly in China’s landscape architecture discipline research and professional practice applications. It has shown excellent development potential and application value in the landscape planning and design industry. This study improves the accuracy and efficiency of digital interactive editing technology and has great historical significance for the development and progress of the Chinese architectural design industry.

Numerical simulation analysis of load-bearing capacity at joints of symmetrical cantilever-assembled bridges based on the logistic regression model

Abstract Bridge joint bearing capacity analysis is difficult to fit the requirements of the era of big data. The traditional way of bridge-bearing capacity numerical analysis exists in the wave of digital development of big data information, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence technology like a wild development. The traditional way of under the problem: is efficiency, engineering analysis is not accurate, data information paper, work responsibility is not in place, technical equipment, etc. This paper revolves around the numerical simulation analysis of the load-bearing capacity at the joints of symmetrical cantilever-assembled bridges based on the logistic regression model by finding literature to understand the concept and algorithm of the logistic regression model, construct logistic regression model based on dichotomous dependent variable logistic regression algorithm, logistic regression model parameter estimation, logistic regression. The three aspects of the model evaluation index are studied. The numerical simulation analysis of the load-bearing capacity at the symmetrical cantilever joint based on the logistic regression model, the shear strength calculation at the bridge joint, and the bridge longitudinal bar slip deformation are calculated, respectively, and then the actual value of the bridge load bearing capacity is derived. Simulation in the bridge bearing capacity at 0kN, 5kN, 10kN, 15kN, 20kN, 25kN, and 30kN, the model algorithm evaluation index under the three indicators of prediction rate, accuracy, deviation of the verification analysis. The results show that the prediction rate of the logistic regression model algorithm based on the load carrying capacity up to 30kN is 84%, the accuracy rate is 94%, and the deviation is 11%, and the three index values have better performance compared with the one-dimensional linear regression model algorithm and the multiple linear regression model algorithms. This study is beneficial to extend the bridge structural analysis function and make the bridge load capacity assessment more automatic; it can facilitate the comparison of historical data of bridge tests, longitudinal change of indicators at different testing time points, and grasp the current situation and change trend of bridges. Thus it is of great historical significance to the development of the Chinese bridge infrastructure industry.

Integraciya tradicionnoj kitajskoj kul'tury v ideologicheskoe i politicheskoe obrazovanie v vysshih uchebnyh zavedeniyah

The integration of outstanding traditional Chinese culture into ideological and political education in higher education is of great historical significance and strategic importance. The promotion of this heritage can help to cultivate a sense of identity and social cohesion within China while also developing innovative skills among students, providing them with a more comprehensive understanding of their cultural inheritance and its relevance to the modern world.

English-Chinese translation strategies based on BERT and multi-similarity fusion of English and American literature

Abstract Under the background of big data development, more intelligent technologies make work and life convenient, and the traditional English-US literature translation methods and means are difficult to adapt to the fast-paced era of big data, so this paper conducts research and analysis on this problem. In terms of the English-Chinese translation strategy based on BERT and multi-similarity fusion of English and American literature, the article first introduces the concept and principle of BERT, and multi-similarity fusion algorithm then constructs the model of BERT and multi-similarity algorithm fusion, analyzes and discusses the English and American literature translation dataset respectively, and compares it with three different similarity algorithms in terms of three indicators. The data shows that BERT has the greatest effect on the accuracy rate, followed by BLEU value and Manhattan distance. Compared with the fusion of the three methods, the data analysis of a single method is better, and the three selected index values all remain above 90%, and this study is conducive to improving the accuracy and efficiency of English and American literature work, which is of great historical significance for international literary communication.

Innovative Strategies for Cultivating Journalism and Communication Talents in the All-Media Era Based on the Light GBM Model

Abstract Under the development background of digitalization of big data and information, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things are rising like mushrooms. It is difficult for the traditional journalism communication teaching mode in colleges and universities to keep pace with the development of the times, and there are several problems in the traditional teaching methods, such as teaching being too rigid, lack of personalized teaching, and teaching means being too backward. This paper focuses on the innovative strategy of journalism communication talents training in the era of full media based on Light GBM model. Firstly, we understand the principle and construction idea of Light GBM model by viewing the information, comparing the difference between XG Boost algorithm and Light GBM two algorithms, analyzing the advantages and limitations of Light GBM, optimizing the algorithm by establishing the hyperparameters of Light GBM model under grid search algorithm, understand the teaching status of college journalism broadcasting majors through survey and analysis, based on Light model under the analysis of feedback to propose targeted innovation strategies, 30 times ten-fold hierarchical cross-validation study of the three algorithms. The mean and standard deviation results of 11 dichotomous classification models accuracy and F1 values under the three algorithms were compared. The results show that in 11 sets of dichotomous data sets, the optimized Light GBM algorithm has 9 sets of experimental accuracy wins and 7 sets of experimental F1 values wins, with 81.8% accuracy and 63.6% of F1 values wins. The optimized Light GBM algorithm had seven experiments that beat the other two groups of algorithms in comparing the accuracy and F1 value. This study can accurately predict students’ learning behaviors to improve the professional performance of journalism and communication students in a targeted manner and has a reference value for the innovation of journalism and communication teaching mode in colleges and universities in the context of big data and all-media era, and this study has great historical significance for the development of Chinese journalism industry.

Innovative research on the construction of experimental teaching platform of economics and management in colleges and universities based on the background of big data

Abstract Under the wave of big data technology development, the traditional experimental teaching methods in colleges and universities are difficult to meet the requirements of the educational objectives of the times, and teaching innovation is the focus of teaching research in many colleges and universities, which has attracted the attention of the majority of educational researchers. This paper focuses on the innovation of the construction of experimental teaching platforms of economic management in colleges and universities based on the background of big data. This paper explains the necessity of innovation of economic management experimental teaching platform, proposes the basic framework of innovation of economic management experimental teaching platform (Kube storage cloud data, front-end design, collaborative filtering algorithm), and researches and discusses the innovation mode and operation mechanism of economic management experimental teaching platform based on experimental teaching construction, based on the similarity between the specified time point and other time points The impact of the time factor on the recommendation results of experimental resources is analyzed. The results of experimental teaching resources recommendation reflect the resource recommendation ability of this platform and compare with H5 technology experimental teaching platform and content analysis method experimental platform to analyze the changing trend of MAE of teaching resources recommendation; analyze the number of concurrent connections and clicks of this platform to verify the performance of this platform. The research results show that this paper platform’s experimental teaching resources recommendation effect with MAE value of 0.51 is better than other platforms. The reason is that this paper platform’s experimental teaching resources recommendation fully takes into account the time factor and co-rated experimental teaching resources, so the accuracy of experimental teaching resources recommendation is significantly improved. This study can improve the quality and teaching efficiency of universities and train more excellent economic management talents for the country, which is of great historical significance to the development of China’s economy and education.

Construction of a personalized learning platform based on genetic algorithm for specialized education in industrial colleges in the context of industry-education integration

Abstract Under the progress trend of the information technology period environment of deepening study curriculum reform, personalized learning in specialized education of industrial colleges has become one of its key contents. This paper mainly studies the necessary system design based on characteristics of genetic calculation for specialized education in industrial colleges under industry-education integration. This paper first introduces the principle of genetic algorithm. It then proceeds to introduce in detail the shortcomings of The advantage of this calculation method is that the standard calculation tendency is unable to move forward in an area extremes, the iteration is relatively slow, and the low accuracy when dealing with optimization problems. Then the design and construction ideas of the personalized platform and the database design from Learners, educators (teachers), and administrators are compared by experimentally analyzing the data diversity and convergence of the three algorithms on the database. Experimentally, the diversity of the self-adaptive genetic algorithm is maintained at 0.8, and the diversity, iteration time, and convergence standard are better compared with the comparison subject. Using a self-adaptive genetic algorithm to evaluate and rank learners’ personality differences and to provide and recommend suitable learning methods for learners helps develop education and improve teaching quality and has great historical significance for China’s development and international status.

Designing virtual reality based 3D modeling and interaction technologies for museums

In China, museums are of great historical significance, which can greatly improve the country's cultural standards. With the advent of new media and economic times, people's behavior and way of thinking have changed, so they are less and less interested in traditional museum displays. How to create a museum moving image that meets the aesthetic and experiential requirements of the general audience has become critical. The purpose of this paper was to study the design of moving image displays using virtual reality (VR) in museums. This paper proposed a VR-based 3D modeling technology and human-computer interaction algorithm. Both of these technologies were an important part of VR technology. It can manage museums digitally and display objects clearly in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces. According to the experimental results of this paper, among the 80 participants, 40% were very satisfied with the exhibition hall experience of Chengde Mountain Resort Museum, and 35% were only moderately satisfied. It can be seen that most people find it very attractive to integrate VR technology into the showroom experience. Therefore, it is very important to integrate VR technology into the dynamic image display of the museum.

Protecting Heritage Trees in Weifang City, Shandong Province, Northern China

Heritage trees are long-lived trees or notable trees with great historical significance, scientific value, or commemorative importance. Many heritage trees have been preserved in Weifang City, Shandong Province, Northern China. In this paper, the origin, species diversity, age structure, health, surrounding habitats, distribution, genera floristic composition, and challenges of protecting the heritage trees were investigated using literature analysis, field survey, and interview. There are 864 heritage trees in the city, composed of 49 species, 41 genera, and 25 families. The heritage trees are divided into three original types: religious trees, naturally dispersed and preserved wild trees, and trees with agricultural backgrounds or used as offerings. Particularly, Sophora japonica, Ziziphus jujube, Ginkgo biloba, Sabina chinensis, Platycladus orientalis, and Osmanthus fragrans are the six most common species. There are 208 individuals of 500 years or elder, 293 individuals of 300–499 years old, 359 individuals of 100–299 years old, and 4 individuals of notable trees. Most of them are distributed in low-urbanized areas of the 4 county-level cities and Linqu county, and few are distributed in high-urbanized areas of the 4 districts of Weifang City. There are 14, 12, and 6 genera belonging to the areal-types of Temperate, Cosmopolitan, and Tropic, respectively, similar to that of wild seed plants in Yishan Mountain. There are some challenges in protecting heritage trees, such as urbanization, habitat deterioration, natural disasters, anthropic activities, health decline, and inadequate management. Some protection measures that have been taken previously are summarized, and some measures that should be taken in the future are proposed.

Research on Data Integration of Overseas Discrete Archives From the Perspective of Digital Humanities

The digitization of displaced archives is of great historical and cultural significance. Through the construction of digital humanistic platforms represented by MISS Platform, and the comprehensive application of IIIF technology, knowledge graph technology, ontology technology, and other popular information technologies. We can find that the digital framework of displaced archives built through the MISS platform can promote the establishment of a standardized cooperation and dialogue mechanism between the archives’ authorities and other government departments. At the same time, it can embed the works of archives in the construction of digital government and the economy, promote the exploration of the integration of archives management, data management, and information resource management, and ultimately promote the construction of a digital society. By fostering a new partnership between archives departments and enterprises, think tanks, research institutes, and industry associations, the role of multiple social subjects in the modernization process of the archives governance system and governance capacity will be brought into play. The National Archives Administration has launched a special operation to recover scattered archives overseas, drawing up a list and a recovery action plan for archives lost to overseas institutions and individuals due to war and other reasons. Through the National Archives Administration, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and the Ministry of Justice, specific recovery work is carried out by studying and working on international laws.

Innovations and Limitations in Areca Nut Research: A Narrative Review

ABSTRACT Areca nut (AN) and betel quid (BQ) products have been highly scrutinized by the scientific community in the last decade due to their classification by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a group 1 carcinogen. However, neither the size of the user demographic nor the production levels of the product have varied greatly since the announcement, demonstrating that large demographics remain susceptible to oral cancer. Researching the demographic groups and their preferred AN or BQ products has helped provide an overview of the problem globally, from the diversity of products used to the users' demographic variation, including ethnicity, age group, wealth levels, and other factors. However, there is still a considerable lack of available sources related to AN or BQ usage in China, which is the region with the second-highest number of AN or BQ users. Recent studies of the chemical composition of AN or BQ products from different regions or with different preparation methods have reported varied chemical compositions. This is a novel view of the product because chemical components found to be carcinogenic, such as alkaloid arecoline, decreased under certain processes. Thus, different innovative approaches could be considered for AN or BQ research as use of these products has great historical, cultural, and social significance and there is a potential to be less harmful to humans.

Istorijat i značaj Vojne bolnice u Kragujevcu

he Military Hospital in Kragujevac, with its turbulent history and rich military medical documentation, represents one of the most important institutions of the 19th and 20th centuries. Throughout its history, it has been home to a whole array of excellent nurses, doctors, and surgeons who, through their dedication, contributed to the hospital's reputation in the city and the country. From the moment in the 1830s when the idea of its formation began to emerge, only a few could have foreseen that it would become one of the most significant military hospitals in the country. The first military hospitals in Kragujevac, which were predecessors to the Šumadija Permanent Military Hospital, were quickly closed, often due to a lack of doctors and hospital equipment. Furthermore, the 1830s and 1840s were still marked by folk medicine, primitivism, and charlatans (soothsayers, fortune-tellers, quacks, and the like). It was only with the Law on the Organization of the Ministry of War in 1864 that the establishment of the Permanent Military Hospital in Kragujevac was foreseen. This undoubtedly marked a turning point in the establishment of the Military Hospital because immediately after the enactment of this law, the project for constructing a modern building with all the necessary hospital furniture and medical equipment for treating soldiers began. The construction of the hospital building lasted for three years, and as soon as it opened, it started treating and caring for patients (both military and civilian). The hospital was staffed by significant surgeons and doctors (Leonard Lontki- jevic, Đorđe Đoka Vladisavljevic, Lazar Gencic, Roman Sondermajer, Moša Eli, Milorad Glišić, and many others). Throughout its existence, the hospital underwent several reorganizations and professional expansions (which significantly influenced its reputation). It treated soldiers from the front lines of the Serbian-Turkish War, which took place from 1876 to 1878, as well as soldiers and wounded from the Balkan Wars and both World Wars. As one of the four most important military hospitals (the other three were in Belgrade, Niš, and Požarevac), the hospital collaborated with various humanitarian organizations and actively participated in the treatment and rescue of soldiers. When the Second World War ended in 1945 with the Allied victory, the Military Hospital in Kragujevac continued its operations (surgery was very advanced), and Kragujevac became a modern industrial and university city. The hospital continued its active work until its closure in 1957 when the construction of a new hospital building began, following the idea of Đorđe Vulkan, the hospital's director during the Second World War. Today, the Kragujevac Military Hospital represents an important part of national and local history with special historical significance. Besides its architectural value (it was one of the most beautiful buildings in the city at the end of the 19th century), the Military Hospital was a key medical center for military and civilian patients during the Balkan Wars and especially in World War I. From the perspective of the development of the medical profession, a host of significant Serbian doctors originated from the Military Hospital, including Dr. Mosa Eli, a Jew after whom Clinic 4 is named today. At one point, it was also a significant center for Serbian surgery, where excellent surgeons trained abroad practiced. Its doctors participated in the First Congress of Serbian Physicians and Naturalists in Belgrade, which was an important step in its local and regional reputation. All of this has given the Military Library in Kragujevac a distinctive silhouette of a military-medical institution with great historical, architectural, and cultural significance. As an institution with a rich history, the Kragujevac Military Hospital deserves attention and respect from both us and future generations. From its inception to the present day, it has gone through a long and challenging journey through several wars fought by the Serbian people. Alongside it, healthcare and healthcare institutions in the Šumadija region and the entire region have started and gradually developed. The Kragujevac Military Hospital has had a significant impact in the fields of military and civilian medicine. Through the provision of healthcare to soldiers, the advancement of medical practice, humanitarian work, and serving as a symbol of remembrance, the hospital has played a crucial role in Serbia's healthcare system and society.

Сергей Рачинский и его уроки словесности. По страницам неизданной переписки с И. Л. Леонтьевым (Иваном Щегловым)

The extensive unpublished correspondence of S. A. Rachinsky with the writer Ivan Shcheglov (I. L. Leontiev), which was conducted from 1891 to 1900, is a vivid epistolary monument of great historical and literary significance. Most of the literary subjects discussed here are related to the work of one of the participants in the correspondence. Rachinsky interprets Shcheglov’s works mainly from the point of view of a teacher, assessing their suitability or unsuitability for a wide range of readers and for his own schoolchildren. The article for the first time publishes large fragments of letters from 1891, one of which touches on the topic of war.