Greater Comparative Advantage Research Articles

Methodological and Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Relationship Between Politics and Economics

The article is devoted to the consideration of methodological and theoretical approaches to the study of the relationship between politics and economics. It is shown that they can be classified according to two criteria. Firstly, according to the criterion of exogeneity and endogeneity. The exogenous approach assumes the consideration of politics as an external factor to the economic system. An example of such an approach is Marxist political economy, in which politics is considered as a superstructure over the socio-economic base, exerting a reverse influence on it. The endogenous approach studies political actors as direct participants in economic interaction. The economy is considered as a system of political and economic interrelations that are included in economic-theoretical models. The second criterion for applying approaches to studying the relationship between politics and economics determines the use of the provisions of methodological holism and methodological individualism. Behavior of economic and political actors is considered from the position of its determination by the social-economic system within the framework of the first approach. The focus is on the problem of choice made by economic and political actors operating within certain institutional constraints in methodological individualism. In contemporary conditions one may say about the formation of a subject field of new political economy characterized with the endogenization of the study of political-economic interaction. In traditional political-economic analysis based on the principles of methodological holism approaches are emerging in which politics is viewed as an endogenous element of the economic system. There is a transition from abstract holistic models to the analysis of the behavior of individual and group actors. On the other hand, neoclassical political economy has emerged, which moves from the economic theory of politics to a comprehensive study of the relationship between economics and politics. However, discrete structural analysis has the greatest comparative advantage in conducting endogenous economic theoretical research. It allows comparing competing real alternatives to the institutional organization of the relationship between politics and economics. This approach ensures the primacy of positive analysis over normative one moving away from the institutional nirvana characterizing many competing research approaches. Nirvana approach means that existing "imperfect" institutional arrangements are compared with the ideal norm

COMPETITIVENESS OF THE TURKISH AGRI-FOOD SECTOR IN TRADE WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

The purpose of this study was to assess the competitive position of the Turkish agri-food sector in trade with the European Union. The study focused on agri-food products arranged as per the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS1-24), and relied on data collected in two years, 2010 and2022, retrieved from UNCTAD and Eurostat resources. The authors used the Widodo product mapping scheme to arrange the products. The results provide grounds for concluding that Turkey and the EU witnessed growth in bilateral agri-food trade. Between 2010 and2022, the exports from Turkey to the EU increased by89% whereas imports went up by84%. In the years covered by the study, Turkey had the greatest comparative advantage and the highest degree of export specialization in the following product groups: preparations of vegetables, fruit and nuts (HS20), fish and crustaceans (HS03), vegetables (HS08) and edible fruit and nuts (HS07). Conversely, Turkey showed no comparative advantages in (and was a net importer of): cocoa and cocoa preparations (HS18), cereals (HS10) and meat and edible meat offal (HS02). The mix of products traded can be viewed as rational and consistent with the classical theory of trade. Turkey’s comparative advantages provided a source of a beneficial specialization. In turn, imported products were those in which Turkey is not self-sufficient.

‘The Northern chemist’—Truth behind the stereotype in the British scientific elite?

In a prosopographical study of the British scientific elite, defined as Fellows of the Royal Society born since 1900, chemists were found to be distinctive in their social origins and schooling, being more likely than Fellows in other fields to come from relatively disadvantaged class backgrounds and to have attended state rather than private secondary schools. In thinking of possible explanations, we called to mind the student stereotype of ‘the Northern chemist’. Could this give some indications of how it should come about that those chemists who enter the scientific elite—a small minority—tend to differ from other elite members in the ways in question? Our more detailed analyses of the biographies of elite chemists, comparing those of different class origins, point to the following conclusions. The Northern chemist was a male stereotype, and chemists prove to be more predominantly male than other members of the scientific elite. Young people, mainly male, often growing up in industrial areas of the North of England (or in Wales) and in families whose male members were in manual work, were particularly likely to develop an interest in chemistry rather than in other sciences, and it was in chemistry that state education gave them their greatest comparative advantage over those privately educated. Generalising from these analyses, we suggest that a larger pool was created in chemistry than in other scientific fields of people who were of relatively disadvantaged social origins and state educated, and that this difference was then maintained through into the social composition of the small number of chemists who eventually gained elite status.

The Agricultural Cooperative as an Instrument for Economic Development: An Approach from Spanish Investors’ Preferences through a Choice Experiment

The cooperative is one of the most important forms of business in the agricultural sector, due to its special characteristics for small farmers and livestock producers in order to gain access to greater comparative advantages. In addition, cooperatives are a driving force in the social economy, which means that investment in agricultural cooperatives can be seen as a sustainable investment. The aim of this paper is to analyse the preferences of investors in agricultural company cooperatives, looking in depth at the role of the cooperative as a business form. In order to achieve this objective, the choice experiment methodology was applied by carrying out a questionnaire to a total of 282 investors. Latent class models were also used to identify possible groups of investors. Two classes of investors have been identified based on their preferences: owners (return seeking) and workers (risk averse).

Hacia Elevar las Relaciones Económicas entre Indonesia y Argentina a Una Etapa Superior

Este documento intenta describir y analizar formas de fortalecer y elevar las relaciones económicas bilaterales entre Indonesia y Argentina a una etapa superior. El estudio revela que las relaciones bilaterales actuales siguen estando por debajo de sus potencialidades y con una intensidad comercial relativamente baja. La baja intensidad comercial puede deberse en parte razones clásicos entre otros como la gran distancia geográfica que ocasiona altos costos de transporte; la barrera lingüística; y la falta de información, interés y de contactos interpersonales. También, las medidas proteccionistas argentinas y el alza del déficit de la balanza comercial de por la parte indonesia, son los problemas principales actuales dentro de las relaciones comerciales bilaterales. Sobre la base de la estimación de TCI, aunque las exportaciones e importaciones de ambos países tienden a ser más sustitutos, aún hay un avance muy significativo de complementariedad comercial en los últimos años. Mientras que, para el escenario bilateral de libre comercio, el estudio revela que se espera que en Indonesia y Argentina los excedentes del consumo y el comercio aumenten a raíz del TLC bilateral, pero, sí reduce los ingresos arancelarios. Con base en los resultados, se puede concluir que hay muchas oportunidades para mejorar aún más sus exportaciones en función de su mayor ventaja comparativa. El documento sugiere que reducir las medidas proteccionistas, tanto los aranceles y las barreras no arancelarias (incluido la actual regulación de licencias de importación no automáticas) y realizar Indonesia-Mercosur PTA. El estudio revela que con la eliminación de las barreras comerciales ambos países obtendrán un mayor bienestar y el cumplimiento de los objetivos de ambos países para intensificar las relaciones comerciales bilaterales.

Comparative Advantages of Jute Export in Bangladesh, China and India

The aim of this study was to review the trend of production and export of jute as well as comparative advantages of jute export of Bangladesh, China and India. In the case of production, India is the leading country which is followed by Bangladesh, China, Nepal, Zimbabwe, Uzbekistan, Egypt and others. However, Bangladesh plays the supreme role over other countries in the world for exporting jute. Jute export fluctuated erratically over the past four decades in these three most jute exporting countries. The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) has been enumerated for comparing the jute export advantages in the global market. Bangladesh always enjoys greater comparative advantages than China and India although the revealed comparative advantages are less in recent years than those were one decade ago. But it can’t catch the high-value market because exporters have mainly focused on raw jute while jute goods have high potentiality. The recommended issues urge to enhance the productivity of jute cultivation, inaugurate more diversified products, and explore new markets for exports.
 Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 183-190, August 2020

POLICY ANALYSIS MATRIX FOR THE ESSENTIAL CEREAL CROPS VARIETIES (RICE BUHOOTH 1, AND CORN SYNTHETIC GENOTYPE BAGHDAD 3) (STUDY CASE) IN IRAQ FOR THE YEAR 2012

The objective of this research was to analyze the economic impact of government intervention in the essential cereal crops for (Rice Buhooth1, and Synthetic genotype Baghdad3) by comparing the social price and private prices through adopting policy analysis matrix approach PAM and the derived parameters from it .The research was divided into two chapters; the first chapter was about field counting for the policy analysis matrix PAM and measuring the implications of the government intervention on the Rice Buhooth1. The second chapter was about explaining the field counting for policy analysis matrix PAM and measuring the implications of the government intervention impact on the second synthetic genotype Baghdad3.The research found a set of results, the most important result showed that the value of profitability coefficient was about 3.69, this indicates that the rice crop production system for the Rice Buhooth 1 takes advantage of the adopted government policy in that year, which means that there is governmental support for the product. In addition, domestic resource cost coefficient value which was about 0.72 indicates that there is comparative advantage for the Rice Buhooth 1 for the year 2012. The values of the nominal and effective protection coefficient were about 1.74 and 1.59 respectively; the value of the first factor indicates that there is governmental support for the domestic producer for the above, while the second factor indicates that the domestic producer will obtain greater returns in the investment of its resources in the existence of the government intervention from its absence. Regarding the Synthetic genotype Baghdad3, the value of profitability coefficient was about 1.75 which means that there is governmental support for the product. The domestic resource cost coefficient value was about 0.24 which indicates that there was comparative advantage for the mentioned above for the year 2012. The values of the nominal and effective protection coefficient were about 1.48 and 1.56 respectively; the value of the first factor indicates that there is governmental support for the domestic producer for the above, while the second factor indicates that the domestic producer will obtain greater returns in the investment of its resources in the existence of the government intervention from its absence. Finally, it is highly recommended that support should be increased for the varieties that the country has greater comparative advantage in order to improve the utilization of available resources and reduce wasted resources. Moreover, similar studies should be done in the future by other researchers to major cereal crops varieties at the country level in order to do comparison between them to set a mechanism for the government intervention policy in the main crop prices in the country which help both the local producer and agricultural investor in directing its resources properly.

INVESTMENT PRIORITIES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN IRAQ USING POLICY ANALYSIS MATRIX APPROACH CEREALS CROPS (RICE AMBER AL BARAKA BUHOOTH2, CORN SYNTHETIIC GENOTYPE FAJER 1, AND WHEAT BUHOOTH 158) STUDY CASE

The aim of this study is to focus on the investment priorities in the agricultural scientific research in Iraq for three cereals crops (Rice Amber Al Baraka Buhooth2, Corn Synthetic genotype Fajer1, and wheat Buhooth158) for the year (2012) respectively by using analysis method named police Analysis Matrix. This method is considered being a way of knowing the impact of investment in the agricultural scientific research, and it is done by calculating Profitability coefficient, Domestic Resource Cost coefficient, Producer Subsidy Ratio coefficient, and Private Cost coefficient Ratio for the cereals crops mentioned above. The research found a set of results, the most important result showed that .The investment was profitable for domestic producer for the wheat Buhooth158 for the year 2012 based on the values of profitability coefficient which was about 2.93 and private cost coefficient ratio which was about 0.44 , producer subsidy ratio coefficient which was 45.36% and private profits which were 450140 respectively . The investment was profitable for domestic producer for the variety Amber Al Baraka Buhooth2 for the year 2012 based on the values of profitability coefficient which was about 2.57, private cost coefficient ratio which was about 0.31 , producer subsidy ratio coefficient which was 60.87% and private profits which were 857360 respectively. The investment was profitable for domestic producer for the variety Synthetic genotype Fajer1 for the year 2012 based on the values of profitability coefficient which was about 1.78 and private cost coefficient ratio which was about 0.17 and producer subsidy ratio coefficient which was 49.95% and private profits which were 1458574 respectively Finally, it is highly recommended that support should be increased for variety that the country has greater comparative advantage in order to improve the utilization of available resources and reduce wasted resources. Moreover, similar studies should be done in the future by other researchers for the major cereal crops at the country level in order to do comparison between them to set an investment mechanism which help both the researcher, local producer and agricultural investor in directing its resources.

Revealed Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness for RMG Industry of Bangladesh: A Pre and Post US– GSP Suspension Analysis

This study investigates the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) analysis for the ready-made garments (RMG) exports of Bangladesh and major competing countries i.e. India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Pakistan, China, Cambodia and Turkey. The purpose is to explore the impact assessment on the US-GSP suspension for Bangladesh as well as how US-GSP suspension influences Bangladesh’s manufacturing sectors and export of RMG goods. The RCA analyzes the extent of export competition between Bangladesh and its major competitors. For this reason, the study applies the Balassa Index. It argues that the degree of competition among major competitors intensifies with the implementation of the US-GSP requirements to get the GSP facilities to US market. After the suspension of the US–GSP, Bangladesh’s export share in the US market decreased from 6.01to 5.68 percent in 2014, amounting US$ 134.64 million. For the other destination, the EU–market share is remained steady for Bangladesh’s RMG exports. This indicates that the US–GSP status is important to enhance the positive image and increase trade volume of the world market. This paper contributes to the literature by investigating whether the US-GSP has any significant influence on the trade flow of Bangladesh. This study explores Bangladesh’s comparative advantage in the top ten RMG products amongst the major competing countries. Further, it also analyzes the RCA for the US and EU markets covering the pre and post US–GSP suspension periods and concludes that Bangladesh had a greater comparative advantage in the EU market compared to the US market than its competitors for the top ten RMG products during the period covering 2012 to 2015.

Ethics and Effectiveness in Promoting Entrepreneurial Programs in Romania and The EU

Currently, the intensification of competition in the labor market, outsourcing production in economic fields that have greater comparative advantages in terms of production costs, increasing social costs caused by phenomena such as aging population, declining share of working age population in the total population, the increasing share of inactive persons arising from degradation of living standards and quality life appears - as a priority - the formation of entrepreneurial skills with an active role in the establishment and revenue assurance as a prerequisite for being. Innovating entrepreneurship is centered on acquiring specific innovation management research methods, human capital development and establishment of a business incubator, as support for the implementation of business ideas and entrepreneurial spirit. The purpose of innovating entrepreneurship is to increase the competitiveness on the internal and external market of potential beneficiaries- technical- economic effects leading to increased productivity, accessibility to labor markets, increased interest in business and entrepreneurship idea. By applying the innovating entrepreneurship specific principles, it will be assured the evaluation and the development of the entrepreneur's economic performances.

Anti-Comparative Advantage: A Puzzle in U.S.-China Bilateral Trade

The US-China bilateral trade has grown fast in the past three decades, while their trade imbalance also enlarges dramatically, especially after China’s WTO accession in 2001. Significant structural adjustments are taking places in both countries. In particular, Obama administration has pledged to double US exports in 5 years, which may help US economy to grow and to reduce trade deficits. The importance of the structure in US-China bilateral trade is obvious in practice, yet studies in it have been very few in existing literature. This paper, therefore serves to fill this gap. Interestingly, this paper reveals a puzzle in the trade structures between China and the United States. That is: the US exports less to China in sectors it has greater comparative advantage, and the more US’s productivity exceeds China in a sector, the less it exports to China than to the rest of the world; both facts get more significant after China’s WTO accession. This seems to be inconsistent with the prediction of comparative advantage in standard trade theory. In contrast, the comparative advantage theory works well on China’s exports to the US. Such a data pattern, named as “Anti-Comparative Advantage Puzzle”, might be potentially due to the US’s export control towards China or other factors affecting bilateral trade structures. We first provide some policy and data evidences; then employ an econometric analysis to control the impacts of other economic variables. Our results show that after controlling for production capacity, transportation costs, tariffs and factor intensity etc., the “Anti-Comparative Advantage Puzzle” still exists, and survives comprehensive robustness checks.

Agricultural Trade Structure and Linkages in SAARC: An Empirical Investigation

Since regional associations and free trade are perceived to be welfare-enhancing, this paper has examined the structure and flow of trade among SAARC economies. The study has revealed that India alone accounts for 74 per cent of the agricultural exports from the region and 55 per cent of the agricultural imports of the region. Cotton, cereals, fish & crustaceans, and tea & beverages have emerged as the most exported commodities accounting for more than 50 per cent share of exports from SAARC countries to the world. Animal or vegetable fat, cotton and rubber are the most imported commodities by SAARC. India enjoys comparative advantage in exports of cotton, cereals, fish and tea, while Pakistan has a greater comparative advantage in export of cotton and cereals. A unidirectional causality has been observed between gross domestic product (GDP) and agricultural exports, where agricultural exports Granger cause GDP and not vice versa. A one-way causal relationship has also been observed between agricultural GDP and agricultural exports. This indicates that growth in agricultural exports has contributed to the overall and agricultural growth in India. The study has suggested that Indian trade policy environment needs to be made more favourable for attracting foreign buyers and making Indian exports competitive globally.

Globalization and imperfect labor market sorting

This paper focuses on the ability of the labor market to efficiently match heterogeneous workers to jobs within a given industry and the role that globalization plays in that process. Using matched worker–firm data from Sweden, we find strong evidence that openness improves the matching between workers and firms in industries with greater comparative advantage. This suggests that there may be significant gains from globalization that have not been identified in the past — globalization may improve the efficiency of the matching process in the labor market. These results remain unchanged after adding controls for technical change at the industry level or measures of domestic anti-competitive regulations and product market competition. Our results are also robust to alternative measures of the degree of matching, openness, and the trade status of an industry.

Internal fixations of proximal femoral nail antirotation versus that of dynamic hip screw for femoral intertrochanteric fracture

Objective TO explore and study the clinical effects of the internal fixations of proximal femoral nail antirotation（PFNA） and dynamic hip ＇serew（DHS） for femoral intertrochanteric fracture. Methods 100 patients with femoral intertrochanteric fracture admitted into our hospital from April, 2009 to April, 2013 were selected as study objects and randomly and eqUally divided into two groups. 50 patients （PFNA group） were .treated by the internal fixation of PFNA and the other 50 patients （DHS group） by the internal fixation of DHS. They were followed up for 9-18 months. The curative effects of both groups were observed and compared. Results The： volumes of intraoperative bleeding and of the postoperative drainage were smaller and the postoperative weight-loading walking time and healing time were shorter in the PFNA group than in the DHS group. The Harris hip function scores were increased in both groups after the treatment; the hip function scores, motion ranges, and synthetic scores were increased more but the hip joint score of deformity less in the PFNA group than in the DHSgroup. The incidence of postoperative complications of the PFNA group was 6.0%, which was significantly lower than that of the DHS group （26.0%）, with a statistical difference （P〈0.05）. Conclusions PFNA has better curative effects than DHS in the treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fracture and has greater comparative advantages in intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative healing time, and weight-bearing walking time. Comparing with DHS treatment, PENA treatment causes fewer postoperative complications and recovers hip joint function better, so it can be the first treatment choice for patients with femoral intertrochanteric fracture. Key words: Internal of fixation PFNA; Internal fixation of DHS; Femoral intertrochanteric fracture; Curative effect

Explaining sectoral leapfrogging in countries: comparative studies of the wireless sector

What explains the uneven competitiveness we find in global markets, where some firms are able to dominate? Obvious path dependency and ‘stickiness’ in markets persists, despite efforts by others with potentially greater comparative advantage. An evolutionary view of global market competitiveness provides the best answer. Timing determines fortunes. In order to take advantage of technological windows of opportunity, a co-evolutionary state-private sector partnership is required. Our study of the emergence of wireless manufacturing entrants suggests that success depends on the ability to adapt to changes in comparative advantage, markets, and technology. Globalisation therefore requires even more state intervention, albeit in more strategic ways, not less, and state intervention is at the heart of the success of national firms. The cyclical nature of global markets and technology advances offers currently unrecognised opportunities for late entrants.

Gender, Work and Wages in Industrial Revolution Britain (review)

Reviewed by: Gender, Work and Wages in Industrial Revolution Britain Eric Schneider (bio) Gender, Work and Wages in Industrial Revolution Britain. By Joyce Burnette. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Pp. xii+377. £55. This book is the most forceful argument to date that gender wage differences and occupational sorting during the Industrial Revolution were based on market responses to real differences between male and female productivity, not on gender discrimination or custom. Joyce Burnette argues that productivity differences between the genders can be explained by two key factors. Most important, men's greater strength gave them a productivity advantage over women in manual labor, which resulted in men receiving higher wages for their greater productivity. Differences in human capital between men and women also contributed to the gender wage gap. Burnette sees strength as exogenous to the economic system because it was a product of biology, and human capital as endogenous because men and women had different incentives to invest in human capital. Thus, women earned approximately one-half to two-thirds the salaries of men performing the same task for equal periods of time because they were less productive. This argument challenges earlier historiography, which has emphasized the role of ideology, gender discrimination, and custom in determining women's wages. Burnette argues that ideological concepts of "women's work" rarely limited the industries in which women could work. Instead, conceptions of women's work reflected natural and efficient occupational segregation and were later harnessed by male unions in noncompetitive markets to justify the exclusion of women. Gender discrimination did not influence wages because men and women were given equal piece-rate wages for producing the same goods. Finally, women's wages were not set by custom because they varied over time and were responsive to regional economic pressures. Burnette also argues that, in competitive labor markets, occupational sorting based on strength decreased the gender difference in wages by allowing women to specialize in low-strength industries where they could [End Page 195] be more productive. This was the most efficient outcome for women and the economy as a whole. However, women were sometimes excluded from industries where labor markets were less competitive by men's distributional coalitions, which used ideological and discriminatory language to justify their attempt to maintain higher wages by excluding women. This outcome was less efficient for women and the economy. Of particular interest to the readership of this journal will be Burnette's discussion of how technological change shifted occupational structure. Because hand spinning in preindustrial England required little strength, women had a comparative advantage and performed most spinning work. Even with several substantial improvements in spinning technology in the early years of the Industrial Revolution—the spinning jenny and throstle—women continued to dominate the spinning industry because these new technologies were not strength-intensive. However, with the invention of mule-spinning, a task requiring a great deal of strength, women were pushed out of the spinning industry because men had a greater comparative advantage. After men became dominant in mule-spinning, they created unions and successfully excluded women after the self-actor decreased the strength requirements necessary to operate the machine. Thus new technology that either increased or decreased strength requirements could significantly influence occupational sorting in the economy. I agree with Burnette that strength did create real differences in productivity between men and women, but these productivity differences could have had an endogenous as well as exogenous determinant. For example, Burnette too readily dismisses the influence of gender inequality in the distribution of food in the household, which has been shown to leave women in a weaker and less-productive state than men. Therefore, it may not be possible to remove gender roles and ideology from gender differences in productivity and wages, even if wages were determined by the marginal product of female and male labor. In addition, in order to definitively prove that wage differences were determined by productivity differences and not by custom, Burnette would have to show quantitatively that wage differences were greater for occupations where strength was more important than in occupations where strength was not important. This is a difficult task given the paucity and nature...

Financial liberalisation, institutional transformation and credit allocation in developing countries: the World Bank and the internationalisation of banking

The paper documents and analyses the World Bank's promotion of foreign ownership of banking in developing countries. In the wake of two decades of financial crises following exercises of orthodox financial reform, the World Bank has not only continued to push privatisation, but now sees foreign banks as the missing component that will deal with the downside risks of financial liberalisation. Concerns that foreign banks might reduce small and medium enterprise (SME) loan access because of information problems are largely dismissed by the Bank. In fact the World Bank argues for the very opposite, the existence of foreign banks is likely to have the effect of pushing local banks into SME markets where they have a greater comparative advantage. The question of access to credit for the private sector, particularly the locally owned small and medium size enterprises, is central to the issue of employment generation and poverty reduction in developing countries where the bulk of new jobs are typically created by these companies. This article traces the development of the World Bank's agenda on foreign ownership. It critically assesses the arguments and empirical work underlying the World Bank analysis and draws on alternative empirical testing and case studies to raise serious questions about the downside risks associated with the internationalisation of banking. Copyright The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.

Reorientation of China's Agriculture over the Next Two Decades

Arable (cereals, pulses and tubers) production has been the most important object of Chinese agriculture. China has long insisted on‘self-reliance on grain’, often at the expense of resources and the environment. The impact of globalization and its entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) require China to reorient its agriculture over the next two decades so that it is based on ecological and economic principles. The alternatives are: (1) to increase grain imports to about 10% of total consumption; (2) to develop horticulture, livestock and aquaculture with their greater comparative advantages; (3) to expand the notion of agriculture by, for example, developing‘energy farming’. The real future challenge for grain production will come from the rapid development of livestock production and its requirements, rather than growing edible grains for human consumption. To address this new type of livestock revolution, there will be a need to promote Chinese ecological agriculture (CEA) as well as to improve feed efficiency. The measures taken must focus on increasing farmers' incentives to help bring about the changes and on achieving the sustainable development of agriculture.

The technology transfer paradox

This paper examines whether a country that enjoys a superior technology in all commodities in a two-country, multi-commodity Ricardian setting could actually gain if its technology in which it possesses its greatest comparative advantage is stolen or transferred to the other country without any compensation. Such a paradoxical possibility is shown always to exist with a finite number of commodities and equal-shared Cobb–Douglas demand conditions for certain ranges of relative country size.

Judging Facts Like Law: The Courts versus Congress in Social Fact-Finding

This article analyzes how the Court should treat legislative views of social facts when such facts provide an essential foundation for the constitutionality of legislation. We reject the notion, which the Court often but inconsistently deploys, that it should treat legislative views of the facts more deferentially than legislative views of the law.Displacing the judiciary from an independent, de novo fact-finding role must depend either on the argument that law is inherently different from fact or that Congress has a greater comparative advantage vis-a-vis the judiciary in finding social facts than in assessing the law. Neither is supportable. There is no analytic dichotomy between law and fact. Law is a social fact.Thus, the key question about whether the judiciary should defer to Congress' fact-finding or rely on its own assessment of social facts is functional. If Congress had a superior ability to find facts, deference might make sense. But we show that Congress' fact-finding abilities are less capacious and more biased than those in the judiciary. As an elected body, Congress is designed to respond to its constituents' subjective desires, not to the objective facts of the world. In contrast, the judiciary is insulated from the preferences of constituents and less subject to partisan bias. Its salient institutional structure is the adversarial proceeding where each side has incentives to scrutinize relentlessly the factual claims of its opponent. Accordingly, the judiciary would appear to be a superior fact-finder both because of its institutional capacity and in its relative lack of bias.The separation of powers also supports a de novo judicial role in fact-finding. It is now well established that each branch of government has the responsibility to measure the text of legislation against the Constitution. By similar logic, each branch has the independent obligation to determine whether facts support the constitutionality of legislation.