Greater Animosity Research Articles

Hairs vs. Squares: The Mustache Gang, the Big Red Machine, and the Tumultuous Summer of '72 by Ed Gruver

Reviewed by: Hairs vs. Squares: The Mustache Gang, the Big Red Machine, and the Tumultuous Summer of '72 by Ed Gruver Brian E. Campbell Ed Gruver, Hairs vs. Squares: The Mustache Gang, the Big Red Machine, and the Tumultuous Summer of '72. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016. 408 pp. $29.95 (cloth). Journalist Ed Gruver's Hairs vs. Squares chronicles the 1972 Major League Baseball season. In doing so, he provides a window for exploring broader tensions in national culture and identity in the United States following the turbulent 1960s. Gruver shows how the media framed the 1972 World Series matchup between the Cincinnati Reds and Oakland Athletics as a contest between conservative midwestern values and emerging liberal politics on the West Coast. Citing how the media portrayed differences in style, dress, and appearance, Gruver's book shows that by studying the Reds/A's series, we can trace the origins of contemporary debates over culture in public discourse. Each chapter moves the story forward chronologically, beginning with baseball's off-season in February and culminating in the Reds/A's series in November. Along the way, Gruver stops to comment on pivotal moments during the spring and summer months. He is at his best in this regard when describing the 1972 labor strike that occurred during the opening week of the season—the first of its kind in MLB history. Gruver rightly argues that while brief, the April strike "set the stage for future labor disputes in each of America's four major sports" (53). It would still be two years before MLB abolished the reserve clause, finally giving players the opportunity to negotiate contracts with other teams in free agency. But in 1972, players realized their labor power in an unprecedented way: Baseball owners would have to contend with a powerful players' union moving forward. The Cincinnati media responded to the labor strike with great animosity towards the ballplayers. Gruver explains that Reds owner Francis Dale—who also owned [End Page 188] the Cincinnati Enquirer—used his newspaper to undermine the players' strike and generate the sentiment among fans that greedy athletes were cheating hard-working, blue-collar fans out of their national pastime (63). Throughout Hairs vs. Squares, Gruver suggests that differences in style and dress were central to media depictions of the Reds and A's. He writes that in an "era in which one's personal appearance was oft en a political statement, the free-spirited, long-haired, and mustachioed A's represented the California youth movement, campus protests at UCLA, and the counterculture" (3). The team's anti-establishment look and attitude "conjured up images of Berkeley students taking on the military-industrial complex," according to Gruver (301). In contrast, the Cincinnati Reds embodied the conservative history of baseball as the team of traditional values and midwestern sensibility. Conservative sportswriters in Cincinnati negatively referred to Oakland's ballplayers as "hippies and Yippies" in contrast to the home team's more straight-laced, traditional appearance (3). The World Series, then, became more than just a sporting event—it represented a drama played out in public discourse about differences in regional cultural identity. Hairs vs. Squares also examines how baseball's demographics changed as Latino stars like Tony Pérez, César Gerónimo, and Dave Concepción emerged as key players for the Reds in 1972. Latino ballplayers made up 9 percent of major leaguers that year, and that number was estimated to rise to 11 percent by the end of 1973 (132). The 1972 season represented a turning point as Latinos changed the racial makeup of baseball in the U.S. for good. In chapter 12, Gruver elaborates on the Latino experience by profiling former Pittsburgh Pirates catcher Manny Sanguillén. Sanguillén was born in Panama and broke into professional baseball with the Columbus, Ohio, minor league team in the late 1960s. Sanguillén spoke little English when he first arrived in Columbus, but he soon met other Spanish-speaking players who helped him navigate life in the Midwest (261). Hairs vs. Squares reminds us that by 1972, Latino players were living and working in various midwestern cities, creating a network that...

HYBRID IDENTITY IN NIYI OSUNDARE'S VILLAGE VOICES AND SONGS OF THE MARKETPLACE

Ethnic and social differences have continued to manifest in postcolonial African countries often leading to great animosity and bloody clashes. This paper has used Homi K. Bhabha's ideologies of difference and hybridity to study selected poems from Niyi Osundare's Village Voices and Songs of the Marketplace. Such a study is important in order to bring to light the underlying political, ethnic, cultural, religious and social differences reflected in contemporary Nigerian literature and the effects of colonialism on individual private and public experiences. Theresearchers have applied deconstruction of discourse to the selected poems in order to cancel the binary opposition created by the apparent reflection of difference and to bring out the liminal situations that lead to what Homi Bhabha has called hybrid identity. The analysis of selected poems has shown that postcolonial Nigeria is suspended in a liminal space where traditional differences have been dissolved giving way to unrecognizable characters whose actions and inactions have helped to create a third class of hybrid characters.

Extended self: implications for country-of-origin

Purpose– This paper aims to examine country-of-origin (COO) effects from the theoretical angle of extended self and “otherness”. Traditional COO perspectives view COO as an important quality-related, informational cue used to form product evaluations, develop preferences and make purchase decisions.Design/methodology/approach– An experiment was conducted with the COO of a fresh milk product manipulated to examine these predictions. Data were collected from four samples, Americans living in the USA, Americans living in China, Chinese living in China and Chinese living in the USA.Findings– Results found that COO effects were stronger when consumers felt greater animosity toward the foreign country, were more ethnocentric and were less acculturated (i.e. conceptualized as a less expanded self). Additionally, negative product events were interpreted in light of self, in that reactions to an adverse act were stronger when “others” committed the act. American consumers living abroad were more heavily influenced by COO effects, and evidence suggests that this effect occurred because these Americans had a less expanded self than their Chinese counterparts.Originality/value– This study provides a unique angle which leads to a deeper understanding of COO effects which augments the traditional match hypothesis. Specifically, COO effects are stronger, the smaller one’s extended self (greater animosity and ethnocentrism, less acculturation), and that wrongdoings are interpreted in light of self (i.e. reaction to an adverse act is stronger when “others” commit the act). Few studies to date have focused on these factors as layers of armor that consumers use to protect their self and extended self-image in a cross-cultural context.

Love thy neighbor? Recessions and interpersonal trust in Latin America

Trust is critical during times of institutional crisis, but intuition is ambiguous with regards to economic calamity: would a scarcer supply of goods cause greater animosity, or does a worsening economic climate constitute a common foe against which people can unite? This study investigates the relationship between the experience of recent recessionary years and levels of interpersonal trust, specifically in Latin America. First, we find that as the number of recessionary years grows larger, the strength of interpersonal trust increases; the results are generally robust to the effects of time and alternate measurements of recession. Second, levels of trust are positively correlated with confidence in the central government but negatively with corruption, robust to political ideology. Finally, we refute the assertion that Catholicism hinders economic growth through strong vertical trust channels. Instead, we find that religiosity, especially Catholicism, increases levels of interpersonal trust. Understanding such relationships opens doors for policy tools which can utilize strong central government or community-level efforts without sacrificing levels of trust in the alternate measure, in addition to options which take a hybrid approach.

<i>Heroic Mode and Political Crisis, 1660–1745</i> (review)

Reviewed by: Heroic Mode and Political Crisis, 1660–1745 Mary Ann O’Donnell Elaine Mcgirr. Heroic Mode and Political Crisis, 1660–1745. Newark: Delaware, 2009. Pp. 245. $56. Ms. McGirr’s ambitious Heroic Mode and Political Crisis explores the “heroic” from its rise as a literary and political modality shortly after the Restoration through its pejorated finality in the wake of the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745—from Charles II to Charles Edward, from the Exclusion Crisis through the Glorious Revolution to the end of the Stuart pretensions. Each chapter is framed by a national crisis, each chapter explores the role of the heroic and its antithesis. Ms. McGirr traces the anti-heroic from Buckingham’s Rehearsal through Steele’s attempts to replicate a “Christian hero” to theatrical farces of the 1730s and especially the 1740s as Buckingham’s Rehearsal returns to the stage with renewed popularity. It is a tall order for a small book. In 1660, as Charles II returned to claim the throne left empty by the public decapitation of his father, he tried to close the gap left by the Interregnum but could never erase the concept of desecration of the anointed king’s body. Charles brought back the public theater and all the royal trappings that emulated both the theater and the theatrical court of his cousin Louis XIV. He also returned with both an asset and a liability in his brother James, Duke [End Page 81] of York, a leader who provoked great loyalty and greater animosity. James wanted to be seen as the new Caesar, the valiant leader, as the book’s dust-jacket illustration, the portrait of James as Caesar by Henri Gascar, so aptly illustrates. Heroes demand an inflated mode, but what the Stuarts got, as Ms. McGirr shows, was the quasi-idolatrous outpourings of Dryden and Orrery, among others, in the first decade of the Restoration. Plays and poems focused on the return of the rightful king, the recognition of interrelationship of birth and worth; yet several oddities already appeared in that decade, most notably Orrery’s Henry V, a play that used the real coronation robes of both Charles and his brother, as it celebrated the coronation of the son of the usurper Bolingbroke. Ambiguity was further undermining the image of divine right. Even as Dryden’s Conquest of Granada sought, as Ms. McGirr sees it, to ease public tension about James’s religion, the Whigs were turning to satire and mockery, both literary and polemic, to focus public attention on the rigidity, the absolutism, the closet-Catholicism inherent in the heroic. Privileging the political over the literary, Ms. McGirr, however, seems to forget that the dramatists were often just seeking to get to a third day. Certainly the major undermining of the heroic mode, the Tory mode, came from Buckingham’s Rehearsal, but public tastes do get sated, the ticket-buying public wants something new, and new voices arise to vie for a third day. This is not to sell short what Ms. McGirr does with the history of The Rehearsal and the use to which it is put, especially as Drawcansir in the eighteenth century revitalizes anti-heroics in the service of Whiggism and the Hanoverian succession. In fact, her tracing of the anti-heroic from Drawcansir to Grandison offers a new way of looking at the decline of the notion of the hero in English literature. Her epilogue on “Novel Conclusions,” however, is too brief, and this is one of the areas that needs perhaps a book of its own, a study of how the public turn from the theater to the novel combined with the pejoration of the heroic to bring forward a Tom Jones or a Charles Grandison. Other less fully developed suggestions tease the reader, such as a hint that the heroic is “indebted to the visual and live arts, especially the baroque and the sensory elements of the Catholic Mass.” Intriguing, especially in the sensuous and sensual description of an ordination Mass in the third part of Behn’s Love-Letters, this insight is, unfortunately, never again addressed, other than to note that James II used little spectacle except for “elaborately staged Masses...

Speculating on the Future of Attorney Responsibility to Nonclients

The trend toward greater liability to one's opponents in litigation is but one example of the overall diffusion of attorney responsibility. This may represent either greater animosity aimed at attorneys or broader liability across the board in society. Other explanations include a diffusion of attorney roles with a corresponding trend toward unifying standards of liability for a broad range of service professionals, as well as a pluralization of the attorney client relationship. Primarily, however, the trend toward greater responsibility to nonclients represents a crumbling of the overriding fidelity to a partisan adversary ethic. To the extent this trend is present in the core of the adversary system its extension to non-litigation fields of practice seems even more likely.Broader liability may be a result of or an incentive for change in legal culture. Even if standards of liability do not encourage attorneys to balance their adversarial zeal on behalf of clients with some concern for fairness toward third parties, the culture of the law may be changing to an extent which will encourage this change. The number of individuals and entities that are opting out of litigation, or who are forced by law to pursue less adversarial methods of dispute resolution, indicate that the overriding ethic of adversarial partisanship is beginning to be balanced with concerns toward more cooperative transactional and dispute resolution methods. The increasing popularity of mediation for a broad range of dispute resolution and the significant debate over the proper role of attorneys in this field is but one indication of this trend.

Sustainability of community-based conservation: sea turtle egg harvesting in Ostional (Costa Rica) ten years later

In 1995, a study found that the socioeconomic benefits from a legalized commercial harvest of sea turtle eggs in Ostional (Costa Rica) were substantial and widely recognized by Ostional residents. Legal and administrative structures ensured community participation in and control of resource use, and evidence indicated support for community-based conservation (CBC) was high. In 2004, the study was repeated to assess how perceptions of the egg harvest might have changed over time. There were continued high levels of support for conservation and positive perceptions of the project's impacts on the economy, environment and community. Some explanations for impact rankings have changed, with greater emphasis on the importance of conservation and awareness of how this is achieved, greater animosity towards one government agency and greater concern about the impacts of tourism on the egg harvesting project. Between surveys, a variety of social, political and economic changes have occurred. The CBC concept has been further refined and critiqued; by examining a CBC project over time, this paper considers the durability and flexibility of the incentive, legal and administrative structures associated with a successful example of CBC.

The Democrats' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency: An Analysis of Partisan Swings

This research note analyzes changes in the congressional district vote during the three sets of House elections held during the Clinton presidency. An in‐depth picture of how House members interpreted these elections is drawn by examining the percentage vote swing in each election by incumbency type. In particular, such a perspective sheds light on why Republican House members overestimated their mandate after 1994 and were not discouraged from pursuing impeachment by the 1998 election results.

Family matters The descendants of Freud and Jung

A brief history of what it has meant to be a Jungian analyst and/or analytical psychologist in the United States and England is portrayed. At first the differences between psychoanalysis and analytical psychology were very great, and there was great animosity between the two schools. The conflict was much stronger in the United States than in England where Jungians developed a much better rapport with psychoanalysis. Recent theoretical developments within psychoanalysis, such as the development of self theory and intersubjectivity, as well as speaking about religious issues in a new way, have brought psychoanalysis closer to analytical psychology. On the other hand, analytical psychology has been enriched by an increased awareness of the importance of developmental issues and transference and countertransference. The implications for both psychoanalysis and analytical psychology are explored.

The Attitude of Juveniles toward the Legal Institution

A persistent theme in the voluminous current literature on the condition of modern youth is their supposed adverse attitude toward law and its enforcement. This lack of respect for authority, as it is also sometimes phrased, is often associated in some manner with explanations for deviant behavior among juveniles. Much of the data upon which such statements are based appear to have been gathered through only casual observations of highly selected populations of juveniles. Although a perusal of the literature reveals something of the nature of the anti-legal institution attitude, there are numerous conflicting observations and findings about it. Most authors agree that there is greater animosity toward the legal institution in the United States than in certain other advanced societies,' but there is wide disagreement on an explanation for this difference.2 Furthermore, there appears to be some question about the direction of change, if any, in the attitude,3 some believing the negative attitude is diminishing, others that it is increasing both in intensity and pervasiveness. Much of the concern