Great Unity Research Articles

FURTHER DISCUSSION ON INVESTMENT LAW, CYBERSECURITY LAW AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENT (FDI)

The purpose of this article is to present Further Discussion on Investment Law, Cybersecurity Law and Recommendations for Attracting Foreign Investment (FDI). Based on collects statisti-cal data from the statistical yearbooks of the provinces/cities from 2010 to 2021. We found FDI inflows have a positive impact on labor productivity in Vietnamese localities. Specifically, locali-ties have (i) the larger the proportion of FDI in progress in the total investment capital of the economy, (ii) the larger the number of projects, the more accumulated FDI in operation, (iii) FDI sector activity and (iv) the larger the share of net revenue of the FDI sector, the higher the labor productivity. Moreover, investors need to pay attention to cybersecurity law: Acts of distorting history, denying revolutionary achievements, and sabotaging the great unity bloc whole nation, offending religion, discriminating on gender, racial discrimination; Acts of spreading information harmful to organizations and individuals, including: false information causing confusion among the people, causing damage to socio-economic activities, causing difficulties for activities. actions of state agencies or official duty performers, infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of other agencies, organizations and individuals

Developing “learning society” as a basic condition for perfect management education in China

The article analyzes the Chinese educational system historical formation as an instrument of human capital development. Using the historical retrospection method and hermeneutic method, the authors, based on the works of ancient Chinese thinkers, study the development and formation of management education as a core element of the Chinese educational system. Turning to Chinese prognosticism, the authors take the image of the Great Unity society, that is, social justice and equal opportunities for all citizens (“Datong”) as a basis for the future desired image, which throughout centuries of Chinese history show the universal value of education and the high status of a civil servant in such a society. The historical background of modern educational system formation has been described and one of the key problems of modern China – the gap between the huge demand for higher education in society and the difficulties in the employment of graduates – pointed out. Conclusions have been drawn about the main features of the public administration modern system, the Chinese education place in the international market of educational services and the possible contribution of Chinese public administration researchers to the solution of public problems both within the country and around the world. Strategic scenarios for the further development of Chinese society in the context of the Datong project have been outlined.

Ethnocultural Description of the Persians (Socio-historical analysis)

Concepts such as the Persian nation, the Persian regime and the Persian ethnic group in the Islamic Republic of Iran appear in scientific and public literature. In the historical process, it is impossible to obtain reliable information that the Persians were the dominant people in Iranian geography. Research conducted in this direction shows that it is impossible to get an idea of the great unity of the Persian-speaking peoples, a single ethnic group and a single system of cultural values. At the same time, it is known that the Persian language is widely promoted, taught and celebrated as a poetic language in a wide area, especially in the Islamic cultural sphere. From this point of view, the role of the Persian language in this area, the process of formation of the Persian ethnic group and the study of aspects that hinder this process are topics that attract attention. The reasons for the absence or failure to form a major union of Persian-speaking peoples, as well as its failure to become the dominant nation in Iranian geography, express the picture that emerged from the study. Considering this issue in historical dynamics, one can identify an interesting ethnocultural picture. The concept of "Iranian", emerging as a result of the synthesis of language, religion and ethnicity, is presented as a modern Persian national identity. The article proposes an approach to the problem using the historical-comparative method.

How was the feudal rule in the Han Dynasty Positively Affected by Confucianism?

As a mainstream school that has ruled Chinese society for thousands of years, Confucianism has been the topic of constant research in recent years. In the Han Dynasty, Confucianism gradually dominated and became the mainstream of ancient Chinese society, even profoundly influencing modern society. In this paper, the study of how Confucianism positively influenced imperial rule in the Han Dynasty will be based on the introduction of some core Confucian ideas, such as the idea of “Great unity” proposed by Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty and the attitude of the Han government towards the promotion of Confucianism. This paper proves that a series of theories put forward by the Confucian scholars of the Han Dynasty led by Dong Zhongshu provided the rationality for the feudal rulers’ dictatorship. However, the vigorous promotion of Confucianism by the emperors and governments of the Han Dynasty unified the social ideology of the Han Dynasty to a large extent. Confucianism became the mainstream thought in the Han Dynasty because it complied with the dynasty’s changes and society’s development.

От концепта «тянься» до «тяньсяизма» и теории о «системе Тянься»: представление об идеальном мире в политфилософских трактатах китайских мыслителей

The article discusses various conceptual concerns in understanding the concept of “Tianxia” in the context of China’s development both in its history and modernity. As examples, it analyzes the teachings of the most fa-mous representatives of “Tianxiaism” of the new period that began after the Opium War and lasted until the Xinhai Revolution, among them Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. The study also highlights the “Tianxia system” theory put out by Zhao Tingyang. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that Chinese thinkers attempted to reflect on the construction of an ideal world through the historical and philosophical concept of “great unity”, and the theo-ries they developed were themselves responses and answers to the unprecedented crises faced by China in different periods of its history. It is emphasized that their teachings contained utopian views based on the tradi-tional Confucian social order, political institution and ideology rather than applicable practice-oriented recom-mendations.

Kang Youwei’s Establishment of the Three Ages Theory

In recent years, there has been an emerging trend in research on Kang Youwei 康有為 to return to a focus on the civilizational outlook of China, and in particular to return to an understanding of Kang Youwei from the perspective of the Confucian tradition. This article attempts to further advance this trend and analyse a major element of Kang Youwei’s thought, namely his “Three Ages Theory” (sanshi shuo 三世說). Specifically, it will focus on Kang’s combination of ideas of Confucius as a reformer (Kongzi gaizhi 孔子改制) and the idea that humans are born from Heaven (ren wei tian sheng 人為天生), doctrines that he inherited from the Confucian tradition but then transformed. His understanding of Confucius as a reformer was the theoretical starting point of the evolutionary theory of the Three Ages, because it determined the basic form of the Three Ages Theory. The idea that humans are born from Heaven supplemented the Three Ages Theory and served as the value foundation for the construction of “Great Unity” (datong 大同). A major significance of Kang Youwei’s thought is that it acts as a bridge to understanding the Confucian tradition, but it also serves as an example of a Confucian response to the challenges of the modern world.

Human civilization dynamics: why we have different civilization patterns in history

After the Axial Age, the West moved toward continuous disunity, but China had successfully maintained a persistent unity pattern. Conventional case (history event) studies are subject to selection bias and theoretical frameworks, which is not objective narrative. We use agent-based modeling (ABM) to reveal the historical dynamics of why civilizations take on distinct patterns (unity versus disunity). In China, the Qin Dynasty (initial unity) opened the Great Unity tradition in 221 BC. Before this, there was a major chaotic period (770 BC to 221 BC) with two periods. The first period, the Spring and Autumn (770 BC to 221 BC), opened this chaotic process and indirectly led to the initial unity. Then, the second period, the Warring States period (475 BC to 221 BC), directly led to this initial unity. This work models the second period and focuses on the question of why human civilizations take on different patterns in history. Finally, we have solved the conditions and boundaries of two patterns. Based on the second period, we have different conclusions. The bellicosity threshold is around 0.2 (for the previous period, this is 0.3), and the alliance propensity threshold is around 0.8 (for the previous period, this is 0.7). Moreover, the higher winner cost (beyond 5%) makes it impossible to achieve Unity. This work has one new contribution, such as solving social knowledge. We use BP neural networks to evaluate the knowledge graph to support history learning. It explains civilization patterns for humankind.

A Brief Description of the Main Features of National Intermingling in the Northern Wei Inscriptions - The epitaph of Yu Shen'en as an Example

The Northern Wei was a powerful and unified dynasty in the history of the Wei, Jin and North-South dynasties and a representative multi-national dynasty in ancient China. Its abundant and well-preserved inscriptions have provided an important reference for future generations to study the history of the Northern Wei; national integration, as one of the remarkable trends in the development of China's history, was also fully reflected in the Northern Wei period. Based on the documents of the Northern Wei inscriptions, this paper draws on the research results of Wang Zhongluo 's History of the Northern and Southern Dynasties of the Wei-Jin Dynasty and other previous works, and uses the interdisciplinary research methods of history and ethnography to sort out and summaries the main features of the intermingling of nationalities during the Northern Wei period, such as the joint development of multi-national fusions and the spread and recognition of the concept of 'great unity'.

From Heretic to Hedonist

At the end of the nineteenth century, Chinese intellectuals had to respond to the dire situation of their country. Against this background, the leading intellectual Kang Youwei aimed to re-establish some traditional values. Although Yang Zhu had long been employed rhetorically in pre-modern China, Kang reconstructed Yang Zhu as an ancient master who had a coherent theory centered around two expressions: wei wo (serving one’s own interest) and zong yu (indulging in desires). However, there is a tension in Kang’s attitudes towards Yang Zhu: on the one hand, he criticizes Yang Zhu for when he reflects upon the despotic nature of Chinese governance; on the other hand, Kang sees the positive sides of wei wo and zong yu in the achievement of the Great Unity. Despite the ambiguity, Kang’s choice of vocabulary still made an impact to the portrayals of Yang Zhu after his: his portrayal turned this master into someone highly relevant to modern China; he also showed the possibility of reading Yang Zhu in a positive light.

Democratic Peace beyond Westphalia: Kang and Kant

Abstract This piece brings into dialogue two philosophically profound and hugely influential texts on the nature and requisites of international peace: Immanuel Kant’s “Towards Perpetual Peace” (zum Ewigen Frieden) and Kang Youwei’s 康有为 Book of Great Unity 大同书. Both texts articulate bold visions of a world without international war and embed concrete institutional plans for establishing peace within strongly progressivist philosophies of history. But Kang and Kant disagree in some crucial respects. Most significantly: whilst Kant imagines a liberal peace between sovereign states, Kang argues that enduring pacification would have to be enforced by a communitarian and deliberative democratic polity spanning the earth. Reading the Book of Great Unity alongside “Perpetual Peace” raises timely and challenging questions for contemporary Kantians and, more generally, for liberal internationalist political theorists and scholars of international relations.

Wujud Nyata Peduli Sosial dalam Aksi Partisipatif Warga Kota Makassar untuk Kemanusiaan dan Keselamatan

This article describes the independent initiatives of Makassar residents from various backgrounds, most of whom have been diaspora in various big cities worldwide. Empathy as fellow citizens sees the dynamics of handling Covid-19 by the City Government of Makassar with forms of public communication that tend not to answer the need for information during a pandemic to be the primary motivation for this movement. Finally, the Makassar Student and Community Alliance Caring for Covid-19 was created to facilitate society's need for Covid-19. Furthermore, this movement indirectly answers public anxiety regarding health and safety against Covid-19. The activities of this alliance are a concrete manifestation of participatory action by interdisciplinary citizens as a shared educational and information space. Apart from that, this participatory action also shows the great unity and spirit of togetherness that the residents of Makassar City have and their potential, which is very beneficial if empowered collaboratively in action for humanity.

Managing academic mobility as a tool of «soft power» in contemporary China

The paper deals with the phenomenon of academic mobility in the context of internationalization of higher education in modern China. It focuses on such problems as specificity of Chinese approach to internationalization of higher education and functioning of academic mobility in the context of transformation of international educational space. It is shown that the image of the future educated China is based on the traditional project of “Great Unity” society (Datong society in Confucian concept of social ideal). At the same time the idea of a united humanity is not exceptionally Chinese, but has deep historical roots and a universal nature. Cautious about the supranational extrapolation of this idea, modern China is nevertheless expanding international cooperation and strengthening cross-national contacts, using cross-border academic mobility as one of its “soft power” tools.

Managing the digital transformation of education as part of the Chinese national project of a “Great Unity” society

The article deals with the phenomenon of digital transformation of the Chinese educational space as the main component of knowledge management system in the society of “Great Unity”. Using the comparative, hermeneutic, historical and philosophical methods, the authors analyse three problem areas – social ideal, forecasting, and national education in China. The conclusion is made that the traditional project of a society of “Great Unity”, that is, the Confucian model of the ideal Datong society, can be transformed into a national foresight project. A well-developed educational system and equal access to education are the key components of this project, digitalization of education being the most important direction of the modern Chinese educational reform. Based on the findings of studies carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic and other materials, various trends in the current digitalization process are described. Historical features of and socio-cultural preconditions for the development of the educational system existing in China today are analysed. The authors conclude that the system rests on a solid socio-cultural foundation and is aimed towards the digital future of the Chinese society.

Политическая философия в трактате «Кун-цзы цзя юй»

The article examines the key aspects of political philosophy, reflected in the Con­fucian treatise Kong-zi jia yu (Speeches of the Confucius school). The essence of the political doctrine in the searched text is the concept of governing the coun­try on the basis of virtue (de) and with the help of the law (fa), which pre­supposes political leaders have the highest forms of morality; considers one of the main functions of the state as the implementation of a program of spiritual guidance for the people through the education of ritual decency (li) and the es­tablishment of cultural norms (wen).One of the characteristic features of Confu­cian politics is that it represents the logical conclusion of Confucian ethics. Con­fucian political doctrine is a national etatism. The ultimate goal that it sets is a harmonious condition of society, understood as a return to the ancient ideal of the Great Unity (da tong), including the material well-being of the people (fei).Achieving such a state should be achieved through the implementation by gentleman (jun-zi) of an effective program for the transformation of the country (tianxia). A gentleman is understood as an ethical model for the people, and has the main moral constant of a political leader – humanity (ren)

Population distribution and language characteristics of ethnic minorities in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam

The research results have clarified population distribution and language characteristics of ethnic minorities in Dak Lak province, Vietnam through the following aspects: Introduction of the situation of population distribution of ethnic minorities in Dak Lak province; Analyzing and explaining the linguistic characteristics of ethnic minorities in the area with the following contents: origin relations, language types, writing, social linguistics. The research results have been applied to the reality of language education and used in ethnic minority areas in Vietnam in general and in Dak Lak in particular; contributing to showing the equality of languages ​​and cultures among ethnic groups, thereby unifying the will and action, consolidating the power of great unity, developing the economy and maintaining national security and security in the area and Central Highlands region.

The Original Meanings of the New Terminology of the CCP

The conceptual and terminological innovations of Xi Jinping’s report at the 20th Congress of the CPC in 2022 and the documents and speeches of the PRC leaders that preceded it, presented as a combination of Marxism with the traditional culture of China, caused a heated debate in Russian sinology. S.N. Goncharov considers them an expression of a sophisticated intellectual strategy, and A.V. Lukin — an opportunistic device of political casuistry. The article provides arguments in favor of the first position. 10 quotations from ancient canons expressing the “wisdom of Chinese civilization” were re-translated, more accurately attributed and analyzed in the report of the Chairman of the People's Republic of China and it was established that together they represent a rhymed poem reminiscent of the common anthem of the Kuomintang and the Republic of China. The general meaning of this centone is built on the main categories of Chinese thought: “heaven” 天, “man” 人 and “grace” 德. The most important concepts from these “10 commandments” and neologisms based on traditional vocabulary are considered, such as: “culture” 文化, “civilization” 文明, “order and turmoil, flourishing and decrepitude” 治乱兴衰, “change of predestination / revolution” 革命, “transformation by the central state / sinicization” 中国化, “epochalization” 時代化, “great unity” 大同, “small prosperity” 小康, “one-man management community / justice” 公, “advanced method” 提法, “community with a shared future for mankind / community of common destiny for mankind” 人类命运共同体, etc. The metaphysical meaning of the slogan proclaimed in the PRC about “jumping out of historical cyclicality” is revealed and the controversy surrounding the application of the Western concept of “civilization-state” to China and Russia, interested in different components of this ambivalent structure, is analyzed. A general conclusion is made about a qualitative shift in the development of the political vocabulary of the CCP from Marxism to traditional ideology in Confucian design.

Institucional'nye izmeneniya v universitetskoj programme gosudarstvennogo fizicheskogo vospitaniya v Kitae

Based on the new institutionalism theory of sociology, this article analyzes the institutional changes in the “great unity", the “integration of inside and outside of the curriculum", and the “grand curriculum" models of the university public physical education curriculum since the establishment of the People's Republic of China. In the future, the public physical education curriculum developed for universities should highlight the curriculum value rationality, create the reform path of the characteristic curriculum system, and consolidate the cultural understanding system.

The Great Unity

This essay explores the interconnections between Hòa Hảo religious practices, charity, and reconciliation of ethnic and political conflicts in the contemporary Vietnam-Cambodia borderland by looking at the relationship between Hòa Hảo traditional healers and patients of Kinh and Khmer backgrounds, Cambodian nationals, and retired Vietnamese communist cadres. It argues that the healing practices in a frontier Hòa Hảo herbal clinic have been inclusive and have involved the participation of diverse groups with whom the practitioners were formerly in conflict. The essay shows how the Hòa Hảo continue to build social solidarity in a pluralist borderland region with a more ethnically diverse set of relationships than has been previously recognized.

Kang Youwei on the Subjection of Women

Abstract This paper examines Kang Youwei’s view of sexual equality based on the study of his The Book of the Great Unity (Da Tong Shu 《大同書》). The paper shows that Kang’s critique of the subjection of women is the most systematic, profound, and fierce in the history of modern Chinese philosophy. Although his theory of the oppression of women and sexual equality is essentially the combination of liberalism, utilitarianism, and socialism, his work on the subject should be given a special place in modern feminist philosophy. Unlike Western feminist thinkers, Kang understood the suffering of oppressed women in non-Western countries, especially in China, and spoke out for them in a way that no one did before. The volume on women’s oppression and liberation in The Book of the Great Unity could be regarded as a book on the subjection of women in developing countries crossing cultures and religions.

The Modern and the Unknown: A Study of Science Fiction in the Late Qing Dynasty by Jia Liyuan

Reviewed by: The Modern and the Unknown: A Study of Science Fiction in the Late Qing Dynastyby Jia Liyuan Shaoming Duan Excavating Early SF in China. Jia Liyuan. "Xian Dai" yu "Wei Zhi": Wan Qing Ke Huan Ziao Shuo Yan Jiu[ The Modern and the Unknown: A Study of Science Fiction in the Late Qing Dynasty]. Beijing UP, 2021. 316 pp. ¥59.00 pbk. Jia Liyuan is a professor in the School of Literature at Tsinghua University in Beijing. His monograph focuses on science fiction in the late Qing dynasty (1840-1912) from the thematic perspective of "the modern and the unknown," suggesting the difficulty and complexity of using "modern" visions to explore "unknown" space-times, and demonstrating the excitement and confusion of novelists in the late Qing period when trying to imagine the future Datong[Great Unity] world and the possibilities of interstellar exploration. Focusing on sf texts written by intellectuals, Jia's monograph enables readers clearly to understand the attitude of these elites toward science. The fundamental purpose of science fiction in that era was to save a backward and corrupt government, and its mission was to publicize science and technology. Jia argues that the motif of "soul separated from body" that concerned novelists at that time still appears in contemporary Chinese sf. The relationship between "heart" and "body" (to which I return below) in these early fictions later became the motif of Chinese sf in the twentieth century (276). In the final days of the Qing dynasty, when ancient and modern ideas collided fiercely, intellectuals looked at social changes with new eyes and began to speculate in their fictions about future worlds. At this time there was no entry for "science fiction" in Chinese dictionaries. The subtitle of Jia's monograph, Science Fiction in the Late Qing Dynasty, is obviously a retrospective identification of its origins in China, something of great interest to Chinese researchers nowadays. Jia's study looks at late Qing sf from three perspectives: sf's origins in the late Qing era, the ways in which sf was expressed in these early writings, and the sf themes that were of particular interest to these early writers. The Modern and the Unknownis comprised of an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusion. Jia's introduction is entitled "What Is Science Fiction in the Late Qing Dynasty?" During this period, the Dowager Empress Cixi and her ministers decided to introduce elements of modern western civilization, hoping to reform the state system and reinvigorate China. The intellectuals began to learn new methods of observing the world, such as theories of evolution and [End Page 399]scientific positivism. For these writers, the exploration and conquest of unknown islands or planets was the "panacea" for China's rejuvenation and the guarantee that China would lead humanity into the Datong world (roughly equivalent to pantisocracy) after becoming world ruler (3). The novelists of the late Qing outlined imaginative future worlds in the hopes of enlightening a benighted people and inspiring them to take action. Jia's first chapter is entitled "Liang Qichao: The Precursor of Chinese Science Fiction." In 1902, Liang Qichao wrote his only work of fiction, The Future of New China, in which he imagined that 60 years into the future China has become prosperous and strong. Representatives from countries all over the world have gathered in the capital Nanjing to hold a peace conference. Because of disputes over the sovereignty of Tibet and Mongolia, the Qing government has gone to war with Russia. At the end of the novel, through the mediation of Hungary, the contradiction is resolved. The action is presented as set in a "revolutionary past" that is being recalled from the "future." The Future of New Chinademonstrated a modern consciousness and a new aesthetic attitude towards the future, providing a beautiful vision to be filled in by a future humanity. The second chapter is entitled "Mirror and Image: New Stone Storyand Wu Jianren's Ways of Observation." Wu Jianren published important works in the journal The New Novel, founded by Liang Qichao, and Wu became the main writing force of the journal. Among his many works, his novel New Story of...