Greater Tensile Strength Research Articles

Mechanical Model of Tensile Loading of Geotechnical Reinforcement Materials

To reveal the mechanical behavior and deformation patterns of geotechnical reinforcement materials under tensile loading, a series of tensile tests were conducted on plastic geogrid rib, fiberglass geogrid rib, gabion steel wire, plastic geogrid mesh, fiberglass geogrid mesh, and gabion mesh. The full tensile force–strain relationships of the reinforcement materials were obtained. The failure modes of different geotechnical reinforcement materials were discussed. The standard linear three-element model, the nonlinear three-element model, and the improved Kawabata model were employed to simulate the tensile curves of the various geotechnical reinforcement materials. The main parameters of the tensile models of the geotechnical reinforcement materials were determined. The results showed that a brittle failure occurred in both the plastic geogrid rib and the fiberglass geogrid rib subjected to tensile loading. The gabion steel wire presented obvious elastic–plastic deformation behavior. The tensile resistance of fiberglass geogrid mesh was higher compared to that of plastic geogrid, which was mainly caused by the difference in the cross-sectional areas of these two types of geogrid. Due to a hexagonal mesh structure of gabion mesh, there was a distinct stress adjustment during the tensile process, resulting in a sawtooth fluctuation pattern in tensile curve. Compared to the strip geogrid material, hexagonal-type gabion mesh could withstand higher tensile strain and had greater tensile strength. Brittle failure occurred in both the plastic geogrid rib and the fiberglass geogrid rib when subjected to tensile loading. The gabion steel wire presented obvious elastic–plastic deformation behavior. The standard linear and nonlinear three-element models as well as improved Kawabata model could all well reflect the tensile behavior of geotechnical reinforcement materials before the failure of the material.

An Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash and Silica Fume

In this experiment cement was exchanged with varying amounts of rice husk ash and silica powder sf such as 10%,15% and 20% to examine the features of the resulting concrete according to research M30 grade demonstrates great compressive and split tensile strength and performs best in 15% transfer the effects of substituting 15% of cement with RHA and SF on the overall properties of concrete are demonstrated in detail which contributes to a better understanding and development of building practices.

A Comparative Study on Characteristics and Properties of Food Packaging Film from Cassava Starches of Different Varieties Grown in Ethiopia

The present study investigates cassava starches from different Ethiopian varieties for the development of biodegradable food-packaging films. Cassava is a vital food crop in Ethiopia and is, therefore, regarded as a very friendly and renewable raw material for replacing synthetic plastic packaging due to its high starch content. This research work aimed at investigating, comparing the physicochemical, mechanical, and barrier properties of films developed from two different cassava varieties, namely Kello and Qulle. The methodology followed the isolation of starches from cassava root, the evaluation of their characteristics, as well as the pasting behavior. Edible films were prepared by using a casting technique and their mechanical properties included tensile strength and elongation at break, and barrier properties such as water vapor transmission and solubility were determined. From the test results, it can be obtained that Kello variety absorbed more water and had greater swelling power; therefore, it performed better in terms of flexibility. On the other hand, Qulle has a greater tensile strength and less solubility; hence, it will be suitable for dry food packaging. Again, both varieties fulfill minimum mechanical and barrier requirements for the different applications of packaging. Further research is suggested to refine production processes and broaden their applications in the food industry.

Performance analysis of turning operation parameters empirically on Delrin

Delrin is the best additional material for metals because of its inherent qualities, such as great wear resistance and tensile strength. The main aim of this work is to investigate how independent variables like feed rate, spindle speed, and depth of cut are significant for dependent variables such as surface roughness, temperature, stresses, and material removal rate on novel material Delrin. The independent variable ranges are selected based on tool and workpiece material combinations and machine tool specification as spindle speed 230 – 844 rpm, feed rate 0.5 – 1.5 mm/rev, and depth of cut 1 – 3 mm. Based on the L27 orthogonal array experimental plan 27 numbers of experiments are conducted by the design of experiment concepts. The theoretical investigation through response surface methodology is also conducted to establish how independent variables affected dependent variables when Delrin was being machined. The independent variable's significance is determined by the ANOVA table for all the considered responses. In addition to the considered flow of work, the experiential model is developed by the utilization of regression analysis. The developed models are confirmed by experimental data and the models have the best validation results with the experimental results.

NITROGEN-CONTAINING SILANE COUPLING AGENTS: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE EFFECT ON TIRE PERFORMANCE OF SILICA/SSBR/BR COMPOSITES

ABSTRACT We report synthesis of nitrogen-containing silane coupling agents (N-SCAs) and their use in a 1:1 mixture by weight with bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide preparation of silica/solution SBR (SSBR)/BR composites. These N-SCAs contain in their structures, inter alia, a tertiary amine center (N1, N2), a carbamate (N3), or a urea (N4) group. In addition, N1, N3, and N4 were equipped with allyl side arms to increase the hydrophobization effect of silica particle as well as to achieve a balance between the filler–filler and filler–matrix networks being formed. By contrast, N2 consists of glycidyl side arms that contribute to the filler–filler interaction even more. The silica/SSBR/BR blends and subsequent vulcanizates were prepared and then thoroughly investigated via dynamic mechanical analysis, rubber process analysis, and tensile testing. The composite based on N1 (V/N1) exhibited exceptionally great tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and winter traction, accompanied by soft hysteresis. Therefore, N1 has potential applications in preparation of winter tire tread materials.

Mechanical and structural features of three AcSp proteins underlie the diverse material properties of aciniform silks of Neoscona spiders

Spider silks are desirable multicomponent biomaterials characterized by great tensile strength, extensibility, and biocompatibility. Of all spider silk types, aciniform silk has highest toughness due to its combination of high tensile strength and elsticity. Here, we identify three major spidroin components (AcSp1A, AcSp1B, and AcSp2) from aciniform silk of orbweb weaving spider, Neoscona scylloides, and present their full-length coding gene sequences. Comparative sequence and expression level analysis show that AcSp1B has highest expression level and higher serine content than other two AcSp proteins, while the AcSp2 shows very low mRNA level. Furthermore, three recombinant minimalist AcSp proteins are produced and could be induced to form fibers by shear forces in a physiological buffer. The manual-drawn AcSp1B fiber shows strongest tensile strength among three AcSp fibers because of its higher β-sheet formed by abundant serine content. We also compare mechanical properties of aciniform silks between two Neoscona species (N. theisi and N. scylloides) and found that aciniform silks from N. theisi exhibit higher tensile strength than those of N. scylloides, which may result from altering expression levels of two AcSp1 proteins. Collectively, our results provide insights into the mechanical features of each component in aciniform silk from N. scylloides and reveal the molecular mechanism of diverse material properties of aciniform silk among species.

Development of A New Model on PC Segmental Retaining Wall Using Solid Bar Anchors and Fin Fish

The development of transportation infrastructure is very important for economic growth. In the context of the construction of precast concrete (PC) segmental retaining walls, the use of innovative technologies such as solid bar anchors and fish fins is the main focus of improving the efficiency and reliability of the structure. This research aims to develop a new model that optimizes the use of solid bar anchors and fin fish in PC segmental retaining walls, with the hope of improving structural performance and extending the service life of the wall. The research methodology includes literature studies, development of mathematical models based on soil mechanics and finite element theory, and numerical simulations using PLAXIS software. The results show that the MSE Wall system with solid bar anchors and fin fish meets the SNI Geotechnical No. 8460 standard of 2017, with safety factors of high bolling, shear, and ground carrying stability. The use of a crossbar necklace configuration with a center to center (ctc) distance of 30 cm provides greater tensile strength than a ctc of 50 cm. This research is expected to make a significant contribution to the development of construction technology that is more efficient, economical, and sustainable.

Facile preparation of self-healing, adhesive and patterned gels via frontal polymerization for wearable sensing and actuating applications

Flexible intelligent gel has garnered great research attention for its potential artificial intelligence applications. Herein, a facile method is provided for fabricating patterned gel materials with self-healing, adhesive, and responsive properties via frontal polymerization within 10 min. The resulting gels are able to self-repair spontaneously after damaged, and exhibit the highest self-healing efficiency (∼99 %) benefiting from the synergistic effect of hydrogen-bond and host–guest assemblies. Moreover, the adhesive gels display satisfactory mechanical properties with great stretchability (524 %), tensile strength (200 kPa) and flexibility. With these features, the gels are served as flexible wearable sensors which can detect a series of movements such as stretch, bend and touch. Furthermore, the dual-component gels are prepared by the metal–ligand interaction (Fe3+-carboxyl group) on the one side of the gel films. The gradient structure and swelling ability endow the gel with actuating behaviors. This research explores a convenient approach to construct functional patterned gels towards significant applications in the wearable sensor and actuator fields.

Underwater additive manufacturing of 10CrNi3MoV high-strength low-alloy steel by wire-feed laser melting deposition: Effect of microstructure evolution on mechanical properties

The underwater 10CrNi3MoV high-strength low-alloy steel thin-walled part with forming quality up to in-air laser deposition quality was successfully manufactured for the first time. The influencing mechanisms of complicated thermal history and water environment on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of thin-walled part were researched. Due to austenitization and interlocking effect, the microstructure in the bottom, middle and top (below the 56th layer) areas of underwater sample and the middle area of in-air sample were composed of fine grain ferrite and granular bainite. With the increase of building height, the heat accumulation effect of underwater sample enhanced, resulting in small grain size (GS), high dislocation density, strong solution strengthening effect and low maximum texture strength at the bottom area, while the high proportion of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) at the top area. These resulted in the greatest tensile strength (714 MPa) and microhardness (232 HV) at the bottom area and the highest elongation (11%) at the top area. Due to the cooling effect of water environment, the proportion of HAGBs reduced and there were oxides in fracture. As a result, the horizontal elongation of underwater sample was about 90.9% of in-air sample. Additionally, the GS reduced, and the dislocation density and solution strengthening effect increased, so the microhardness of underwater sample was slightly higher than that of in-air sample. However, due to some microscopic defects, the horizontal and vertical tensile strength of underwater sample were about 97.6% and 90.7% of in-air sample.

Mechanical characterization of mulberry silk reinforced hybrid composite for enhanced application

This research explores the effectiveness of two hybrid composites, pattern-1 (K-M-G-K-M-G-G-M-K) and pattern-2 (K-M-G-K-M-G-K-M-G), in experimental and simulation tests to create a cost-efficient hybrid composite. The composite includes Mulberry (M) silk (Bombyx mori) fibers reinforcing an epoxy resin-matrix hybrid with Kevlar (K) and Glass fiber (G). Both pattern-1 and pattern-2 are evaluated through experimental tests, and simulation tests are conducted to validate the findings. ANSYS Workbench is used for simulation tests to determine the best stacking sequence for protective gears, aerospace components, automotive parts, sport equipment and marine applications. The structural morphology of the hybrid composites is examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that pattern-1 performs better than pattern-2 in various experimental and simulation tests, with a wider plastic zone in the tensile test stress-strain curve, greater tensile strength (73 MPa and 67.923 MPa), higher load-bearing capacity, and enhanced ductility. Pattern-1 also demonstrates improved performance in flexural strength (45.35 MPa and 71.474 MPa) and impact strength (6 J and 5.4898 J). Simulation results confirm that pattern-1 is superior to pattern-2 in terms of energy absorption and resistance to bullet penetration.

Comparison of the physico-chemical behavior of two prepregs used for body armor

The development of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers has resulted in continued improvement in ballistic protection, along with reduced weight in body armors. Prepregs from newly developed fibers are constantly available, although prepregs from older brands still remain on the market. In this work, the physicochemical properties of two successive generations of pre-impregnated materials are characterized to compare the two materials in the as-received condition and also after be consolidated in a ballistic plate. The results showed that fibers from the newer brand have a smaller diameter and greater tensile strength. This is an important result because the tensile strength of fibers is one of the variables that influence the ballistic performance of body armors. The smaller diameter of these fibers was associated with a greater degree of stretching during their manufacture, as revealed by the presence of two melting peaks in the DSC analysis.

Engineering of electrospun polycaprolactone/polyvinyl alcohol-collagen based 3D nano scaffolds and their drug release kinetics using cetirizine as a model drug

Combining the versatility of electrospinning with the biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone and Collagen, this study aims to create advanced 3D nano scaffolds for effective drug delivery. Ceramic materials like hydroxyapatite (nHAp) are incorporated as bioactive agents in the fibers. Electrospun PCL (Polycaprolactone)/collagen nanofibers and PVA (Poly-vinyl alcohol)/collagen are promising tissue-engineering substitutes with high biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and great tensile strength. Small pores in these nanofibers play a major role in drug delivery system. Owing to its short half-life, limited solubility, restricted bioavailability as well as re-crystallization concerns, the application of Cetirizine (CIT) has found little relevance. Electrospun nanofibers impregnated with CIT provide an excellent solution to combat these limitations, yield sustained drug release along with hampering drug re-crystallization. CIT-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/collagen (Col) and CIT-loaded PVA/Col/nHAp nanofibers were characterized and further CIT anti-crystallization as well as release behaviors were investigated. FESEM and HRTEM were used to observe the morphology of the as-synthesized nanofibers. FTIR spectroscopy, water contact angle measurement and drug release studies verified the differences in performance of CIT-loaded PVA/Col and PVA/Col/nHAp nanofibers. The release trend of CIT through these as-synthesized nanoscaffolds was analyzed by various kinetic models and exhibited sustained release of CIT for up to 96 h.

Controlled Carbon Dioxide Terpolymerizations to Deliver Toughened yet Recyclable Thermoplastics.

Using CO2 polycarbonates as engineering thermoplastics has been limited by their mechanical performances, particularly their brittleness. Poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) has a high tensile strength (40 MPa) but is very brittle (elongation at break <3%), which limits both its processing and applications. Here, well-defined, high molar mass CO2 terpolymers are prepared from cyclohexene oxide (CHO), cyclopentene oxide (CPO), and CO2 by using a Zn(II)Mg(II) catalyst. In the catalysis, CHO and CPO show reactivity ratios of 1.53 and 0.08 with CO2, respectively; as such, the terpolymers have gradient structures. The poly(cyclohexene carbonate)-grad-poly(cyclopentene carbonate) (PCHC-grad-PCPC) have high molar masses (86 < Mn < 164 kg mol-1, ĐM < 1.22) and good thermal stability (Td > 250 °C). All the polymers are amorphous with a single, high glass transition temperature (96 < Tg < 108 °C). The polymer entanglement molar masses, determined using dynamic mechanical analyses, range from 4 < Me < 23 kg mol-1 depending on the polymer composition (PCHC:PCPC). These polymers show superior mechanical performance to PCHC; specifically the lead material (PCHC0.28-grad-PCPC0.72) shows 25% greater tensile strength and 160% higher tensile toughness. These new plastics are recycled, using cycles of reprocessing by compression molding (150 °C, 1.2 ton m-2, 60 min), four times without any loss in mechanical properties. They are also efficiently chemically recycled to selectively yield the two epoxide monomers, CHO and CPO, as well as carbon dioxide, with high activity (TOF = 270-1653 h-1, 140 °C, 120 min). The isolated recycled monomers are repolymerized to form thermoplastic showing the same material properties. The findings highlight the benefits of the terpolymer strategy to deliver thermoplastics combining the beneficial low entanglement molar mass, high glass transition temperatures, and tensile strengths; PCHC properties are significantly improved by incorporating small quantities (23 mol %) of cyclopentene carbonate linkages. The general strategy of designing terpolymers to include chain segments of low entanglement molar mass may help to toughen other brittle and renewably sourced plastics.

Finite Element Analysis of Polymeric Matrix Composites with Sisal Fiber Reinforcement

Recently, there has been a growing interest in investigating the mechanical properties of plant fibers, particularly in developing nations. This surge is primarily fueled by the escalating environmental concerns, which are becoming more evident and alarming. Against this backdrop, various sectors of materials engineering are actively seeking alternatives to mitigate the environmental impact across the entire lifecycle of products - from production to use and disposal. This study aims to conduct a computational analysis to examine the influence of fiber quantity on the tensile strength of composites containing sisal fibers. It compares the findings with existing experimental test results and demonstrates the outcomes using the finite element method. The research reveals that greater tensile strength in the composites is achieved with higher volumetric fractions of sisal fiber, as observed in both experimental and computational analyses. These results underscore a strong correlation between finite element analysis and experimental tests documented in the literature.

Utilization of Palm Oil Waste into Liquid Smoke in Cellulose Commercial Starch Nano Fiber Composite as Antimicrobial Substances in the Manufacturing of Food Packaging

The high demand for plastic use today will result in environmental damage because the plastic that is widely used cannot be broken down. This plastic waste is dangerous for the sustainability of the food chain, pollutes water and soil, causes global warming, and causes air pollution. This research synthesizes a cellulose nanofiber composite with commercial starch in a 1:1 ratio with the influence of the addition of smoke liquid from palm oil waste. This research aims to process cellulose nanocomposite fibers combined with commercial starch and use them in biodegradable plastic by testing the effect of giving smoke liquid on the development of microbial substances in environmentally friendly biodegradable plastic food packaging. So the resulting product is expected to have the potential to reduce dependence on the use of synthetic plastic. This research aims to determine the optimum concentration of liquid acid from empty oil palm fruit bunches as an antimicrobial agent in the resulting bioplastic. The addition of liquid smoke changes the bioplastic properties of FTIR and XRD the attractive strength of bioplastic. The sample with the highest concentration of liquid smoke had the greatest tensile strength (2.34 MPa). The addition of liquid smoke concentration from empty oil palm shells showed a good inhibitory area for the development of bacillus cereus (10.8 mm).&#x0D; Keywords: liquid smoke, plastic biodegradable, food packaging, antimicrobial

Effect of bio nanofiller in influencing the carbon and E-glass fabric reinforced composites

The exceptional mechanical properties, dimensional stability and low cost of production of textile composites have made them quite popular in recent years. In the present analysis, plain woven inter, intra and hybrid carbon and E-glass fibre reinforced composites incorporated with or without nano-coconut shell ash (CSA) as filler were manufactured by hand lay-up method. The mechanical and thermal properties were determined for the manufactured composites. Simultaneously, the fractographic study was conducted by scanning electron microscopy to predict the different kind of failures in composites. The mechanical properties of the composites were found to be significantly better when 2 wt.% of CSA was substituted in it. The inter-hybrid composite containing 2 wt.% nanofiller demonstrated the highest tensile strength of 245.96 MPa, flexural strength of 496.03 MPa and maximum degradation temperature with weight change of 81.08%. A combination of intra- and inter-hybrid woven composite revealed the highest impact resistance of 3.3 J. The pseudo-ductile performance of intra-hybrid composites is also distinctly observed, showing moderate tensile stress of 299.376 MPa and maximum elongation of 5.137 mm. The current scientific effort makes it clear that the greatest tensile strength was obtained by positioning carbon fibres inside and the glass fibres outside. The surface proximity and diffusion of nanofillers in the composites further enhanced their tensile properties. Shear dispersion also led to maximum energy absorption without the need for nanofiller in case of combination of intra- and inter-woven fibre composites.

Laser tissue welding by using collagen excitation at a 1,720 nm near-infrared optical window III.

Laser tissue welding (LTW) is a method of fusing incised tissues together. LTW has the potential to revolutionize plastic surgery and wound healing techniques by its ability to produce watertight, scarless seals with minimal foreign body reaction. While using thermal mechanisms to achieve LTW, energy from the incident laser is absorbed by water in the tissue. As the water temperature increases, partial denaturing of the collagen triple helix briefly occurs, which is quickly followed by renaturation of collagen as the tissue cools, thus providing a watertight seal. This research study investigates the efficacy of direct collagen excitation at 1,720nm to accomplish LTW. This wavelength falls within the near-infrared (NIR) optical window III. The tensile strengths of pig skin that have been welded with NIR continuous-wave (CW) diode lasers at 1,455nm, which promote thermal mechanisms of tissue welding, and 1,720nm wavelengths, are compared. Near-infrared lasers tuned to 1,455 and 1,720nm were used to weld incised pieces of porcine skin together without extrinsic solders or dyes. The tensile force of the welded tissues was measured using a digital force gauge. The average tensile force of the welded pig skin using the 1,720nm laser was approximately four times greater than that using the CW 1,455nm laser, suggesting that LTW accomplished through direct collagen excitation in the NIR optical window III provides greater tensile strengths.

Hydrophilic, Porous, Fiber-Reinforced Collagen-Based Membrane for Corneal Repair.

Collagen membrane with outstanding biocompatibility exhibits immense potential in the field of corneal repair and reconstruction, but the poor mechanical properties limit its clinical application. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polymer widely explored for application in corneal reconstruction due to its excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, easy processability, and flexibility. In this study, a PCL/collagen composite membrane with reinforced mechanical properties is developed. The membrane has a strong composite structure with collagen by utilizing a porous and hydrophilic PCL scaffold, maintaining its integrity even after immersion. The suture retention and mechanical tests demonstrate that compared with the pure collagen membrane, the prepared membrane has a greater tensile strength and twice the modulus of elasticity. Further, the suture retention strength is improved by almost two times. In addition, the membrane remains fully intact on the implant bed in an in vitro corneal defect model. Moreover, the membrane can be tightly sutured to a rabbit corneal defect, progressively achieve epithelialization, and remain unchanged during observation. Overall, the PCL/collagen composite membrane is a promising candidate as a suturable corneal restoration material in clinical keratoplasty.

Fabrication of Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites for Sustainable Agriculture

This research examines the production, characteristics, and possible uses of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites in the field of sustainable agriculture. By doing a thorough examination of the experimental data, significant discoveries have been clarified. The composition analysis showed differences in polymer type and nanofiller amount across various nanocomposites. The nanocomposites based on PLA had the greatest polymer content, followed by PHA, PBS, and PCL. Comparative mechanical testing revealed that PBS-based nanocomposites had greater tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break when compared to other polymers. An investigation of degradation rates showed that the nanocomposites had different levels of biodegradability. The nanocomposites based on PCL had the slowest degradation rates, while the ones based on PLA had the greatest degradation rates. In addition, the nutrient release data showed variations in the rates at which nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were released. The nanocomposites based on PBS demonstrated effective delivery of nutrients to plants. The results emphasize the promise of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites as adaptable materials for sustainable agricultural applications, such as mulching films, seed coatings, controlled-release fertilizers, and soil supplements. Potential areas for future study including enhancing production techniques, investigating innovative nanofillers, and assessing the performance of nanocomposites in real-world scenarios. Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites have the potential to enhance sustainable agricultural practices and support environmental stewardship in food production via multidisciplinary cooperation and innovation.

Effect of platelet-rich plasma in Achilles tendon allograft in rabbits.

Achilles tendon is composed of dense connective tissue and is one of the largest tendons in the body. In veterinary medicine, acute ruptures are associated with impact injury or sharp trauma. Healing of the ruptured tendon is challenging because of poor blood and nerve supply as well as the residual cell population. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains numerous bioactive agents and growth factors and has been utilized to promote healing in bone, soft tissue, and tendons. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the healing effect of PRP injected into the surrounding fascia of the Achilles tendon after allograft in rabbits. Donor rabbits (n = 8) were anesthetized and 16 lateral gastrocnemius tendons were fully transected bilaterally. Transected tendons were decellularized and stored at -80°C prior to allograft. The allograft was placed on the partially transected medial gastrocnemius tendon in the left hindlimb of 16 rabbits. The allograft PRP group (n = 8) had 0.3 mL of PRP administered in the tendon and the allograft control group (n = 8) did not receive any treatment. After 8 weeks, rabbits were euthanatized and allograft tendons were transected for macroscopic, biomechanical, and histological assessment. The allograft PRP group exhibited superior macroscopic assessment scores, greater tensile strength, and a histologically enhanced healing process compared to those in the allograft control group. Our results suggest administration of PRP on an allograft tendon has a positive effect on the healing process in a ruptured Achilles tendon.