Great Rarity Research Articles

Investigating the Shipton Hoard

In August 1840 a letter published in The Musical World announced the discovery of “four large iron chests filled with music-books”, some of great rarity, which have never been recovered. The truth is that the announcement is a hoax. But who perpetrated it? This essay sifts the evidence and attempts to solve the mystery.

THE FACTORY BUZZER OF THE DONETSK IRON AND STEEL WORKS IS 150 YEARS OLD!

Factory buzzers are a part of the glorious history of our country. Nowadays their use is a great rarity. It is noted that among a small number of metallurgical enterprises, as well as many decades ago, the buzzer of the Donetsk Metallurgical Plant (DMP) works. The facts about the origin of the buzzer of DMP, its use practically without interrup-tion during 150 years were provided. With the use of a sound analyzer Sonic Visualiser the characteristic sound spec-trum of the buzzer of DMP and the spectra of other metallurgical plants’ buzzers were determined. The unique features of each of the preserved buzzers are shown. The results of the research allow understanding the principles of working of these buzzers and provide possibility of their recreating in the future

ПЕРИАНАЛЬНЫЙ АБСЦЕСС, ВЫЗВАННЫЙ ИНОРОДНЫМ ТЕЛОМ

Acute anorectal abscess caused by a foreign bodies is a great rarity. In literature only isolated cases were described. We observed such a case when found a fish bone in an abscess cavity. Diagnostics of such cases is difficult due to to absence of high-technological methods of examination in routine circumstances. Patients are often discharged with the diagnosis acute paraproctitis excluding peculiarirites of pathogenesis of this disease.
 Analysis of literature shows that foreign bodies should be attributed to etiological factors of anorectal abscesses, or – at least – to significant risk factors of their occurence.

A Paradise for Rare Species: Tanaidacean Fauna of the West African Continental Margin

The benthic ecology of the Gulf of Guinea is critically understudied, and knowledge about the composition and biodiversity of the tanaidacean communities remains lacking. Our analysis of tanaidacean collection from 270 quantitative samples collected using 0.1 m2van Veen grab along the Ghanaian coast (nine transects, six stations at each transect, 25–1,000 m depth range) reveals a high species richness and very low abundance. The mean density of Tanaidacea across all the samples equals only 0.03 ± 0.55 ind./0.1 m2. A total of 87 tanaidacean species were recorded, of which only three were known for science (3.4%), emphasizing the need for intensified taxonomic effort in this region.Circa40% of the species were singletons, 98% of the species had a total abundance lower than 10 individuals, and approximately half of the species were found only in one sample. The highest species richness was recorded in the slope (500–1,000 m), despite the elevated levels of barium and hydrocarbons at those depths. This area was also characterized by the most unique species composition. Species accumulation curves did not reach an asymptote, suggesting an undersampling of the area and a great rarity of the species. Results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and cluster analysis demonstrated a positive influence of oxygen concentration and fluorescence, particularly in the shallow shelf sites (25–50 m), which were characterized by a higher abundance of Tanaidacea. Depth zonation of tanaidacean communities with a division between shallow-water taxa (Leptocheliidae Lang, 1973 and Kalliapseudidae Lang, 1956) through families with wide bathymetric range (Pseudotanaidae Sieg, 1976, Apseudidae Leach, 1814) to the true deep-sea forms (Paranarthrurellidae Błażewicz, Jóźwiak and Frutos, 2019) is also evident. We further discuss the problems associated with multivariate analysis of highly speciose but less abundant taxa.

Pazyryk Culture on the Ukok Plateau

The article discusses the unique heritage of the Ukok Plateau in the southeastern part of the Altai Mountains. The author shares findings from research on the ancient Scythian culture in Altai and the archaeological monuments discovered. It has been possible to expand the knowledge about the ancient inhabitants of the Plateau due to the complex research work of the groups of Russian archaeologists from Novosibirsk headed by V. I. Molodin and N. V. Polosmak. Particular attention was given to the discovery by N. V. Polosmak in 1993 on the Ukok Plateau, i. e. the mummy of Pazyryk woman who lived in southern Siberia more than two millennia ago. The mummy was found in a mound of permafrost, so the burial was preserved and appeared to researchers in its authentic form: a larch log cabin was placed under the mound, almost three meters deep from the surface, and six horses, fully dressed and harnessed, killed especially for burial, were placed on its northern side. An important component of the Pazyryk culture is the art of the animal style, widespread among the Scythian peoples. Almost all the items of equipment accompanying the burial of a Pazyryk woman belonged to the products of the animal style. Although this burial was common to the Pazyryk people, it had some extraordinary features. First, the woman's burial was a solitary one, while in the barrows excavated earlier, women were buried together with men. Secondly, the barrow itself was solitary, although, as a rule, all the Pazyryk burial mounds are chains of barrows oriented from north to south. Thirdly, the objects of the accompanying inventory were distinguished by high craftsmanship, and the burial chamber was large. And finally, the silk shirt was a great rarity for the Pazyryk inhabitants. Foreign scientists also took part in the research, applying completely new methods of research. For example, ancient DNA was isolated from the tissue of a female mummy which allowed to study of the racial and ethnospecific features of the representatives of the Pazyryk culture of the Altai Mountains. The found artifacts testify to the presence of a developed culture belonging to the so-called Pazyryk culture among the ancient inhabitants of Altai.

Ptyctimous mites (Acari: Acariformes: Oribatida) as zooindicators of changes in Dorrigo National Park in Australia (North Coast Bioregion)

The authors of the study present an analysis of the structure and changes in the examined community of ptyctimous mites (Acari: Acariformes: Oribatida) found in Dorrigo National Park in Australia. The research was conducted during two periods: between 1990 and 1993 and later in 2007. The analysed mite community comprises 35 species, though, the dominance and frequency of particular species were different for each period. In the first research period (1990–1993) in the area of Dorrigo National Park, 28 species were recorded, whereas in 2007 – 23 species were found. There were 16 species that occurred in both research periods, and 12 species only in the samples collected in the 90’s, and 7 species only in those collected in 2007. The analysis also embraces the geographical distribution of the species in the area of Australia. Three species were designated as endemic, occurring only in the area of the examined national park (Austrophthiracarus dissonus Niedbała et Collof, 1997, Austrophthiracarus parapulchellus Niedbała, 2006 and Notophthiracarus distinctus Niedbała, 1989). The analysed samples contained only few specimens of these species. Due to the low abundance, great rarity of the local populations and high endemism, these species should be regarded as potentially endangered (EN according to the IUCN scale). A comparative analysis of the community from Dorrigo National Park (New South Wales) with those found in other larger areas of Australia in Victoria (Otway Ranges Area, Yarra Ranges Area, Strzelecki Ranges Area and Errinundra Plateau Area) examined by Niedbała and Szywilewska-Szczykutowicz (2017) has revealed that the communities found in Dorrigo National Park contained far more species, which constituted 30% of the whole fauna of Australia. In contrast to the communities of ptyctimous mites from Dorrigo, the individual communities in the area of Victoria contained only between 5% and 14% of all known species in Australia from this group.

Fibroids in the postpartum period

Although fibroids are the cause of sterility, according to many authors in 20-30% or even more, the onset of pregnancy with this disease is far from an exceptional phenomenon. Based on the material from the State. obstetrician. gynek. Institute for 1908-1927 inclusively, 85 fibroids in the postpartum period were ascertained, which is 0.17% for the entire number of urgent premature births and miscarriages (45771). Excluding miscarriages,% of fibroids in the postpartum period = 0.2% (for 36599 term. And pre-birth. 74 fibroids). Our figures fit the figures of Hessenberger, who for 19294 births in 1913-1923 found a% of complications with fibroids 0.2%. It is possible that fibroids are not always recognized at the time of delivery. So, according to the material of Ganelina for the maternity hospital named after Snegirev for 95,000 genera, fibroids were found in only 0.03%. It is interesting that in the past, complications of childbirth with fibroids, apparently, were observed more often, perhaps because women with complications of the labor act more often ended up in maternity hospitals, compared with normal childbirth. So, according to Pinard,% of patients with fibroids = 0.6%, according to Pozzi, 0.7%. The great rarity of complications of childbirth with fibroids at the present time can also be explained by the fact that recently patients with fibroids are more often subjected to surgical treatment during pregnancy and before its onset.

„Hin sinkt der Wall, der alte Schutz, es fallen seine Stützen”. Ryska twierdza w XVI–XIX w. i jej defortyfikacja w 1857 r.

The following article presents the issue of the fortification of Riga and associated plans of the suburbs in the 17th and 18th centuries (plans of Johann van Rodenburg and Rudolf Friedrich Härbel), as well as the projects of the transformation of the former fortification zones in the 19th century. Additionally, the paper covers the question of an unknown plan of Riga from 1843. In 1812, as a result of an intentional arson during the Russian campaign, the suburbs were completely destroyed. This prompted Filippo Paulucci to create a new plan that, among others, carefully delineated the transformation of the glacis into a wide esplanade. In 1856, after the Crimean War, a decision was made to de-fortify the city. In November 1857, in a very solemn manner, the process of Riga’s defortification began. Torch -bearing citizens participated in marches across the city, taking part in concerts and collective singing; during all these festivities, the city was brightly illuminated. This event was an amalgamation of solemn state celebrations and a folk, carnival-like fiesta. Celebrations connected with the process of Riga’s defortification belong to a small group of defortifications in European cities celebrated so uproariously.
 In early 1857, the architect Johann Daniel Felsko created a remarkably interesting plan developing the former fortification grounds, as well as a new idea of the spatial development of the city. Felsko used the modern division into functional zones: the trading-communication zone (port, depots, railway station, and ‘gostiny dvor’ (‘merchant yard’) and the stately-park zone (palaces, elegant revenue houses, public buildings), which, at that time, was still a great rarity. The conception utilized in Riga definitely overtook the ideas for the Vienna Ring Road (the second half of 1857). In my opinion, Felsko’s idea shares the most similarities with the former fortification zones in Frankfurt am Main, which were reclaimed in 1806. However, his plan was never faithfully realized.
 Out of numerous projects concerning the esplanade and promenade on the grounds of the former glacis, in the second half of the 19th century, there emerged one of the most interesting and beautiful European promenade complexes. Some of the first public buildings were the Riga-Daugavpils Railway Station and the theatre; later, school buildings, the Riga Technical University, and numerous palaces and houses were erected there. In the early 20th century, Riga was the third biggest and industrially developed city east of the Oder, reaching the population of over 470,000 citizens in 1913, following Warsaw and Wrocław. Its spatial development ideas, created in the 19th century, were then fully implemented.

Landscape of Pediatric Biobanking: Challenges and Current Efforts

Diseases that manifest themselves in the pediatric age group frequently have a more diverse spectrum of abnormalities and a greater rarity than diseases that are primarily seen in adults. The complexity and the relatively small populations with specific diseases are factors that have hindered progress in the treatment of pediatric disorders. Personalized medical therapies that are specifically tailored for individuals with unusual or unique problems have great potential to assist in overcoming these factors that have been a bottleneck to pediatric medical success. Personalization of therapies will necessarily be data driven and will require delineation of the proteomic, genomic, epigenomic, and immune characteristics of patients in comparison to the general population. It follows that there is a need to provide researchers with accessible high-quality pediatric tissue collections to facilitate the acquisition of the molecular information needed to support personalized medicine. Because of the unusual nature of many pediatric diseases, sample pools from individual institutions are often too small to adequately power definitive studies. Thus, etiological and translational research in this area are increasingly relying on biobanking networks to provide investigators with adequate numbers of tissue samples. Several pediatric biobanking networks have been formed, which are aimed at increasing the power of research studies and desired pools of high-quality samples. However, despite the concerted efforts, these multicenter networks and collaborations have met with mixed outcomes owing to increasing complexities and heterogeneity in the biobanking arena. While there have been challenges and roadblocks, there also have been some positive outcomes that have had paradigm impacts on diagnosis, study, and treatment of specific diseases. This article highlights the need for establishing pediatric biobanks, how current efforts in pediatric biobanking are influencing the pediatric research landscape, and attempts to identify practical impediments that continue to hamper advancements for the future.

The Rarest of Rare Penile Carcinomas: In Situ and Invasive Nodular Penile Melanomas on the Same Patient Clinical Case and Systematic Review

Introduction: Primary melanoma of the penile urethra and glans is a rare condition that accounts for less than 2% of all penile tumours,composes only 0.1% of total melanomas. Because of its great rarity, thisclinical case presentation is considered noteworthy for the scientific community, providing an exhaustive review of this pathology. Method: A literature search using PubMed search engine was conducted analysing latest reviews from the last 10 years using the terms “glans melanoma”. Only 18 results were found, most of them being published as case report. Second search is performed using the terms “urethra melanoma”, founding 7 review articles on the last 10 years in males. Although not all articles meet the requirements, and half of them are the same found in prior search. Finally, theoretical and epidemiology articles were selected in order to provide anatomical base and dermatological information. Results: 85-year-old male is diagnosed with melanoma in situ in glans and urethra by cold biopsy. The treatment includes total penectomywith perineal urethrostomyand bilateral inguinal laparoscopic lymphadenectomy. Conclusions: The risk factors for this type of pathology are not fully identified, so the follow-up of pigmented lesions in this area should be carried outby a specialist. Even though there is no consensus on melanoma, surgery is considered to be the first option with curative intention in localized tumours, though staging must be completed due their rapid dissemination and late diagnosis if there is no clinical suspicion. In the case of distant metastasis, the treatment does not differ from any other metastatic melanomas, where chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the cornerstone of the treatment.It is necessary to go in depth inthese clinical cases to elaborate clear guidelines for this pathology.

Stream fish from recently deforested basins in the Meridional Amazon, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Abstract: The replacement of tropical forests to production systems is one of the leading causes of riverine ecosystem alterations. However, current assemblages’ composition may also result from the time since these transformations have begun. Therefore, the knowledge of diversified historical scenarios can facilitate the accomplishment of actions that involve the aquatic environments recovery. In this study, an inventory of stream fish was carried out in basins whose deforestation was intensified in the last 20 years, to compose a baseline for ecological and taxonomic studies. The habitat, physical and chemical variables, and the fish assemblages from 60 streams in the northwest region of the state of Mato Grosso, in the Aripuanã and Juruena river basins, were sampled with standardized procedures. For a total of 130 species, a numerical predominance of small-sized Characidae and great rarity were registered, with 50 species represented by less than ten individuals and 19 singletons. Approximately 15% of the sampled taxa were identified only at the generic level, and for several taxa, more detailed taxonomic and molecular studies are required in order to achieve satisfactory identifications. None threatened species were so far reported. On the other hand, two specimens of non-native species were sampled. Although habitat quality is higher in forested streams, no differences in the species richness were registered when compared to the pasture with riparian forest streams or to more deforested streams. However, abundance was greater in these last two streams groups as a result of small-sized characins dominance.

Kierkegaard and Religion: Personality, Character, and Virtue by Sylvia Walsh

Reviewed by: Kierkegaard and Religion: Personality, Character, and Virtue by Sylvia Walsh Ronald F. Marshall Kierkegaard and Religion: Personality, Character, and Virtue. By Sylvia Walsh. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. xiii + 245 pp. Sylvia Walsh wants to do more than conceptual analyses of Kierkegaard's key ideas. She also wants to show how Kierkegaard cared about "becoming the truth rather than knowing the truth in an objective manner" (5). That truth is that God is "the measure of what it means to be a human self, concrete personality, and person of character in Christianity, the model for which is given in the [End Page 348] divine incarnation of the deity in Jesus Christ, who constitutes a living prototype of the infinite reality the human self essentially has in likeness to God and ideally can become through the imitation of Christ's lowliness, suffering, and boundless love for others" (15). At the end, Walsh explores the possibility of becoming a person of character in Christianity. "Like Luther," she writes, "Kierkegaard affirms the possibility of progress and sanctification in the Christian life, but in accordance with the inverse dialectic that governs everything in his thought, the road to perfection for him is paved by hardship and suffering in the recognition that the highest perfection of a human being consists in one's need of God inasmuch as we are capable of doing nothing without God and are indebted to him for everything." So whatever progress we make, it will not be based on "the perfection of our striving" (177–78). But will we succeed—even with God's help? There is reason to wonder—since our "prototypes for self-improvement are sports heroes, entertainment stars, gun-toting Rambos, and corporate CEOs, not Jesus of Nazareth. We are sympathetic toward others, especially in times of crisis, but only to a certain degree. Violence plagues our cities, schools, and homes, while corporate and personal greed and the discrepancy between the haves and havenots, the affluent one percent versus the millions of people living below the poverty line, grow worse in our country and around the world" (178–79). But if we "obey the Christian command to love our neighbors as ourselves through the power of the eternal or divine working within us," then it can happen (179). But is this likely to happen? Walsh closes by quoting Kierkegaard that this "can happen often and it can happen to every human being." She adds that "many if not most persons will lack the courage" to do so, because of the "self-denial it surely entails" (179). The fuller passage from which she draws says, "Rarely, indeed, will it in our day be the case that a person truthfully dares to say that he suffers for Christ's sake. . . . But even though this were to become a greater rarity, it nevertheless can happen often, and it can happen to every human being, provided he does not want to 'shrink back to his own destruction' [Hebrews [End Page 349] 10:39], that he can come to suffer for a conviction. But it is impossible to fight this battle of conviction in the right way without the assistance of bold confidence. . . . Therefore, whoever you are, if you . . . are required to fight for it, do not seek aid of the world or of people" (Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, trans. Hongs, 340). Luther comments that the shrinking blocking the suffering for Christ noted in Hebrews 10:39 goes on until we "divest [our] affection for temporal things" (Luther's Works 29:231). The provisions and qualifications in the fuller passage make it look like Kierkegaard is not as sanguine as Walsh suggests, and that it is far less likely that anyone will ever move beyond the worship of sports heroes and the violence in our cities. Maybe these words from the end of Kierkegaard's authorship are more suitable: "Water is something that can be obtained in the hard way by fetching it from the pump, but it also can be obtained in the convenient way by high pressure; naturally I prefer the convenient way. But the eternal is not something like that, indifferent to the...

Fibrodysplasie ossifiante progressive et hétéroplasie ossifiante progressive

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), or Münchmeyer's disease, is a rare, autosomal dominant genetic disorder, characterized by episodic progressive and cumulative heterotopic ossification, leading to a disabling metamorphosis into a “stone man”, with irremediable joint immobility, leaving families and health professionals often distraught, faced to the immeasurable progression of the disease. The involvement of a recurrent mutation of the activin-like kinase gene, ACVR1/ALK2 gene, an activating mutation of the (TGF)-β/BMP pathway, was demonstrated in 2006 by F. Kaplan, E. Shore and an international consortium. This major discovery has launched many research projects for understanding the pathophysiological basis and targeting specific therapies approaches. The present management of this pathology includes mainly preventive measures, and symptomatic treatment of disease flare-ups preceding the phenomenon of ossification, by various anti-inflammatory agents. Several innovative therapies are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical development, aimed at blocking the upstream and downstream signaling pathways of ACVR1/ALK2, marking a new era for the community of affected individuals and people engaged with FOP patients. Progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) also belongs to the group of genetic disorders with extensive heterotopic ossification, characterized by the abnormal formation of bone within the connective tissues. It is an ultra-rare pathology (less than 100 cases described to date), severely progressive. This great rarity seems to be related to incomplete penetrance with wide variability of manifestations. The onset of ossification is episodic, as in FOP. On the other hand, these two conditions may be distinguished by the facts that POH is due to heterotopic ossification mainly of intramembranous origin, that there is no triggering factor leading to bone formation, there is no progression according to a characteristic pattern and by the absence of concomitant inflammatory factor. There is a direct differentiation of mesenchymal progenitors into osteoblasts. POH is associated with inactivating mutations of the GNAS gene. Treatments are currently limited to symptomatic measures, including ensuring cutaneous asepsis, adequate analgesia and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Обзор современных данных о состоянии популяции орлана-долгохвоста

The Pallas’s Fish Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucoriphus ) is a little-studied bird of prey with an unusual biology that is on the verge of extinction. A small breeding population apparently remained only in the north-east of India and in Bangladesh. The Pallas’s Fish Eagle has remained a mysterious species for many years due to its rarity, inaccessibility of nesting places and also because of its unusual lifestyle: it breeds during the winter months and migrates north in summer. At present, each meeting of this raptor in summering places is a rare event, and only few documented meetings in Russia are known in the recorded history. A complicating factor is that any erroneous and inaccurate observations can greatly distort the picture due to the great rarity of the species. This article provides an overview of current data on the state of the Pallas’s Fish Eagle population at nesting and summering places and reports on a new data on the documented meeting of the Pallas’s Fish Eagle in the Krasnoshchekovskiy District of the Altai Kray.

Slapylitidae: a new family of hyolithids (Cambrian–?Devonian; Baltica, Laurentia, Gondwana)

Hyoliths are usually preserved as isolated skeletal elements consisting of conch, operculum, and helens. The occurrence of a conch associated with an operculum is ordinarily exceptional, and the co-occurrence of helens with other skeletal parts is a great rarity. The extraordinary finds of hyolithid conchs associated with opercula in situ are relatively abundant in the Cambrian and Ordovician clastic sediments of the Barrandian area in the Czech Republic. The platyclaviculate operculum with clavicles divided by longitudinal walls into channels characterizes members of the newly established family Slapylitidae fam. nov., which includes two genera: Slapylites Marek, 1980 known from the mid-Cambrian of West Gondwana and Baltica and Nevadalites Marek, 1976 documented from the Late Cambrian of Laurentia. To this family most probably belongs also an operculum from the Cambrian Series 2–Series 3 boundary of North Greenland and poorly known material from the Middle Devonian of Bolivia.

EP24.09: Recurrent benign pelvic schwannoma in pregnancy: a case report

As transvaginal ultrasound is an essential element of clinical evaluation in early pregnancy, findings of asymptomatic pelvic masses are common. Authors reported incidence rates between 2.3% and 8.8% in the general gravid population. Even extremely rare conditions like pelvic schwannomas which mimic ovarian tumours can be observed. Schwannomas originate from the Schwann cells which normally form a nerve sheath around peripheral nerves. They generally show slow growth and infrequently present as retroperitoneal tumours (<5%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of recurrent retroperitoneal schwannoma in pregnancy. We present a case of an asymptomatic 30-year-old woman in her second pregnancy who was referred to our department with suspected ovarian tumour in early pregnancy. She had one prior Caesarean section and two spinal surgeries because of recurrent schwannoma of the sacral plexus. The last routine MRI was performed one year before pregnancy showing a small residual presacral tumour. Transvaginal sonography displayed an early intrauterine pregnancy and normal ovaries but a highly suspicious mixed cystic-solid pelvic mass of 68x64 mm adjacent to the left ovary with strong vascularisation. Recurrent pelvic schwannoma was suspected and therefore neurosurgeons were consulted. Due to the absence of severe symptoms, no intervention was advised during pregnancy which had an uneventful further course. During elective Caesarean section a soft presacral protrusion was observed, but there was no indication for immediate surgical intervention. The patient was referred to the Department of Neurosurgery for further follow-up. There was no serious neurological impairment and she is currently in good condition. The present case is reported not only due to its great rarity but to show how important it is to think outside the box for obstetricians and sonographers in the field.

Splenogonadal fusion

Splenogonadal fusion (SGF) is a rare malformation occurring in both men and women (male-female ratio 16.6:1). This generally relatively rare benign embryonic malformation has been described in the literature often in the form of a case report, mainly by urologists, pediatric surgeons, radiologists and pathologists. A case of a 63-year-old man with no external deformities in whom SGF of the continuous type was documented as an incidental finding during a forensic autopsy and in the post-mortem computed tomography (CT) is described. A comparison with the international literature shows that this case constitutes a great rarity within the last 20 years.

‘Northern’ Oak Hairstreak (Satyrium favonius ontario) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): Status Survey in Massachusetts, False Rarity, and Its Use of Non-nectar Sugar Resources

Satyrium favonius ontario is considered to be one of the rarest eastern butterflies. We conducted a status survey and studied the ecology of this hairstreak at Great Blue Hills Reservation in Canton, MA—New England’s most reliable colony. Burlap banding to sample larvae proved to be a more productive censusing technique than traditional time-intensive and weather-dependent adult searches. Our preliminary data suggest that Leucobalanus (white and post) oaks serve as the primary hosts for the butterfly in the Northeast. We supply a larval key and diagnoses that will allow accurate identification of four synchronic and sympatric thecline lycaenids associated with Quercus (oaks) in New England. We document adults of four congeneric Satyrium hairstreaks ( S. calanus , S. caryaevorus , S. edwardsii , and S. liparops ) feeding at pip galls on Quercus ilicifolia made by the cynipid gall wasp Callirhytis balanacea . We present arguments that adults of S. f. ontario are canopy-dwelling animals that feed on non-nectar resources (such as galls and Hemiptera honeydew) and that floral nectars, while used commonly by the adults, may be unnecessary as a source of nutrients when other non-nectar resources are available. We conclude with a discussion of how the use of such resources, combined with canopy-dwelling behavior, may yield an impression of great rarity, and that conservation agencies seeking legal protection for S. f. ontario may want to do so guardedly.

External Economies, Social Division of Labor and Varieties of Industrial World - Marshall's Principle of Economics and Economics of Forest -

마샬 경제학은 주류와 비주류라는 두 개의 얼굴을 가지고 있다. 비주류 마샬은 경제사상사에서 보기 드물게 경쟁과 협력의 혼합에 기반한 산업조직론과 사회적 분업의 조정시장경제론을 제창했다. 마샬에서 외부경제는 그 이론의 핵심에 자리잡고 있는 집단적 수익체증의 개념이다. 이 논문을 마샬의 대표 저작인 『경제학원리』의 분석을 통해 마샬 외부경제론의 내용과 산업세계의 다양성론 및 경제민주화론의 기초로서 그 현재적 의의를 밝힌다. 또한 마샬이 해결하지 못한 이론적 공백과 결함에 대해 지적하고 마샬을 넘어선 마샬로 나아가기 위한 몇가지 방향을 제시한다.Marshall's economics has two faces of mainstream and non-mainstream. Nonmiinstream Marshall is a scholar of great rarity in the history of economic thought, who proposed the theory of industrial organization and social division of labor based on the compertiton and cooperation blended. marshallian external economies are the concept of collective increasing returns located in the heart of the theory. The paper says the contents and significances of Marshallian external economies through the analysis of [Principles of Economics]. In addition, pointing out the theoretical missing links and defects Marshall did not resolve, the paper proposes some ideas for "Marshall beyond Marshall" in the theory of the external economies.

Being moved as one of the major aesthetic emotional states: A commentary on "Being moved: linguistic representation and conceptual structure".

GENERAL COMMENTARY article Front. Psychol., 31 March 2015Sec. Emotion Science https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00343