Great Pyramid Of Giza Research Articles

Transmission Mysteries: Art and Technophilia

Transmission Mysteries: Art and Technophilia

The discovery of the “muons-chamber” in the Great pyramid; could high-precision microgravimetry also map the chamber?

In this study we have investigated the question as to whether highly accurate microgravimetric measurements on the side of a pyramid could also map the recently discovered “muon chamber” in the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. Exploiting the technical capabilities of modern gravimeters, we performed three-dimensional model calculations with realistic model parameters obtained from published literature. Under ideal experimental conditions researchers are able to measure relatively small gravity effects around −1 × 10−7 ms−2. However, to transfer the model scenario to investigating the real-world pyramid chamber we need to know what the chamber may contain – such knowledge can help in estimating a more realistic result.

Tourism Development of the Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Sites within the National Project for Urban Sustainable Development in Egypt

Egypt is located on the north-eastern side of Africa. Egypt has many archaeological sites classified in the World Heritage List. Tourism development of the Cultural Heritage, historical locations and archeological sites supporting the National Economy and Local Society. Egypt also has a massive number of cultural-historical landmarks and unique architectural constructions such as the great pyramids of Giza, Saqqara, Dahshur and Abusir; the temples of Luxor, Aswan, and Abu Simbel; the valley of the kings, and other extraordinary monumental attractions that worth studying. The study throws light on the tourism development of the Cultural Heritage, historical landmarks, and archeological sites that consider one of the essential resources supporting the National Economy and Local Society. Egypt has always relied on tourism and its historical sights to raise its Economy by developing archaeological sites and historical locations.

Architectural Significance of Granite and Other Durable Rocks in the Context of India – An Analytical Study

Architectures created through the cutting of naturally occurred massive rocks include different structures, buildings, tombs, monuments, caves and sculptures. On account of hard and tough property, the granite is considered as strong construction stone in human history. Granite is very common in the continental crust of our mother earth. It is characterised as coarse grained plutonic intrusive igneous rock and is composed of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase. Typical mineralogical character and textural varieties of granite facilitates to develop a wide range of colours, which include white, pink and grey etc. Granite rocks established itself as praiseworthy architecture stone since historical past because of its distinctive character like durability, appreciable finishing, fascinating polish nature and above all its magnificent colour diversities. As architectural stone, the granitic rocks demand attraction owing to the combination of style and elegance. The application of granitic rocks is witnessed in the ancient world through the mesmerising major architectures in India and around the world like Mount Rushmore, Washington Monument, Great Pyramid of Giza; Ajanta and Ellora caves, monolithic structure in the Zagwe-built Lalibela in Ethiopia along with in most of the long-lived old Indian temples, old forts and monuments etc. The monolithic free-standing architecture is generally rock-cut structures as depicted in the Ellora Kailasanathar Temple. The biggest monolithic statue in world, the Gommateshwara statue of Bahubali at Shravanabelagola present in the Indian state at Karnataka was carved in the 983 CE from a single block of granite rock. The radioactivity stuff in the granite is an important concern to the people in recent world. Even though the impact of radioactivity is proved mostly very less harmful to mankind, current research indicates that few granite products are showing radioactive substance index beyond permissible limit of the specified standard, which is responsible for environmental pollution during the use for long. Therefore, due attention is required towards the pertinent issue of radioactivity in the granite stones. Apart from granite, many of the architectures in India are created by the other rock types that include rocks like sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks.

A proposed radar method for non-destructive investigation of Egyptian pyramids

The study of ancient Egyptian monuments attracts the attention of experts from around the world. A recent event that confirms this is the discovery, using muon sensors, of previously unknown cavities in the Great Pyramid of Giza (or Khufu's Pyramid). Since it is unfeasible to directly confirm this discovery by drilling, another independent non-destructive method is necessary to confirm this discovery and provide accurate determination of the locations and shapes of the cavities. Following a literature review of the different methods used in evaluating cultural objects, this paper analyses a possible framework for simulation of a holographic radar for detecting openings or other unknown structures of interest to archaeologists/Egyptologists and the public.

Building in the High Desert. The Great Pyramid of Giza

Building in the High Desert. The Great Pyramid of Giza

How They Moved and Lifted Heavy Stones to Build the Great Pyramid

We present a new feasible theory about how the ancient Egyptians moved and lifted heavy stones and how they built the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC, from the viewpoint of energy management taking account of the vast quantity of the stones needed for the Pyramid. We give our solutions to the following three mysteries of the Pyramid: 1) How they could overcome the difficulty in making the four straight edges of the Pyramid meet in one point, high up in the sky? 2) Why all of chambers and passages (the King’s and the Queen’s chambers, the Grand Gallery and other passages), except the Subterranean chamber, are away from the central axis about seven meters eastwards? 3) For what purpose they dug the Subterranean Chamber, thirty meters deep?

Cosmic rays reveal unknown void in the Great Pyramid of Giza

Cosmic rays reveal unknown void in the Great Pyramid of Giza

Connections: Superplasticity, Damascus Steels, Laminated Steels, and Carbon Dating

In this paper, a description is given of the connections that evolved from the initial development of a family of superplastic plain carbon steels that came to be known as Ultra-High Carbon Steels (UHCS). It was observed that their very high carbon contents were similar, if not identical, to those of Damascus steels. There followed a series of attempts to rediscover how the famous patterns found on Damascus steels blades were formed. At the same time, in order to improve the toughness at room temperature of the newly-developed UHCS, laminated composites were made of alternating layers of UHCS and mild steel (and subsequently other steels and other metals). This led to a study of ancient laminated composites, the motives for their manufacture, and the plausibility of some of the claims relating to the number of layers in the final blades. One apparently ancient laminated composite, recovered in 1837 from the great pyramid of Giza which was constructed in about 2750 B.C., stimulated a carbon dating study of ancient steels. The modern interest in “Bladesmithing” has connections back to many of these ancient weapons.

Egypt's Economic Development and Challenges post Arab Spring: Can New Technology Quench Egypt's Thirst for Water and Enhance Good Institutions?

53 Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. XXXIX, No.1, Fall 2015 Egypt’s Economic Development and Challenges post Arab Spring: Can New Technology Quench Egypt’s Thirst for Water and Enhance Good Institutions? Mohammed Akacem* Dennis D. Miller* I. Introduction Without a doubt the future of the Middle East hinges upon the success of the Egyptian economy. But Egypt confronts an obstacle course full of enormous hurdles that it must leap, especially its growing population, diminishing arable land, scarcity of water and its need to avoid a repeat of the conditions that led up to the Arab spring of 2011. Basic to effectively dealing with these hurdles is for Egypt to find creative ways to quickly develop its economy. This will lessen the population growth rate and lessen This paper is a revised and updated (July 10, 2015) version of the paper presented at the ACSIS 32nd Annual Conference in Philadelphia. *Mohammed Akacem is currently a professor of Economics at Metropolitan State University of Denver. Prior to joining MSU, he worked at the International Center for Energy and Economic Development in Boulder, Colorado. He was an economist at The Saudi Fund for Development in Saudi Arabia. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Colorado, Boulder. *Dennis D. Miller is the Buckhorn Endowed Chair at Baldwin Wallace University. Miller worked at the Center for Energy and Economic Development and the Institute of Behavioral Science at CU Boulder. He also taught at the American University in Cairo and was an analyst for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Colorado, Boulder. 54 1 It is generally now accepted in development economics that as a country develops population growth rates tend to diminish, thus diffusing the population bomb. One developmental economist, William Easterly, put it this way, “Development itself is a far more powerful contraceptive than cash for condoms.” See his book The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists’ Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001), p. 96. 2 Population figure for Egypt was for 2014 from the following on-line source: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL Accessed August, 18, 2015. 3 Ibid. the severity of the other problems.1 Recent discoveries and technological developments concerning farming and water point to ways to do this. Before that, we review the obstacles that Egypt faces in order to put its economy on the path to a sustainable economic growth and development that answers the needs of the whole population. Later, the paper will present some of these promising developments that by themselves are not a solution but they are possible steps to push back the water and food constraints on economic development so that Egypt may move more quickly towards a prosperous and stable future. II. Egypt’s Importance and Its Major challenges: Why institutions matter: Egypt’s influence on history and now the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is unparalleled. Few nations can boast five thousand years of civilization. Today it still occupies an important place in world affairs. Geographically Egypt controls the Suez Canal, the critical artery for the transportation of goods and materials from Asia to the countries on the Mediterranean and beyond. Archeologically, Egypt holds many of the world’s most treasured artifacts. It’s remnants of ancient history, such as the Great Pyramids of Giza and Sphinx have attracted tourists from all countries of the world. Religiously, Egypt is the home of Al-Azhar University, one of the largest and most revered Islamic universities in the world. And it has been for nearly two millennia, the home of the Coptic Christians, one of Christianity’s oldest branches. Culturally, Egypt influences a large part of MENA through its entertainment industry, including movies, music and literature. Egypt’s wellbeing is thus of major importance to the entire world. Even so, Egypt’s population growth threatens to overwhelm Egypt’s resources to sustain it. In 2013, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency estimated that Egypt’s population was at 83.3 million and was growing at a rate of 1.84% per year.2 This meant that Egypt’s population grows...

Provisions for the pyramid builders: new evidence from the ancient site of Giza

The great pyramids of Giza are famous emblems of ancient Egyptian civilization, but until recently little was known about where and how the pyramid builders lived. The site of their large settlement has now been found, and excavation is revealing its complex layout and providing evidence of the plants and animals on which the builders depended for their food supply.

Effect of varying durations of pyramid exposure — an indication towards a possibility of overexposure

Miniature replicas modeled after the Great Pyramid of Giza are believed to concentrate geoelectromagnetic energy within their cavities and hence act as antistressors in humans and animals. Although there are not many reports of adverse effects of 'overexposure' in the pyramid, subjects have claimed to feel uneasy after certain duration of staying in the pyramid. The present study was aimed to analyze the effects of prolonged pyramid exposure on plasma cortisol level, markers of oxidative damage and antioxidant defense in erythrocytes of adult female Wistar rats. Rats were divided into three groups, normal controls (NC, n=6) that were maintained under standard laboratory conditions in their home cages, pyramid exposed group-2 (PE-2, n=6) & pyramid exposed group-4 (PE-4, n=6) where the rats were housed under the pyramid for 6 hours/day for 2 weeks and 4 weeks respectively. Plasma cortisol and erythrocyte TBARS levels were significantly lower in both PE-2 and PE-4 rats and erythrocyte GSH levels and GSH-Px activity were significantly higher in them as compared to the NC rats. There was no significant difference in the results for these parameters between the PE-2 and PE-4 rats except for erythrocyte GSH-Px activity which was significantly more in the PE-2 rats than in the PE-4 rats. Although these results don't confirm any adverse effects of prolonged exposure in pyramids, they indicate a possibility of such adverse effects.

Syndrome post-commotionnel et qualité de vie un an après traumatisme crânien léger

The ancient skywatchers observed the patterns of the Sun and Moon. The cosmic alignment of Teotihuacán, Stonehenge, and the Great Pyramids of Giza is discussed. Physical motions in the cosmos and human invention of units of time are defined. The Chinese and Mayan calendars illustrate the gearlike structure between the units of time. Models of the Universe as circles rolling around circles developed by the Greeks are presented. The Renaissance Period saw the development of modern theories of the Universe. Copernicus showed that the motion of the planets was simplified if represented as concentric circles. The stellar observations of Brahe interpreted by Kepler showed that the orbits of planets were an ellipse. The careful observations of Galileo gave valuable information about the Sun and the Planets. Extending Galileo's studies on falling bodies, Newton developed three laws of motion that explained that the trajectories of celestial objects interacting through an inverse square law were conical sections: circle, ellipse, hyperbola, and parabola. Einstein eliminated the force of gravity with the introduction of the shape of spacetime in his Theory of General Relativity. Einstein's field equations led to solutions by Schwarzchild, Friedmann, de Sitter, and Lemaître, which gave further insight to the nature of the Universe. Eddington led a 1919 project to measure the bending of light and found that Einstein's theory fit the data better than that of Newton. The astronomical observations of Shapley, Hubble, and Baade showed how large the Universe is, galaxies exist outside of the Milky Way, and verified the prediction of Lemaître that the Universe was expanding.The evolution of stars and the galaxies are discussed, as well as the nucleosynthesis of the elements. Presented in some detail are the dynamics within the Sun and the organization of the planets and their orbits. The 2017 solar eclipse event is reviewed in first-person narrative.The interstellar space probes of the Pioneer and Voyager programs and New Horizons are discussed, as well as the planetary space probes Galileo, Juno, and Cassini.The inflationary Universe and the mysterious dark matter and dark energy bring the story of Cosmology to its present status, finishing with the time line of evolution of the Universe.

The Great Pyramids of Giza

The Great Pyramids of Giza

IN SEARCH OF CONCRETE EVIDENCE

EVERY DAY on the outskirts of Cairo, thousands of tourists brave the dust and heat of the Egyptian desert to gaze upon the Great Pyramids of Giza. To say the pyramids are colossal does not even beg...

D-99 Can Neutron Diffraction Contribute to Elucidating How the Great Pyramids of Giza Were Built?

How the Great Pyramids of Giza were built has remained an enduring mystery. In the mid1980s, Davidovits [1] proposed that the stones used to build the pyramids were, instead of being quarried, cast in situ using granular limestone aggregate and an alkali alumino-silicate-based binder. Hard evidence for this idea, however, remained elusive. In a recent publication, Barsoum and coworkers compared a number of pyramid limestone samples with six different limestone samples from possible quarries in the vicinity of the pyramids by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy [2]. The pyramid samples contained microconstituents with appreciable amounts of Si in combination with elements, such as Ca and Mg, in ratios that do not exist in any of the potential natural limestone sources. The intimate proximity of the microconstituents suggests that at some time these elements had been together in a solution. Furthermore, contrary to the natural limestone aggregates, the microconstituents with chemistries reminiscent of calcite and dolomite—not known to hydrate in nature—were hydrated in the pyramid samples. Apart from its implications for Egyptology, studying these materials also provides insight into an ancient geopolymer concrete that might evolve into an affordable, environmentally friendly and durable building material. In this presentation we will report preliminary results of an investigation of the same samples by neutron diffraction utilizing the HIPPO instrument at LANSCE. These experiments complement the spatially resolved electron diffraction experiments with bulk qualitative and quantitative phase analysis, and texture.

Microstructural Evidence of Reconstituted Limestone Blocks in the Great Pyramids of Egypt

How the Great Pyramids of Giza were built has remained an enduring mystery. In the mid‐1980s, Davidovits proposed that the pyramids were castin situusing granular limestone aggregate and an alkali alumino‐silicate‐based binder. Hard evidence for this idea, however, remained elusive. Using primarily scanning and transmission electron microscopy, we compared a number of pyramid limestone samples with six different limestone samples from their vicinity. The pyramid samples contained microconstituents (μc's) with appreciable amounts of Si in combination with elements, such as Ca and Mg, in ratios that do not exist in any of the potential limestone sources. The intimate proximity of the μc's suggests that at some time these elements had been together in a solution. Furthermore, between the natural limestone aggregates, the μc's with chemistries reminiscent of calcite and dolomite—not known to hydrate in nature—were hydrated. The ubiquity of Si and the presence of submicron silica‐based spheres in some of the micrographs strongly suggest that the solution was basic. Transmission electron microscope confirmed that some of these Si‐containing μc's were either amorphous or nanocrystalline, which is consistent with a relatively rapid precipitation reaction. The sophistication and endurance of this ancient concrete technology is simply astounding.

Immutable laws of friction: preparing and fitting stone blocks into the Great Pyramid of Giza

How did the pyramid builders prepare and fit large stone blocks so that they were horizontal, orthogonal and flattened to within one hundredth of an inch? The author's experiments suggest that the surfaces were prepared using basic instruments made of rods and string, while to move the blocks the immutable laws of friction were mitigated by lubricating with mud and gypsum.

The philosophy of progress: Any lessons from the history of surveying?

Abstract The following paper is presented in two parts. The first, with the help of history, shows the need for an appreciation, and adoption, of spiritual aims in progress to match the leaps and bounds of material progress, and aims to promote a greater awareness of the far reaching consequences of progress in relation to the future of mankind. The second part relates to spiritual and material progress as evidenced by the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt with special mention given to the significance of the measurements extracted therefrom.

Do the Pyramids Show Continental Drift?

The mystery of the orientation of the Great Pyramids of Giza has remained unexplained for many decades. The general alignment is 4 minutes west of north. It is argued that this is not a builders' error but is caused by movement over the centuries. Modern theories of continental drift do not predict quite such large movements, but other causes of polar wandering give even smaller shifts. Thus, continental drift is the most likely explanation, although somewhat implausible, especially as relevant measurements have been made over a 50-year period, whereas geophysical measurements of sea-floor spreading relate to million-year time scales.