Greater Height Research Articles

Structural modification of whey protein nanofibrils by a multiround induction pathway for enhancing the stability of Pickering emulsions

In this study, a new fibrillation method, i.e., a multiround induction pathway, was proposed to modify the highly rigid structure of conventional whey protein nanofibrils and enhance the stability of Pickering emulsions. In contrast to the conventional self-assembly pathway, in which nanofibrils are formed by aggregation of polypeptides or monomers, the multiround induction pathway involves the use of multiple rounds of homologous seeds to induce whey protein nanofibril formation. The structure of nanofibrils formed by multiround induction was considerably different from that of conventionally self-assembled nanofibrils, with a greater or equal number of nanofibrils formed. Over 6 rounds of induction, the intersheet distance within the cross-β-sheet motifs of the nanofibrils increased (from 10.01 Å to 10.70 Å), and the intersheet stacking structure gradually became looser, consequently displaying a thicker morphology with greater height and periodicity. Compared to conventionally self-assembled nanofibrils, nanofibrils with this characteristic structure exhibited 4.04 times higher interfacial adsorption, an 83.24% lower flocculation index, and 61.29% higher emulsion stability. Differences in the emulsification properties of nanofibrils were attributed to multiround induction, which changed the nanofibril structure compared to conventional self-assembly. Some hydrophobic peptides at the β-sheet and α-helix positions were not involved in the construction of cross-β-sheet motifs, which made the nanofibrils more flexible and hydrophobic. These findings suggested that nanofibrils prepared via the multiround induction pathway had unique properties that might be significant for the fabrication of food-grade Pickering emulsions with excellent stability.

Modelling individual tree maximum basal area growth rates of five tall eucalypt species growing in even-aged forests

Inventory plot data were available providing over 87,000 individual tree basal area growth rates from even-aged native forests of three ash eucalypts (Eucalyptus regnans, E. obliqua, and E. delegatensis), from temperate regions, and two other species from more sub-tropical climes (E. grandis and E. pilularis). Models were developed relating maximum observed growth rates for these species in relation to tree size when, presumably, trees were under ideal environmental conditions and without competition from neighbours for site growth resources. These maximum growth rates increased with increasing tree size to a maximum of their own and then declined as tree size (hence age) increased further. The tree sizes, at which these maximum growth rates reached their maxima, were much greater for the ash eucalypts than for the other two species. It is hypothesised that the ash eucalypts may have evolved physiological characteristics that make them more efficient in compensating for the well-known physiological constraints imposed on growth rates as trees grow to great heights and ages.

Surface Tension of Liquids (Water, Chloroform and Acetone) by Capillary Rise Method

Surface tension is a crucial property of liquids that depends on the liquid's composition. This study aims to compare the surface tension of water, chloroform, and acetone using the capillary rise method. It involves using a capillary tube with a known radius, dipping it vertically into a liquid, and measuring the height to which the liquid rises in the tube. The surface tension of the liquid can then be measured experimentally. This relates to height of the liquid in the tube, the radius of the tube, and the surface tension of the liquid. The height of the liquid in the tube is dependent on the radius of the tube, with a smaller radius resulting in a greater height. The surface tension of the liquid is inversely related to the radius of the capillary tube.

Demystifying Women’s Affordances in Spaces towards Nurturing Noetics An Analysis of the Movie Thappad (2020)

Thappad by Anubhav Sinha is a movie which tells us about the struggles of various aspects of being a woman affecting them in the societal and domestic praxis. The article investigates the availability of space in the context of Indian women to tend their mind for their well being as portrayed in the movie. It also contrasts the realization of women performing their gender as they lose their individuality. The search of ‘self’ is a modern concept in Indian literature often associated with women after long years of being daughter, wife and mother. Gender is a repetitive performance according to Judith Butler. Scholarly debates show that the kitchen tales all around the world signifies the unending entrapment loop of women in the kitchen space still. Though there are women achieving great heights, there are movies like this showcasing the demarcation of gendered spaces and entrapment of women. As Confucian school of thought with its theory of mind helps us to foster the authenticity of mind for the well being of humans. Mencius claims the mind as an entity that exists in space. Its dimensions can be altered with human experiences in turn affecting its horizon. Psychologist Gibson also expresses that space is what constitutes the mind. And the visualizable spaces affecting the mind. Space here has no disparity of physical,mental,and temporal dimensions. Qualitative analysis of space as a category for the mind’s wellbeing and self realization of women losing their self portrayed in the movie is discussed in the article.

The Potential of Diving in Teluk Dalam Banjarmasin City

Diving is a sport that requires skill, courage and agility in jumping from a great height into water. Teluk Dalam District is an area that has facilities and infrastructure for diving practiceApart from that, in this area, especially around the river, you can find many children happily playing in the river, such as swimming, diving, jumping from higher places and so on. The aim of this research is to determine the potential of diving in society Teluk Dalam District Banjarmasin City. This research method uses a descriptive quantitative approach. Data was obtained from tests using the sport search method. The population of this study were elementary school students in Teluk Dalam District. The results of this research were that 21 students or 10.0% had an interest in the first choice of diving, and 10 students or 4.8% were identified as having potential talent. In the second choice there were 20 students or 9.6% and 7 students or 3.3% were identified as having potential talent.

Individual variability of the dimensional characteristics of the cervical vertebrae in the applied aspect of developing neurosurgical interventions

Modern methods make it possible to study the anatomical structures of the spine with a high degree of detail, which is in demand in neurosurgical practice when planning the most optimal surgical approaches or installing microsurgical stabilizing structures.
 Aim: To identify the features of the variability of the size of the cervical spine bodies in the frontal plane during MRI examination.
 Materials and methods: 105 magnetic resonance tomograms were studied, in three projections, morphometry of the cervical vertebral bodies and statistical analysis were carried out.
 Results and discussion: Among women, the median widths of the C4, C5 vertebrae were the closest, differing by 0.7 mm. The most pronounced differences in the height of the vertebral bodies among men are between C7 and C5, reaching 2 mm.
 Conclusion: Differences in the average width of the vertebral bodies of the cervical spine in men and women do not exceed 8 mm. The greatest height differences were for C7 and C5. The data obtained make it possible to improve the methods of computer processing, to improve the methods of personalized treatment of patients when planning endoscopic microsurgical operations and fixing microsurgical stabilizing structures.

Evaluation of Camellia Cultivars and Selections for Growth, Cold-hardiness, Flowering, and Disease Resistance in Tennessee, USA

Susceptibility to low-temperature injury and diseases is a major concern associated with ornamental camellia production. To comprehensively understand their growth, cold-hardiness, flowering, and disease resistance, 24 camellia (Camellia spp. and hybrids) cultivars and selections were evaluated in McMinnville, TN, USA (USDA plant hardiness zone 7a). During Mar 2011, camellias were planted in the field plots. Plant height and canopy width were measured annually from 2011 to 2019, and low-temperature damage was recorded in 2014 and 2023. The flowering duration was recorded each year from 2011 to 2020. The Camellia Yellow Mottle Virus, monochaetia leaf spot (Monochaetia sp.), edema, flower blight (Ciborinia camelliae), and flower spot (Botrytis cinerea) severity (% affected) were evaluated from Oct to Nov in 2016 and 2017. The season-long area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. Cultivars Arctic Snow and Pink Icicle exhibited the greatest height, and Autumn Spirit, Elaine Lee, Arctic Snow, and Survivor had the widest canopy width, whereas Shishigashira had the lowest height and canopy width. ‘April Remembered’, ‘April Rose’, ‘Arctic Snow’, ‘Ashton’s Ballet’, ‘Autumn Carnival’, ‘Autumn Spirit’, ‘Elaine Lee’, ‘Survivor’, and C. chekiangoleosa selection were least affected by winter low temperatures, whereas ‘Korean Snow’, ‘One Alone’, C. sasanqua selection, ‘Pink Icicle’, and ‘Shishigashira’ were severely damaged. ‘Arctic Snow’ flowered most reliably (6 of 8 years), whereas ‘April Remembered’, ‘April Rose’, ‘Ashton’s Ballet’, ‘Autumn Spirit’, and ‘Survivor’ flowered five times. ‘Korean Fire’, ‘Classic Pink’, ‘Maroon Mist’, and ‘Spring’s Promise’ displayed the highest virus severity and AUDPC. ‘Arctic Snow’, C. sasanqua selection, and the C. chekiangoleosa selection had no viral symptoms. C. sasanqua selection and ‘Red Aurora’ were significantly impacted by edema disorder, with severity ratings of ∼43% and 26%, respectively. Monochaetia leaf spot severity was highest in ‘Red Aurora’ and ‘Spring’s Promise’, whereas ‘Anacostia’, ‘Arctic Snow’, ‘Ashton’s Ballet’, ‘Autumn Spirit’, ‘Classic Pink’, ‘Kuro Delight’, ‘One Alone’, ‘Pink Icicle’, ‘Shishigashira’, and ‘Survivor’ exhibited the least monochaetia leaf spot severity and AUDPC. Flower blight and flower spot were observed only in ‘Arctic Snow’ and ‘Survivor’. These findings will aid landscapers and nursery growers with selecting and managing camellia cultivars effectively.

Self-buckling with initial imperfections: Application to trees

In most structural systems, initial imperfections, such as initial deflection, is an unavoidable challenge, and it significantly influences buckling. This study aimed to theoretically explain the effect of initial deflection and initial slope on self-buckling characteristics of heavy columns subjected to self-weight. Specifically, we examined cantilevers composed of isotropic material with a constant cross-section. Accounting for both self-weight and axial compression load, we developed a formula characterizing the self-buckling problem for some simplified cases such as sin-curve, hypergeometric curve, and straight line (initial slope). Consequently, we established the relationship between the self-buckling characteristics and the level of initial imperfections. We discovered that the greatest height for self-weight buckling is proportional to the 2/3 power of radius, regardless of the initial imperfection. Moreover, our findings suggest the potential to predict the height of tree-like natural structures using the greatest height formula and considering initial imperfections.

On the precise cusped behaviour of extreme solutions to Whitham-type equations

We prove exact leading-order asymptotic behaviour at the origin for nontrivial solutions of two families of nonlocal equations. The equations investigated include those satisfied by the cusped highest steady waves for both the uni- and bidirectional Whitham equations. The problem is therefore analogous to that of capturing the 120^{\circ} interior angle at the crests of classical Stokes’ waves of greatest height. In particular, our results partially settle conjectures for such extreme waves posed in the series of recent papers by Ehrnström, Johnson, and Claassen (2019), Ehrnström and Wahlén (2019), and Truong, Wahlén, and Wheeler (2022). Our methods may be generalised to solutions of other nonlocal equations, and can moreover be used to determine asymptotic behaviour of their derivatives to any order.

Outcomes of Lumbosacral Fixation in Patients with Suicidal Jumper's Fractures: A Retrospective Study from a Single Center in Turkey.

BACKGROUND Suicide attempts that involve jumping from a great height may not be fatal but can result in lumbosacral facture-dislocations. This retrospective study aimed to present the experience from a single center in Turkey of 21 patients with lumbosacral facture-dislocations, or suicidal jumper fractures, treated with lumbosacral fixation between 2015 and 2022. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 21 patients. The diagnosis was established through X-ray and computed tomography (CT) examinations. Neurological damage was assessed using the Gibbons score. Among the patients, 2 were classified as Roy-Camille type 1, 12 as Roy-Camille type 2, and 7 as Roy-Camille type 3. Morphologically, 8 patients had H-type fractures, 7 had T-type fractures, and 6 had U-type fractures. Bilateral spinopelvic fixation was performed. Functional outcomes were evaluated using the Majeed score. RESULTS The average Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 31.6±12.2. The mean duration of surgery was 123.6±44.9 minutes. According to the Majeed score, excellent results were observed in 8 individuals (40%), good results in 5 individuals (25%), fair results in 5 individuals (25%), and poor results in 2 individuals (10%). Out of 18 patients with neurological deficits, 14 showed improvement after surgery, while 4 continued to experience deficits. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study highlight the importance of obtaining a clear history of the cause of lumbosacral facture-dislocation, as attempted suicide by jumping from a height can cause specific types of injury to the lumbar spine and sacrum that require rapid diagnosis and management to reduce the incidence of permanent paraplegia.

Результаты генетического анализа племенного ядра сарбоянского карпа

The paper evaluates the results of the genetic analysis of the breeding core of sarboyan carp LLC "Eco-Park". The analysis was carried out using PCR diagnostics using the COXI gene. The predominant halpotypes of the breeding group of sarboyan carp have been identified. Analysis of the median network of haplotypes showed that the considered haplotypes of carp and wild carp form two haplogroups connected through 1 haplotype. One of the most numerous haplotypes among them is H1; it includes up to 78% of the studied array of fish. The stock of fish taken for the study was studied according to 8 grading measurements (body weight, absolute body length, body length without caudal fin, greatest height, width and girth). A comparative analysis of the physique features of male and female fish belonging to different haplotypes was carried out. Within the haplogroup there is sexual dimorphism based on morphological characteristics. Males and females differ significantly in weight, thickness and girth of the body, as well as the corresponding body indices. The second most numerous haplogroup is H16, its females exceed males in body weight, thickness and girth. A comparison of males from different groups h1 and h16 did not reveal differences in morphological characteristics; the same patterns were established in relation to the exterior of females. Phylogenetic analysis carried out on the basis of its own haplotypes and haplotypes taken from the international NCBI database confirms the known information that sarboyan carp is a deeply hybrid group created on the basis of introductory crossing of belarusian carp and amur carp.

Comprehensive factor analysis and risk quantification study of fall from height accidents

Working at heights poses frequent and significant risks, demanding scientific approaches for investigating fall-from-height (FFH) incidents and proposing preventive measures to enhance building safety. Nevertheless, ongoing research on analyzing the causal factors behind fall-from-height accidents lacks a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative assessment of the interplay between these factors. To bridge this gap, this study introduces an integrated risk analysis model. Utilizing incident reports and leveraging the multi-case rootedness theory, the model initially identifies influential elements. Subsequently, employing the Grey Decision Making Laboratory (Grey-DEMATEL) and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) techniques, a hierarchical network is constructed, followed by the transformation of this hierarchical network model into a Bayesian Network (BN) model using GeNie2.0 software. Ultimately, the study was based on data from 420 accident cases and analyzed the causes and diagnosis of the accidents. The findings indicate that A5 (Low-security awareness) is the most significant factor contributing to falls from great heights and that the connection between the components is dynamic and non-linear rather than simply independent and linear. Furthermore, the study established a likelihood of occurrence of such incidents of up to 57 % and ranked the probability of occurrence of each contributing component in the case of a fall from height. This study presents a scientifically valid method for analyzing fall-from-height accidents. Experimental results confirm the model's applicability, empowering contractors to improve safety management by accessing precise risk information and prioritizing preventive measures against interrelated accidents. The model facilitates informed decision-making for contractors to effectively mitigate fall-from-height risks and establish a safer working environment.

Factors for incorrect automated atrial fibrillation identification in large-scale screening

Abstract Introduction Correct heart rhythm diagnosis in single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) is paramount for large-scale implementation. Aim Examine the accuracy of automated AF detection and identify patient factors and ECG signal quality leading to incorrect measurements based on human overread and a machine learning approach. Methods Screening for AF using a single-lead ECG device (MyDiagnostick, Biomedical Systems, Netherlands) was performed on 7295 customers in community pharmacies in Germany. ECG rhythm strips were blinded for automatic heart rhythm analysis and were analyzed by human overread for heart rhythm and signal quality from excellent to uninterpretable (Figure 1A). A machine learning-based estimation was used to score signal quality (MLSQE). Inclusion criteria were 30 seconds of consecutive ECG recording and complete data of pharmacy visit. In total, 6732 participants were eligible for analysis. Results An incorrect automated heart rhythm diagnosis was found for 206 subjects (false positive: 112; false negative: 94). By human overread 80% (N=5377) of the recorded ECGs were rated with excellent and good signal quality in which heart rhythm diagnosis based on visible atrial electrical activity (Figure 1A). The proportion of incorrect automated rhythm diagnosis was higher in ECGs with poorer signal quality. A regression analysis revealed patient characteristics prone to incorrect heart rhythm diagnosis included male sex (OR 1.61 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-2.13, P<0.001), age (per year OR 1.06 95%CI 1.04-1.09, P<0.001), body height (per cm OR 1.02 95%CI 1.00-1.03, P=0.03), and body weight (per kg OR 0.99 95%CI 0.98-0.99, P=0.005). A multivariate model for prediction of correct heart rhythm diagnosis showed a modest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.65 (sensitivity 61%, specificity 58%; Figure 1B). The prediction improved by adding information on signal quality rated by human overread (AUC 0.77, sensitivity 77%, specificity 62%) and even more by the machine-learning based MLSQE score (AUC 0.87, sensitivity 71%, specificity 90%). Conclusion The patient characteristics prone to incorrect automated heart rhythm diagnosis of male sex, older age, greater height, and lower body weight probably reflect the target population of many AF screening cohorts. Automated MLSQE scoring for ECG signal quality could improve accuracy in clinical use and potentially reduces the need for cumbersome and time-consuming human overread.Figure 1A - Signal quality by human rating and proportion of incorrect automated heart rhythm diagnosis. B - Prediction of correct heart rhythm diagnosis. Blue line - Multivariate model with forward selection considering age, height, weight, body mass index, congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, stroke/TIA and sex. Purple line - Model with human signal quality (SQ) score. Green line – Model with MLSQE score.

Transgenerational plasticity in morphological characteristics and biomass of the invasive plant Xanthium strumarium.

Transgenerational plasticity (TGP) allows a plant to acclimate to external variable environments and is a potential mechanism that explains the range expansion and invasion success of some exotic plants. Most studies explored the traits of TGP associated with the success of exotic plant invasions by comparison studies among exotic, native, invasive, and noninvasive species. However, studies on the TGP of invasive plants in different resource environments are scarce, and the biological mechanisms involved are not well understood. This study aimed to determine the role of TGP in the invasiveness of Xanthium strumarium in northeast China. We measured the plant morphology of aboveground parts and the growth of three generations of the invader under different environmental conditions. The results showed that the intergenerational plasticity of X. strumarium was stronger under stress conditions. We found that the X. strumarium parent generation (F0) grown under water and/or nutrient deficiency conditions transferred the environmental information to their offspring (F1 and F2). The F1 generation grown under high-resource conditions has greater height with larger crown sizes, thicker basal diameters, and higher biomass. Both water and nutrients can affect the intergenerational transmission of plant plasticity, nutrients play a more important role compared with water. The high morphological intergenerational plasticity of X. strumarium under a pressure environment can help it quickly adapt to the new environment and accelerate the rapid expansion of the population in the short term. The root:shoot ratio and reproductive and nutrient distribution of the X. strumarium F0 and F1 generations showed high stability when the growth environment of the F0 generation differed from that of the F1 generation. The stable resource allocation strategy can ensure that the obtained resources are evenly distributed to each organ to maintain the long-term existence of the community. Therefore, the study of intergenerational transmission plasticity is of great significance for understanding the invasion process, mechanism, and prevention of invasive plants.

192 Evaluation of Textural Characteristics (Texture Profile Analysis and Shear force) on Commercial Training Pet Treats

Abstract Characteristics like scent, flavor, and texture can impact pet treat acceptability. Pet owners rely on personal organoleptic preferences of texture to judge treat quality, and subsequently determine desire to purchase. However, quantitative textural data for commercially available pet treats is currently limited and hard to find since companies that normally measure textural parameters in their products typically keep that information for their own use. This information is important for further investigation regarding product development and sensory evaluation to determine pet preferences and purchasing decisions. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate different textural characteristics of commercially available training treats that serve as a reference to manufacture new pet food products. Six different commercial brands (brand 1, brand 2, brand 3, brand 4, brand 5, and brand 6) were randomly selected from local pet stores. A TA-HDplusC texture analyzer was used to conduct a texture profile analysis (TPA) using a TA-30 probe, while the shear force (SF) test was performed using a TA-42 45° angle chisel blade probe (n = 10 samples per test per product). Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS ver. 9.4 with mean separation with the PDIFF option at P ≤ 0.05. Significant differences of TPA and SF test parameters were observed among commercial brands of training treats except for chewiness which was similar among all brands. When products were subjected to the TPA test, brand 1 required the maximum force to deform the treats (P < 0.001). Therefore, brands 1 and 2 had the greatest adhesion to the probe (P < 0.001). For resilience, brands 1 and 2 had greater ability to regain the original form, but brand 2 was similar to brands 4 and 6 (P = 0.023). Brands 1 and 2 had cohesiveness values, but these were similar to brand 6 (P = 0.002). For springiness, brands 1, 2, and 6 had greater values (P = 0.0196), but brand 6 was similar to brands 4 and 5. However, brands 1, 2, and 6 had the greatest height recovered after compression among all brands (P = 0.020). Regarding the SF test, brand 2 were firmer and tougher than all other brands (P < 0.001). Textural differences were observed among different training treats brands; however, treats from certain brands shared similar textural characteristics. Overall, brands 1 and 2 typically had the greater values for the textural parameters evaluated. Moreover, textural data on commercially available training treats was generated, so quantitative data of commercially available training treats can be used as a reference to manufacture new pet treats. Likewise, future consumer sensory panel research into preferred textural characteristics by pet owners is warranted.

A Multiobjective Collaborative Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Jumping Optimization of Bipedal Robot

Due to the nonlinearity and underactuation of bipedal robots, developing efficient jumping strategies remains challenging. To address this, a multiobjective collaborative deep reinforcement learning algorithm based on the actor‐critic framework is presented. Initially, two deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) networks are established for training the jumping motion, each focusing on different objectives and collaboratively learning the optimal jumping policy. Following this, a recovery experience replay mechanism, predicated on dynamic time warping, is integrated into the DDPG to enhance sample utilization efficiency. Concurrently, a timely adjustment unit is incorporated, which works in tandem with the training frequency to improve the convergence accuracy of the algorithm. Additionally, a Markov decision process is designed to manage the complexity and parameter uncertainty in the dynamic model of the bipedal robot. Finally, the proposed method is validated on a PyBullet platform. The results show that the method outperforms baseline methods by improving learning speed and enabling robust jumps with greater height and distance.

Design and simulation of a 3D-printed wall-climbing robot for high-risk construction tasks

This study aims to design and calculate a model for a wall-climbing robot to replace humans in performing dangerous tasks at great heights in construction sites. The research simultaneously addresses three main issues in the process of calculation, design, and simulation of the vertically climbing robot model. Firstly, the study conducts calculations and analyzes the dynamics of the model in various working states. Specifically, it calculates the suction force of the fan in non-contact conditions to ensure the suction capability of the model during practical operations. Secondly, the core content of this method involves utilizing the airflow generated by the engine through a specially designed suction mechanism to increase the airflow velocity significantly, thus creating a low-pressure area capable of adhering to the wall. This suction force calculation method and other forces acting on the robot model are based on numerical simulation software. The boundary conditions in the calculation process for the wall-climbing robot model are derived from the tasks that the robot performs during real operations, replacing humans. Thirdly, the study designs the wall-climbing robot using the non-contact suction force method through a 3D-printed fan model to enhance the model’s durability and optimize the airflow under various conditions. In summary, through this research, the paper aims to construct a robot model using non-contact suction and complete it entirely with 3D printing technology. This model will generate cost-effective and highly efficient robot vehicles that can be widely applied in modern industrial environments.

Evaluation of Bacteriological Contamination Pattern of Open Fractures of Extremities- A Study from Tertiary Centre at Western India

Background and Aim: In underdeveloped countries, open fractures are fairly prevalent. Open fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, including a car accident, a fall from a great height, a gunshot, an attack, machine injuries, and others. Infection is a typical side effect of open fractures. The goal of our study was to describe the pattern of bacterial contamination, antibiotic susceptibility, and possible antibiotic resistance in open fractures that arrived at our institute within 6 hours after injury. Material and Methods: A one-year prospective study was undertaken on 200 patients with open fractures of the extremities admitted to the accident and emergency department of Tertiary Care Teaching Institute of India. The first swab is obtained at the primary wound assessment, followed by the second culture swab shortly after debridement, the third culture swab on the day of the first aseptic dressing, and the fourth culture swab if the infection persists or the asepsis score is greater than 20 for a period of four days. Reports on culture and sensitivity were collected in order to analyse the pattern of bacterial isolates and their sensitivity. Results: The majority of the patients in this study were men (83%). We discovered 144 (72%) open fractures in the lower limb, with the tibia being the most often fractured bone, with 76 (38%) occurrences with right sided predominance (58%). Out of 200 patients, 78 (39%) had Gustilo II open fractures, followed by type IIIA (33%). Pre-debridement swabs were collected from all 200 patients with open fractures of the extremities upon admission. 26 (13%) of the patients were determined to be culture positive. Conclusion: In the therapy of patients with open fractures of the extremities, cultures acquired during the first aseptic dressing are considerably more predictive than pre- and post-debridement cultures, and are important in developing an antibiotic policy. It is thus recommended that cultures acquired during the first aseptic dressing provide direction in the selection of antimicrobial therapy, which, when paired with complete wound debridement, will allow for early wound closure and fewer problems.

Plant strategies for greatest height: tapering or hollowing

The tapered form and hollow cross-section of the stem and trunk of wild plants are rational mechanical approaches because they facilitate the plant simultaneously growing taller for photosynthesis and supporting its own weight. The purpose of this study is to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of tapering and hollowing from the perspective of the greatest probable height before self-buckling. We modelled woody plants using tapering or hollow cantilevers, formulated the greatest height before self-buckling, and derived a theoretical formula for the greatest probable height considering tapering and hollowing. This formula theoretically explains why almost all plants exhibit a tapered form: it allows for a greater height at an earlier growth stage than a hollow cross-section.

Growth Performance and Histomorphology of Intestine, Skin, Gills and Liver of Juvenile Colossoma macropomum Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of the Essential Oil of Nectandra grandiflora

The present study evaluated different levels of the essential oil of Nectandra grandiflora (EONG) in the diet of juvenile Colossoma macropomum. The juveniles (0.75 ± 0.05 g) were fed four experimental diets with differing levels of EONG (0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.50 mL/kg). After 20 days, the weight, daily weight gain, specific growth rate, and daily feed consumption per fish were highest for the fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg, while after 30 days, only the weight and daily feed consumption per fish for that diet remained highest. The viscerosomatic index was highest for the fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg while the hepatosomatic index was higher for the groups that received dietary EONG for 30 days. The juveniles fed 1.5 mL EONG/kg showed a proliferative response of the mucous cells in the gills, but the proliferation of these lysozyme- and immunoglobulin-secreting mucosal cells was higher for the skin of the fish of all EONG levels, compared to that of the control fish. The fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg had the greatest height and width of intestinal villi. The two highest levels of dietary EONG supplementation (0.75 and 1.50 mL/kg) reduced the hepatocyte dimensions but did not modify the centrolobular vein area. Dietary supplementation with 0.5 mL EONG/kg improved the growth, gut health, and immune response of juvenile C. macropomum.