Great Era Research Articles

«Bribe» and «gift» in Russia of the Petrine Era in interdisciplinary discourse

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of bribery in the Peter the Great era through the prism of interdisciplinary research: closely related methods of cultural anthropology, linguo-semiotics, linguistics proper, historical semantics and historical-legal approach. Such methodological synthesis is aimed at studying the words that marked the phenomena defined by the author as private rewards of officials. Private rewards of officials are a complex social phenomenon that cannot be reduced to the modern concept of a bribe. The combination of methods of philological, historical and legal sciences allowed us to obtain a more subtle optics of its study, to see how the evolution and criminalization of ancient practices of gift exchange and tribute took place in the context of the emerging modern state, on the one hand, and how difficult it was for the legal concept of a bribe to mature as a criminal variety of such rewards, on the other.

The Possibility of Scientific Philosophy to Systematise the Fundamental Results of Quantum Theory

Richard Feynman wrote in [1]: "The next great era of human intelligence awakening may create a methodology for understanding the qualitative content of equations". However, he did not say how this goal could be achieved. In this paper, this goal was achieved by adopting the fundamental ideas of Descartes' scientific philosophy. That is, the idea that from the very beginning the equation of algebra and arithmetic was taken as the basis of the theory of thought. Then, when the problems of geometry, kinematics, physics are solved...And so that on this way the possibilities of the method of separation of variables and the method of abolition of variables were correctly used. The results which could be obtained on this way just turned out to be the results inherent for quantum geometry, quantum kinematics, quantum physics.... That is results on the basis of which it was really possible to put in order intellectual achievements of mankind.

Constructions with reduplication of the referent in sentences with the relative pronoun который in the translation of «Il regno degli slavi» by Mavro Orbini

The article considers some language features of the translation from Italian made by Savva Ragusinsky in the first quarter of the XVIII century by order of Peter I. The historiographic work under consideration is Mavro Orbini’s book «Il regno degli slavi». The author of the article analyses the use of the construction with the pronoun который and the repetition of the referent, which allows identifying the degree of influence of the original language on the translated text, various transformations within the construction or a gradual departure from it. Savva Raguzinsky, while working on the translation, resorts to using the construction 40 times, not always relying on the original text and often using synonyms, which may indicate its consistent destruction. The paper analyses two manuscripts dating from 1714 and currently stored in the library of the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg, the text published in 1722 «The Book historiography of the Commencement of the Name, Glory and Expansion of the Slavic People ...», as well as the original text in Italian. The relevance of the research topic is due to the significant influence of translations from foreign languages on the formation of a new type of language. It was in the Peter the Great era that texts appeared, the language of which modern researchers call «simple», contrasting with the «high Slavonic dialect». There are practically no Church Slavonic and obsolete forms, words and phrases in it. Until now, a generally accepted view of the linguistic situation of the first quarter of the XVIII century has not been developed, and many printed and handwritten monuments of that time have not become the object of research.

Tsaritsyn of Peter’s Time in Modern Historiography

Introduction. The jubilee of Peter I intensified the study of the era of reforms, when important events and changes took place not only in the center of the country but also on the outskirts, in particular in Tsaritsyn and the Lower Volga region. Volgograd historians have recently reexamined these events in the city’s history, utilizing fresh documents from both central and local archives. Methods and materials. The collection of the latest scientific publications (articles, monographs, publications of sources) devoted to the history of Tsaritsyn and its district in Peter’s time served as the material for this review. The methods of historiographical analysis allow us to compare the achievements of modern researchers with the achievements of historians of previous generations, to see the updating of the source base and the involvement of modern research approaches. Analysis. The article analyzes new editions of sources drawn from local and central archives. Despite some archaeological shortcomings, the publication of documents opens up wide opportunities for military-historical, regional, urbanistic, prosopographic, and genealogical research. The author considers the two-volume edition “Tsaritsyn Line: Monument of Fortification of the Peter the Great Era: Construction, Operation, Current State, and Prospects of Museification,” which was prepared by the creative team under the leadership of I.O. Tyumentsev, a kind of scientific result. The analysis of the collective monograph shows that in connection with the construction of the Tsaritsyn line, a whole layer of the history of the south and southeast of Russia from the Azov campaigns to the second half of the 18th century is considered. Along with military plots, many problems of the economy and economic development of the Lower Volga region, issues of social history, and national relations have been studied. Results. It is concluded that the authors of the latest publications, despite their particular shortcomings, managed to show at the modern research level that the Peter the Great era inscribed a bright, eventful page in the history of Tsaritsyn-Volgograd and its surroundings.

ДИСКУРСИВНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВОСПРИЯТИЯ РОССИИ И РУССКИХ ФРАНЦУЗАМИ В ДОПЕТРОВСКИЙ ПЕРИОД

Русско-французские культурные связи на протяжении истории носили неоднородный характер, от почти полного их отсутствия в раннее Новое время, до откровенной галломании в XIX в., от военных столкновений в эпоху Наполеоновских войн и Крымской войны, до «сердечного согласия» в годы Первой и Второй мировой войны. Одной из самых интересных для кросс-культурных исследований становится эпоха накануне петровских реформ. Именно в XVII–XVIII вв. происходит не только «переоткрытие» России, но и вслед за усилением ее роли в европейской политике, формируется политический миф о «варварской» стране, представляющей угрозу всей Европе. Важным для деконструкции генезиса взаимного восприятия двух стран становится дискурсивный анализ текстов, появившихся в этот период. К числу таковых можно отнести «Парижский словарь Московитов» Ж. Соважа (1586), «Состояние Российской державы и Великого княжества Московского» Ж. Маржерета (1607), «Записки о Московии» Ф. Де ла Невилля (1698). На основе анализа данных источников удается показать общую панораму дискурса о России и русских, закрепившегося в языке французского общества той поры. Появившиеся еще в XVI–XVII вв. стереотипы взаимного восприятия продолжают оказывать влияние на внешнеполитические отношения двух стран. При этом, на протяжении истории взаимное влияние двух культур друг на друга было так велико, что правильное понимание самих себя без осознания «Другого» стало попросту невозможно. Throughout history, Russian-French cultural relations have been varied, ranging from a near-absence during the early modern period to outright Gallomania in the 19th c. These relations have included both military conflicts, such as during the Napoleonic Wars and the Crimean War, and the Entente alliance during the First and the Second World Wars. One of the most interesting periods for cross-cultural studies is the time leading up to Peter the Great's reforms, when Russia's role in European affairs increased. During this period, Russia was "rediscovered" by the West, and a political myth of a "barbaric" Russia was created. Therefore, it is essential to analyze texts from this period in order to understand how mutual perceptions between Russia and France evolved. Among these texts are "Dictionnaire Muscovite" by J. Sauvage (1586), "The Russian Empire and Grand Duchy of Muscovy" by J. Margeret (1607) and "A Curious and New Account of Muscovy in the Year 1698" by F. de La Neuville (1698). Analysis of these sources can give a general overview of the discourse about Russia and Russians in French society during that time. In many ways, the stereotypes that emerged during the 16thand 17th cc. continue to influence foreign policy relations between our countries. At the same time, the interaction between Russian and French cultures has been an important part of their common history. So, it is impossible to fully understand one's own identity without considering the influence of "significant Others".

IMAGES OF ARISTOCRATES AND COMMON PEOPLE IN THE TRAGEDIES OF BENJAMIN JOHNSON

The article describes the interpersonal relationships of various states of society of the «post-Shakespearean» era in the artistic work of the outstanding English playwright and actor Benjamin Johnson. Relying on sources and scientific literature, the author of the article tries to recreate the layer of everyday life in London at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, to reveal the problem of the «survival» of actors in the first stationary theater «Globus», their attempts to communicate with aristocrats, the attitude towards famous actors and directors in the English late Middle Ages society The central problem of the research is also the relationship between V. Shaksrip and A. Ferabosko, whose acting troupes shared the «stage» of the «Globus» theater. All these questions are most vividly revealed in Benjamin Johnson’s tragedy «Thrice Crossing the Thames», which was published after his death at the author’s request. The image of English society revealed through the thoughts and worldview of his contemporary is simply amazing. In the author’s opinion, it is also valuable that Benjamin Johnson personally knew V. Shakespeare and A. Ferabosko, the unforgettable young actress Catherine Loster. Research methodology. The content-comparative method, the method of modification of concepts and terms, generalizing and problem-searching methods to reproduce the realities of the era were used to write the article. Conclusion. we see that the place of man and the concept of «humanity» in the English dramaturgy of the «post-Shakespearean» era have changed significantly. In English art, more and more realistic «notes» are felt. Instead of “elevated” and “low” on the pages of books, «street life», «urban slums», relations between new states of society, new social morality come to the English stage. In order to fully feel the depth of these changes, it is worth discovering the realistic human images reproduced by contemporaries of the «post-Neckspearian» era, understanding the criteria of their morality and humanity from the point of view of the author of the dramatic work, who wrote at the crossroads of two great eras.

LEADERSHIP METHODOLOGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON ORGANIZATIONAL CREATIVITY (FIELD STUDY ON AL- MUTHANNA UNIVERSITY)

The twentieth century witnessed a great era with the launch of the flame of Science in both its human and applied aspects,which was kindled by researchers and scientists on their various interests, scientific research has always been the Pioneer towards a new hypothesis or theory as a summary of a phenomenon and a mixture of thought and therefore it is a window with Horizons towards a new universe and conclusion (Abdelbaki, 2004: 3). .

PIOTR TOLSTOY AND SAVVA RAGUZINSKY AS TRANSLATORS OF THE PETRINE ERA: LANGUAGE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

The paper examines the linguistic features of the translations of historiographical works made by Piotr Tolstoy and Savva Ragusinsky from Italian in the first quarter of the 18th century. These are translations of Paul Ricaut’s treatise The History of the Modern State of the Ottoman Empire and Mavro Orbini’s book Il regno degli slavi. The similarity in the usage of certain lexemes and grammatical constructions (phasic verbs, constructions with the pronoun kotoryi and the repetition of the referent, the substantive infinitive) is analyzed. The presence of common linguistic features in the translations under consideration is primarily due to the fact that they are characteristic of the Russian Church Slavonic language of the Peter the Great era as a whole. The commonality of the constructions used by the two authors arises both because of the translated nature of the texts considered, and because of their similar status.The intensity of the use of certain constructions in the editions of two translations is also influenced by the direction of editorial change during the preparation of Russian texts for printing, which was carried out by different people at different times. The detected lingistic differences (grammatical calques, a specific indicator of evidentiality) relate to the level of local linguistic phenomena. The analysis involves the original works of Piotr Tolstoy and the translation of the Quran from French, printed in 1716 in St. Petersburg, which may also be associated with the name of Tolstoy. According to the parameters considered, the translations of Piotr Tolstoy turn out to be closer to the translation of Savva Raguzinsky than to his own writings.

Why do ASEAN Countries, Japan and South Korea Join Both IPEF and RCEP

In recent years, the world economy has gradually emerged the phenomenon of anti-globalization, especially the trade frictions between China and the United States and since 2020. Since the beginning of the year, the global pandemic of the novel coronavirus has caused a serious blow to the world's economic system, especially the transnational trade, which has almost completely stopped due to Covid-19, and the trade friction between China and the United States has not changed. This paper takes the post-epidemic era and the Sino-US trade war as the background of the great era, and from the perspective of ASEAN countries, Japan, and South Korea, through SWOT analysis and other methods, studies how these countries seize the current opportunities, especially those from. The opportunities of IPEF and RCEP take the lead in realizing the economic recovery after the epidemic.

Research on Political Ethical Alienation in the Space of the Other Starting from Adolf Eichmann

Modern anthropology and spatial politics advocate understanding and studying the other, reflecting on oneself through the other. Great eras demand both theoretical and practical innovation, and political ethics should never be metaphysical in the ivory tower. This article takes the relevant events of Adolf Eichmann, a high-ranking Nazi official during World War II, who indiscriminately massacred numerous Jews, as an example. It reflects and analyzes the breakdown of value rationality and the disregard and trampling of moral ethics under fascist authoritarianism during World War II. Combining relevant behavioral experiments, the study explores the causes of alienation from the perspectives of alienated subjects, motives, and opportunities. This leads to a discussion of solutions to ethical alienation in the process of social development, proposing ideas for overcoming potential political ethical dislocation through emphasis on quality education, balancing social systems and ethical morals, and calling for collective reflection and nurturing a sense of responsibility for others. Maintaining a clear self-awareness under the control of desires in the high-tech era is conducive to avoiding the quagmire of alienation and provides warnings and development ideas for the long-term development of our countrys politics.

My impressions after reading the book Less Words but Earnestly Practice--My Father Chuangan Zhang

Earlier in 2019, a non-fiction biography titled Less Words but Earnestly Practice-My Father Chuangan Zhang was published in Beijing, China. The subject of the biography is Professor Chuangan Zhang, an old-generation petroleum geologist in China. The author is Professor Zhang's youngest daughter, Mrs. Erping Zhang, a scholar who studies the history of Chinese geological sciences but has now retired. The book uses refined language to tell the story of Professor Zhang's life, especially his experience of studying and looking for oil in the northwest during the turbulent World War II. It also tells the fate of intellectuals before and after the change of power in China, as well as the patriotism and ambitions, personal ups and downs, and various opportunities and hardships of Chinese intellectuals in the great era.

Офицеры петровской армии по сказкам военной коллегии и герольдмейстерской конторы сената: сравнительный анализ свидетельств начала и второй половины 1720-х гг

Introduction. The study of the Russian nobility of the Peter the Great era is often complicated by the lack of sources created directly by the nobles. Therefore, researchers have to study noble identities and aspirations through interpretations of their actions. Nevertheless, there is a set of documents created from the words of the nobles – skazki. Skazki‘s reflect various aspects of the life of serving nobles and can be used for a comprehensive study. At the same time, it is important to find out how much we can trust these testimonies. Materials and methods. The basis of the research is the skazki‘s of the Military College, collected in 1720-1721, as well as the skazki‘s of the Senate Heraldmaster's Office collected in 1726-1728. The skazki‘s of the same people are studied, which makes it possible to trace the changes that took place in the lives of officers, as well as to see the transformations in the description of reality that also occurred during the 1720s. An important task is also to verify information, to assess the correspondence of information from earlier skazki‘s to the data that are present in later skazki‘s. Results. Most of skazki‘s, in particular those related to the beginning of service, service regiments, literacy and social origin, coincide in both tales. Despite this, there are also less reliable indicators. These include information about the years of promotion and the nobles who approved the promotion. Indicators of the property status and counties where nobles were own estates reflect the dynamics. In our case, the main trend is to improve the property status of officers. It has been established that officers in different skazki‘s could call different nobles involved in the same promotion, and in some cases do not mention any of them. Changes in the self-identification of officers are shown, at least in the public sphere. The high literacy of the officers is shown. Conclusion. The author concludes that the skazki‘s of officers are a complex source, different indicators of which have different reliability. Nevertheless, for some in-dicators, skazki‘s can be considered to reflect reality, and actively used in research. If the information given by the officer in the skazki for different years differs, it is necessary to look for the reason for such a difference. Moreover, the reason may be not only forgetfulness. Based on the discrepancy between the data on the involvement of nobles in different skazki‘s to the same appointment of an officer, it is assumed that such differences purposefully appear. In addition, based on the research data and additional materials, the dynamism of the concept of "gentry" for the 1720s is shown. All this indicates that the officers were active actors in the process of creating skazki‘s.

СЕМЕЙНАЯ ИСТОРИЯ ВЕЛИКОГО ЦАРЯ: К ВЫХОДУ НОВОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

The article analyzes a new monograph by N.Yu. Bolotina, A.Yu. Kononova and M.O. Bolotina “Peter the Great in the family circle. Research and Documents” (Moscow, 2023), published for the anniversary of Peter the Great. For the first time, the book reconstructs the family history for one of the most remarkable rulers of Russia, relying on a huge complex of historical sources, primarily archival documents. In great detail, the research recounts all the most important events in the personal life of the tsar, draws up the characterological and psychological portraits of his family members reveals the peculiarities of Peter I’s relationship with the relatives, traces the internal family conflicts and their origins. The book provides the answers to many specific questions about the biographies and genealogy of the Romanov dynasty of the late 17th – first quarter of the 18th centuries. The study defines the exact dates of the persons’ lives, reveals the naming traditions, presents the story of childhood in the royal family, shows the level of education and describes the circumstances of life. The book also contains a current publication of more than 300 different sources, many of which are introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time. Another important part consists of the consolidated list of the epistolary heritage of the Peter I’s family; it contains almost one and a half thousand records, including unpublished letters. The book contributes immensely to the study of the dynastic and family history of the house of the Romanovs and will certainly rank among the largest scientific monographic studies of the Peter the Great era.

PIOTR TOLSTOY AND SAVVA RAGUZINSKY AS TRANSLATORS OF THE PETRINE ERA: LANGUAGE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

The paper examines the linguistic features of the translations of historiographical works made by Piotr Tolstoy and Savva Ragusinsky from Italian in the first quarter of the 18th century. These are translations of Paul Ricaut’s treatise The History of the Modern State of the Ottoman Empire and Mavro Orbini’s book Il regno degli slavi. The similarity in the usage of certain lexemes and grammatical constructions (phasic verbs, constructions with the pronoun kotoryi and the repetition of the referent, the substantive infinitive) is analyzed. The presence of common linguistic features in the translations under consideration is primarily due to the fact that they are characteristic of the Russian-Church Slavonic language of the Peter the Great era as a whole. The commonality of the constructions used by the two authors arises both because of the translated nature of the texts considered, and because of their similar status. The intensity of the use of certain constructions in the editions of two translations is also influenced by the direction of editorial change during the preparation of Russian texts for printing, which was carried out by different people at different times. The detected lingistic differences (grammatical calques, a specific indicator of evidentiality) relate to the level of local linguistic phenomena. The analysis involves the original works of Piotr Tolstoy and the translation of the Quran from French, printed in 1716 in St. Petersburg, which may also be associated with the name of Tolstoy. According to the parameters considered, the translations of Piotr Tolstoy turn out to be closer to the translation of Savva Raguzinsky than to his own writings.

“CHTO ZH! STAKAN DERZHA VINA // VYP’IEM ZA...”: ABOUT DERZHAVIN IN RUSSIAN POETRY

The article deals with mentions of the name of Gavriil Derzhavin in Russian poetry in 1790-2023. In the poems, the singer of Felitsa appears not only as an outstanding original poet, but also as a lover of truth, a statesman, a representative of the Catherine the Great era, and finally, a friend and acquaintance of his peers and the idol of the young Pushkin and Delwig. In later texts, the image of the real Derzhavin, as we know him from sources, including autobiographical Notes, becomes more and more blurred. Some hypostases of Derzhavin attract poets more often (poet and statesman), others are much less common (a friend of some of his contemporaries), some are not mentioned at all (literary theorist or the author of the mentioned Notes). Such a choice also influences the formation of the image of the poet among the general readers (for example, in the 20th century, one of the favorite plots is the description of the meeting between Derzhavin and Pushkin at the Lyceum, which is clearly related to the importance of this episode in Pushkin’s biography, but not in that of “old Derzhavin”), and among other poets. Avant-garde poets represent Derzhavin in their texts in their own way. Very few poets pay attention to the formal features of Derzhavin’s poems. Sometimes voluminous quotes from his work are included in poems by later authors (for example, by K. Ryleev and K. Simonov). A new poem by German Lukomnikov, lines from which are included in the title of this work, is considered separately: Derzhavin’s name is not mentioned in the text, the poet’s unspoken surname is encrypted in a compound rhyme.

Uniform of the fist soldiers of the Peter the Great era in Siberia Historical reconstruction of the uniform, weapons and equipment complex of the Siberian Dragoon garrison regiment of 1715

In the article, on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of sources, the uniform, armament and equipment of dragoons of the Siberian Dragoon garrison regiment during the campaign of I.D. Buchholz 1715-1716 is reconstructed. It was established that the Siberian dragoons wore a green uniform with red cuffs, red doublets and trousers. One of the varieties of caps ("carpuses") was probably used as a headdress. Widespread use of "cocked hats" is unlikely. The main type of remote combat weapons of dragoons were fusees and, possibly, carbines. Broadswords were used in close combat. The collected materials made it possible to recreate the appearance of the Siberian dragoon of the beginning of the XVIII century.

The End of a Great Era: Post-Soviet Transformation in a Historical Perspective

This article offers a conceptual and methodological apparatus for assessing periods of contemporary history. Using this apparatus and empirical data from the development of Eastern European and northern Eurasian countries over the last forty years, the article analyzes the establishment, evolution, and decline of the post-Soviet period. These developmental processes are conceptualized in terms of five categories: democratization, autocratization, marketization, nationalization, and Europeanization. The article concludes that the post-Soviet period and its structural processes have ended, and Europe and Eurasia must undergo the process of remapping their geography and adjusting their regional temporalities.

The Dual Vision of Zixue and Its Relevance to Contemporary Philosophical Innovation

Zixue is a collective term for the knowledge and thought contained under “Philosophical Writings of the Masters” (Zi Shu 子书) in the Siku Quanshu Zongmu (Catalogue of the Complete Library in Four Divisions). From the point of view of philosophical epistemology, the branch of learning known as the Study of the Masters or zixue (子学) is in fact about broad understanding of the myriad things on the knowledge dimension and practicing discernment amid multitudinous theories and seeing intent on entering the way on the dimension of thought. The relative balance between the dimensions of knowledge and thought in zixue reflect both the historical circumstances of the continuous growth of traditional learning/knowledge and the fact that zixue is open and pluralistic in character. The innovation of contemporary Chinese philosophy must be fundamentally related to the social practice of China’s great era, but one feasible way to make this happen is to draw useful cultural inspiration from the historical process of the dynamic interaction between knowledge and thought in traditional zixue, thus allowing tradition to take on greater vitality and vigor and develop new forms.

Stages of evolution of the Glinka manor near Moscow, developed by Ya.V. Bruce on the basis of historical, architectural and field studies

Introduction. The purpose of this article is to consider the gradual evolution of a unique manor in the Moscow region,
 consolidated by Ya.V. Bruce, a famous statesman and scientist of the Peter the Great era. It is located 42 km from Moscow
 in the immediate vicinity of Losino-Petrovsky, north of the village of Corpus and the Vorya river. Being an item of cultural
 heritage of federal significance, this manor underwent a number of structural changes, which affected both its original layout
 and spatial structure. The purpose of the study is to clarify the history of the manor and to trace the main stages of its
 transformation from the middle of the 18th century to the present time. In this regard, it was particularly important to clarify
 the initial (basic) structure of its layout by tracing the original idea of Ya.V. Bruce, the customer. The issue of original architectural
 solution is also fundamental.
 Materials and methods. The study of the establishment and further transformation of the manor is based on the method
 of consolidated studies of the sources, which includes a search for and analysis of archived and bibliographic sources. Field
 studies were accompanied by the in-depth study of the entire territory of the monument, its topography, water bodies and
 landscaping, as well as the architectural features of its buildings.
 Results. The construction periodization of the monument was identified; dates of construction of buildings in this territory,
 including their late reconstruction, were clarified to identify the main stages in the manor development to draft a detailed
 project of its consolidated research-based restoration.
 Conclusions. Analysis of the evolution of the manor led to the clarification of its original look, taking into account structural
 changes in the elements of its development, to complement the information about the manor culture of the 1st half of the 18th
 century. It also clarifies the intentions of the customer, an extraordinary person of the Peter the Great era.

Criminal and military-criminal legislation in the creative heritage of P.S. Romashkin

Pyotr Semyonovich Romashkin (1915 - 1975) – Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Law, Professor; in 1958 - 1964 he headed the Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences, after 1964 he headed the Sector of General Problems of Criminal Law of the Institute. Author of a number of works on Criminal and International Criminal Law. The article analyzes his monograph “The main principles of the criminal and military criminal legislation of Peter the Great” (Moscow, 1947) - the first and, unfortunately, the last in the Soviet and post-Soviet criminal law literature study of the legislation of the Peter the Great era. The general issues of the Criminal and Military Criminal Law of Peter the Great are considered, its difference from both the previous criminal legislation and the Cathedral Code of 1649, which operated along with the military Articles of 1715. The author’s views on the crime and punishment reflected in the imperial acts, his assessment of the scope of these Articles, types of punishments and, in particular, the death penalty are investigated. P.S. Romashkin expressed his own point of view on a number of issues, therefore, the work of pre-revolutionary criminologists on both Criminal and Military Criminal Law is widely used in the article.